10

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides a concise review of the literature and related studies

that is useful in the current study. It also includes the synthesis of the art, the gap

that is to be bridged by this study, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks,

and the definition of terms.

Related Literature

Rabies came from a Latin word “rabere” which means madness, rage or

fury.1 It is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in animals and humans.

It can affect most species of warm-blooded animals, but is rare among non-

carnivores. In unvaccinated humans, rabies is almost invariably fatal once full

blown symptoms have developed, but post exposure vaccination can prevent

symptoms from developing.

Rhabdovirus otherwise known as Rabies virus is a bullet- shaped virus

that affects the central nervous system of mammals including humans. Rabies is

passed along through saliva when an infected animal bites an uninfected animal.

The virus then migrates through the central nervous system to the brain where it

is replicated. From the brain, the virus then begins to infect other tissues,

including salivary glands, where the virus can be passed to another animal. As

the virus replicates in the brain, the animal’s behavior changes and begins to

show signs of rabies such as aggression or staggering. Time between the initial

bite and death is variable among species and can range from 3 to 20 weeks. 2
 11

There is no known cure for symptomatic rabies, but it can be prevented

by vaccination, both in humans and other animals. Rabies in humans can be

prevented either by eliminating exposures to rabid animals or by providing

exposed persons with prompt local treatment of wounds combined with

appropriate post exposure prophylaxis.

Treatment after exposure (known as post-exposure prophylaxis or “PEP”)

is highly successful in preventing the disease if administered promptly, within 14

days after infections. The treatment consists of a regimen of one dose of

immunoglobulin and five doses of rabies vaccines must travel from the site of

infection through the peripheral nervous system before infecting the central

nervous system and glands to cause lethal damage.

Parental animal rabies vaccines should be administered only by, or under

the direct supervision of the veterinarian. This is the only way to ensure that a

responsible person can be held accountable to assure the public that the animal

has been properly vaccinated. Within one month after primary vaccination, a

peak rabies antibody titer is reached and the animal can be considered

immunized if the primary vaccination was administered at least 30 days

previously.3

In the United States, several distinct rabies virus variants have been

identified in terrestrial mammals, including major terrestrial reservoirs in

raccoons, skunks and foxes, and coyotes. In addition to the terrestrial reservoirs

for rabies, several species of insectivorous bats serve as reservoirs for the

disease.4 Wildlife is the most important potential source of infection for both
 12

humans and domestic animals. Reducing the risk of rabies in domestic animals

and limiting contact with wild animals are central to the prevention of human

rabies.

In most countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, infected dogs are

responsible for most of the rabies deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO)

reports that more death occurs worldwide from rabies than from other common

infections such as dengue, polio, meningococcal meningitis. Of the 50,000

human rabies deaths reported annually, it is estimated that over 30,000 deaths

occur in the Indian Sub- continent with the remaining cases occurring in the

South-East Asia (particularly, the Philippines), Africa and Latin America. 5

The National Objectives for Health 1999-2004 states that Rabies is a

public health problem in the Philippines. 6 It is transmitted through the bite of

infected dogs with ninety eight percent (98%) of incidence and cats with only two

percent (2%). In lieu of this, Republic Act No. 9482 or the Anti-Rabies Act of

2007 was signed into law. It is an act providing for the control and elimination of

human and animal rabies, prescribing penalties for violation and appropriation of

funds.7

As part of its legislation, government agencies such as the Department of

Agriculture, Department of Health, Department of Education and NGO’s and

LGU’s, which jointly implement the National Rabies Prevention and

Control Program were given the tasks to perform their duties along its

implementation.
 13

 Department of Agriculture tasks were along the improvement and

upgrade existing animal Rabies laboratory diagnostic capabilities to ensure better

services to the people, ensure the availability and adequate supply of animal

anti-Rabies vaccine at all times, strengthen the training of field personnel and the

Information Education and Communication (IEC) activities on Rabies prevention

and control and responsible pet ownership, conduct research on Rabies and its

control in coordination with other agencies, formulate minimum standards and

monitor the effective implementation of this Act and encourage collaborative

activities with the DOH, DepEd, DILG, DENR, NGOs, POs and other concerned

sectors.

Department of Health’s roles were to ensure the availability and adequate

supply of DOH pre-qualified human Anti-Rabies vaccine in animal bite treatment

centers at all times and shall coordinate with other implementing agencies and

concerned NGOs for this purpose, provide Post-Exposure Treatment at the

minimum expense to individuals bitten by animals suspected of being rabid which

will consist of the initial vaccine and immunoglobulin dose, provide Pre-Exposure

Treatment to high-risk personnel, such as, but not limited to, laboratory staff.

Department of Education was tasked to strengthen Rabies education

program through school health teaching/curriculum, Assist in the Dog mass

immunization campaigns in the community, Encourage collaborative activities

with the DA, DOH, DILG, DENR, NGOs, POs and other concerned sectors,

integrate proper information and education on responsible pet ownership in

the relevant subjects in the Elementary and High School levels.

 14

LGUs in their respective localities were to ensure that all Dogs are

properly immunized, registered and issued a corresponding Dog tag for every

immunized and registered Dog, Allocate funds to augment the implementation of

the National Rabies Prevention and Control Program, particularly on the

financing of supplies and human and Dog vaccines needed for immunization and

appoint a veterinarian and establish a veterinary office in every province, city

and first-class municipality: Provided, That the other municipalities shall, on their

own, opt to share the expense of having a veterinary office.

