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Mathematical Language and Logic (Part 5)

This document is a module on mathematical language and logic. It discusses equivalent statements and uses truth tables to show that two statements are equivalent if they have the same truth values. It also covers De Morgan's Laws, which provide equivalent forms for negated conjunctions and disjunctions. Finally, it examines the conditional statement and its converse, inverse, and contrapositive variations.

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Gian Carlo Lajarca
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

Mathematical Language and Logic (Part 5)

This document is a module on mathematical language and logic. It discusses equivalent statements and uses truth tables to show that two statements are equivalent if they have the same truth values. It also covers De Morgan's Laws, which provide equivalent forms for negated conjunctions and disjunctions. Finally, it examines the conditional statement and its converse, inverse, and contrapositive variations.

Uploaded by

Gian Carlo Lajarca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2:

Mathematical Language and Logic


(Part 5)
Mathematics in the Modern World

Mathematics Area
De La Salle Lipa

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 1 / 12


Contents

Contents

1 Some Fundamentals of Logic


Equivalent Statements
Variations of the Conditional Statement

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 2 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Equivalent Statements

Equivalent Statements

Equivalent Statements
One application of truth tables is illustrated by showing
that two statements are equivalent; by definition, two
statements are equivalent if they have the same truth
value in every possible situation. The columns of each
truth table that were the last to be completed will be
exactly the same for equivalent statements.

Equivalence is written with a three-bar symbol, ≡.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 3 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Equivalent Statements

Equivalent Statements

Example
Show that ∼ (p ∨ q) and ∼ p ∧ ∼ q are equivalent
statements.
Solution:
Construct two truth tables and compare the results. The
truth tables on the next page show that ∼ (p ∨ q) and
∼ p ∧ ∼ q have the same truth values for all possible
truth values of their component statements. Thus, the
statements are equivalent.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 4 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Equivalent Statements

Equivalent Statements

Example
Show that ∼ (p ∨ q) and ∼ p ∧ ∼ q are equivalent
statements.
p q p∨q ∼ (p ∨ q)
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
p q ∼p ∼q ∼p∧∼q
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 5 / 12
Some Fundamentals of Logic Equivalent Statements

Equivalent Statements

De Morgan’s Laws
For any statements p and q,

∼ (p ∨ q) ≡ ∼ p ∧ ∼ q

∼ (p ∧ q) ≡ ∼ p ∨ ∼ q

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 6 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Equivalent Statements

Equivalent Statements

? De Morgan’s Laws can be used to to restate certain


English sentences in an equivalent form

Example: Use one of De Morgan’s Laws to restate the


following sentence in an equivalent form.
It is not true that, I graduated or I got a job.

Solution:
Let p represent the statement “I graduated.” Let q
represent the statement “I got a job.”. In symbolic form,
the original sentence is ∼ (p ∨ q). One of De Morgan’s
Laws states that this is equivalent to ∼ p ∧ ∼ q. Thus a
sentence that is equivalent to the original sentence is
“I did not graduate and I did not get a job.”
(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 7 / 12
Some Fundamentals of Logic Variations of the Conditional Statement

Equivalent Statements & Variations of the


Conditional Statement

Name Symbolic Form English Translation


Conditional p→q If p , then q.
Converse q→p If q, then p.
Inverse ∼p→∼q If not p, then not q.
Contrapositive ∼q→∼p If not q, then not p.

Remark
The conditional statement and the contrapositive are
equivalent, and the converse and the inverse are
equivalent.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 8 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Variations of the Conditional Statement

Equivalent Statements & Variations of the


Conditional Statement

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 9 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Variations of the Conditional Statement

Variations of the Conditional Statement

Examples : (Writing Variations of a Conditional


Statement)
Give the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the
following implications:
1 If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.

2 If p is a prime number, then it is odd.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 10 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Variations of the Conditional Statement

Variations of the Conditional Statement

Examples:
Give the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the
following implications:
1 If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.

Answers:
a Converse: If I am watching this movie, then it is
interesting.
b Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then I am
not watchig it.
c Contrapositive: If I am not watching this movie, then
it is not interesting.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 11 / 12


Some Fundamentals of Logic Variations of the Conditional Statement

Variations of the Conditional Statement

Examples:
Give the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the
following implications:
2 If p is a prime number, then it is odd.

Answers:
a Converse: If p is an odd number, then it is prime.
b Inverse: If p is not a prime number, then it is not
odd.
c Contrapositive: If p is not odd, then it is not a prime
number.

(Mathematics Area De La Salle Lipa) Module 2:Mathematical Language and Logic 12 / 12

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