3.

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or more popularly

known as Raphael was also a painter and
architect from the Rennaisance. In his painting
“The School of Athens,”, the division between
the figures in the painting and their proportions
are distributed using the golden ration. The
golden triangle and pentagram can also be
found in Raphael’s painting “Crucifixion”.

1. Leonardo da Vinci was into many interests such

as invention, painting, sculpting, architecture,
science, music, mathematics, engineering,
literature, anatomy, geology, botany, writing,
history and cartography. He used the golden
ratio to define the fundamental portions in his
4. The golden ratio can also be found in the works
works. He incorporated the golden ratio in his
of other renowned painters such as
own paintings such as the Vitruvian Man, The
a.) Sandro Botticelli (Birth of Venus);
Last Supper, Monalisa and St. Jerome in the
b.) George-Pierre Surat (“Bathers at
Wilderness.
Assinieres”, “Bridge of Courbevoie” and “A
Sunday on La Grande Jette”), and
c.) Salvador Dali (“The Sacrament of the Last
Supper”).

2. Michaelangelo di Lodovico Simon was

considered the greatest living artists of his time.
He used golden ratio in his painting “The
Creation of Adam” which can be seen on the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His painting used
the golden ratio showing how God’s finger and
Adam’s finger meet precisely at the golden ratio
point of the weight and the height of the area GOLDEN RATIO IN ARCHITECTURE
that contains them. Some of the architectural structures that exhibit
the application of the Golden ratio are the following:
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in
Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is with proportion
according to a “Golden Ratio”. The length of
each side of the base is 756 feet with a height of
481 feet. The ratio of the base to the height is
roughly 1.5717, which is close to the Golden
ratio.

2. Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris,

which was built in between 1163 and 1250. It
appears to have a golden ratio in a number of
its key proportions of designs.

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD by PMSJR Page 1

 3. The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in wax to store the honey giving a strong
its construction and was completed in 1648. structure with no gaps.
The order and proportion of the arches of the 2. Zebra’s coat, the
Taj Mahal on the main structure keep reducing alternating pattern of
proportionately following the golden ratio. blacks and white are
due to mathematical
4. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres in Paris, rules that govern the
France also exhibits the Golden ratio. pigmentation chemicals
of its skin.
5. In the United Nation Building, the window
configuration reveal golden proportion. 3. S p i d e r
spider creates a
structure by
6. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, erected in
performing innate
1889 is an iron lattice. The base is broader while
steps.
it narrows down the top, perfectly following the
golden ratio.
4. The nautilus shell
7. The CN Tower in Toronto, the tallest tower and has natural pattern
freestanding structure in the world, contains which contains a spiral
the golden ratio in its design. The ratio of shape called
observation deck at 342 meters to the total logarithmic spiral.
height of 553.33 is 0.618 or phi, the reciprocal
of phi.
5. Age of the trees can be
determined by applying
dendrochronology which is a
scientific method of dating based
on the amount of rings found in
the
core
of a tree.

6. Turtles have growth rings

called “scutes” which are
hexagonal.
BEHAVIOR OF NATURE
Scutes estimates the age of
Behavior of nature can be observed around us.
the turtle.
Natural regularities of nature:
Smallest scute is in the
Symmetry Fractals Spirals
center and is the oldest one, while the largest ones on
Trees Meanders Waves
the outside are the newer ones.
Foams Tessellations Cracks
7. Lightning during storms creates fractals. Foam
Stripes Spots
bubbles formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or
Golden Ratio can be found in the beauty of solid.
nature, the growth patterns of many plants,
insects, and the universe.

1. Honeycombs of the bees

show specific regular
repeating hexagons. It
uses the least amount of

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD by PMSJR Page 2

 mechanics, quantum mechanics and other
theoretical constructs.

4. In Information Technology, modern computer

are invented through the help of mathematics.
An important area of applications of
mathematics in the development of formal
mathematical theories related to the
development of computer science. Computer
8. Cracks can also be found on the barks of trees science development includes logic, relations,
which show some sort of weakness in the bark. functions, basic set theory, counting
The meander is one of a series of regular techniques, graph theory, combinatorics,
sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings discrete probability, recursion, recurrence
in the channel of the body of water. relations and number theory, computer-
oriented numerical analysis and Operation
Research techniques.

5. Cryptography is a combination of both

mathematics and computer science and is
affiliated closely with information theory,
computer security and engineering. It is used in
applications present in technologically
advanced societies, examples include the
APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN THE WORLD security of ATM cards, computer passwords and
In our daily life, we use mathematics directly or electronic commerce.
indirectly in various fields. The application of
mathematical methods in different fields such as 6. In archaeology, archaeologists use a variety of
science, engineering, business, computer science mathematical and statistical techniques to
and industry is a combination of mathematical present the data from archaeological surveys
science and specialized knowledge. For example, and try to find patterns to shed on past human
statistics, combinatorics, and graph theory are used behavior an in carbon dating artifacts.
by investigators to solve crimes.
Other applications of mathematics are in 7. In Social Sciences such as economics, sociology,
forensic science, medicine, engineering, information psychology and linguistics all now make
technology, cryptography, archaeology, social extensive use of mathematical models, using
sciences, political science and other fields. the tools of calculus, probability, game theory,
1. In forensic, mathematics is applied specifically and network theory.
the differential and integral calculus to clarify
the blurred image to clear image. Another
8. In Economics, mathematics such as matrices,
application of calculus is optimization (maximize
probability and statistics are used. The models
or minimize) surface areas, volumes, profit and
may be stochastic or deterministic, linear or
cost analysis, projectile motion, etc.
non-linear, static or dynamic, continuous or
2. In medical field, much of a function of a protein
discrete and all types of algebraic, differential,
is determined by its shape and how the pieces
difference and integral equations arise for the
move. Many drugs are designed to change the
solution of these models.
shape or motions of a protein by modeling
using geometry and related areas.
Mathematics is also being applied in the
development of medicine to cure diseases.

3. In fluid dynamics, engineers use numerical

analysis in phenomena involving heat,
electricity and magnetism, relativistic

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD by PMSJR Page 3

 9. In political Science, political analysts study past
election results to see changes in voting
patterns and the influence of various factors on
voting behavior or switching of votes among
political parties and mathematical models for
Conflict Resolution using Game Theory and
Statistics.

10. In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in all

music notes is the result of innumerable
permutations and combinations. Music
theorists understand musical structure and
communicate new ways of hearing music by
applying set theory, abstract algebra, and
number theory.

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD by PMSJR Page 4