The agencies tasked to implement the anti-Rabies program were also

given the responsibility to seek the assistance and participation of NGOs in

any of the activities such as Community mobilization, education/information

dissemination on Rabies and responsible pet ownership, Mass anti-Rabbies

campaign, Promotion of the anti-Rabies campaign during pet or any animal

shows, Surveillance/reporting of Rabies cases in animals and humans, Any other

activities geared towards the prevention and complete eradication of Rabies.

In the Philippines, rabies are rampant in Regions I, III, IV, NCR, V, VI.

Majority of human rabies cases are male with age ranging from 5-14 years old

and 15-49 years old. Notifiable Rabies disease declined in 2000 as a result of the

information campaign and Rabies Control and Prevention Program of the

government.8

In the Bicol region, the DOH regional office V recorded an increase

number of 24 deaths in 2015 starting from 14 in 2014. From January to May in

 15

2016, 11 rabies deaths were recorded in three provinces. There are seven in

camarines sur, three in camarines norte and only one in Sorsogon.

In view of the dreadfulness of Rabies and its very high cases of fatality, its

prevention and control is of utmost importance. For this purpose, the DOH has

issued Administrative Order No. 164 s. 2002 (Revised Guidelines on

Management of Animal Bite Patients) aimed at ensuring uniformity in the

management of animal bite patients.

The management of potential Rabies cases varies depending on the type

of the exposure involved. The DOH recognizes three forms or categories of

exposures, which is briefly described in table 1 including the prescribed

management procedures.

The vaccination regimen that will be needed depends on the dog’s

condition sometime after the biting such as a change in behavior or death of the

animals and also depending on the outcome of diagnostic tests required under

the circumstances. It is therefore imperative that biting dogs should be restrained

or confined for 14-day observation period for signs of rabies and should not be

killed outright. Moreover, when bitten by the dog, it is advised that the wound be

washed immediately with soap and water, and to consult a physician or to the

nearest Animal Bite Treatment Centers (ABTC), if any.

The foregoing procedures are of course part of post – exposure treatment

(PET) and are resorted to only after a person has been bitten and exposed to the

virus. Prevention of rabies is possible by administering vaccine and RIG (rabies

 16

immunoglobulin) at the right time, which must be as soon as possible after the

bite of vaccine administration is therefore vital to the success of Rabies’ control.

Table 1.
Categorization of Rabies Exposure and the Corresponding Management
Procedures
Category of Exposure Management
CATEGORY 1 a. Wash exposed skin immediately with
a. Feeding/ touching an animal soap and water.
b. Licking of intact skin b. No Vaccine or RIG needed.
CATEGORY II a. Start vaccines immediately
a. Nibbling of uncovered skin according to the animal’s condition:
b. Minor scratches/abrasion without 1. Complete vaccination regimen until
bleeding Day 90 if:
c. Licks on broken skin
 Animal is rabid, killed , died or
unavailable for 14 day
observation and examination.
 Animal under observation died
within 14 days and was FAT
positive, or no FAT testing was
done on had signs of rabies.
2. Complete vaccination regimen until
Day 30 if:
 Animal is alive and remains
healthy after 14 days
observation period.
 Animal under observation died
within 14 days and was
CATEGORY III
a. Single or multiple transdermal bites/
scratches
b.Contamination of mucuosmembranne
with saliva.
c. Exposure to Rabid patients through bites
or other means involving fluids transfer.
d. Handling of infected carcasses or
ingestion or raw infected meat.
 17

It should be understood that Rabies is incurable. Once the symptoms are

manifested, the victim dies within 1-3 days. So, the best way is still prevention: as

the saying goes, “an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure”.

Preventive measures include pre-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). As the term

implies, this requires vaccine administration before a person is actually exposed

to the virus, having dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies at three months of

age and every year thereafter, or cleaning the streets and other public places of

stray animals can also control in Sorsogon has passed the following measures to

wit:

Ordinance No. 97-05, an ordinance requiring the registration of dogs and

cats providing for impounding the disposition of stray dogs and cats, imposing

fees thereof, and establishing a City Animal Pound and providing funds thereof.

Ordinance No. 98-008, an ordinance requiring owners of dogs and cats to

assume cost of medical and/or burial expenses incurred by victims of dog and

cat bites and imposing penalties thereof.

Resolution No. 0514-2002, declaring Sorsogon City as Rabies Infected

Area and Resolution No. 0037-2004, resolution authorizing the City Mayor to

enter into MOA with concerned National Government Agencies involved in the

implementation of Mass Stray Dog Elimination Campaign.

In view of the dreadfulness of Rabies and its very high incidence of

fatality, its control and prevention is utmost importance. In the Philippines, the

government through the Department of Health (DOH) has formulated the so-

called, National Rabies Control and Eradication Program (NRCEP). The

 18

Macapagal-Arroyo Administration is set to intensify its campaign to eliminate

Rabies-free by 2020. As part of this initiative and in line with the National

advocacy program called, “Health for More”, that are 26 national activities and

health programs among which is the MAD or Mindanao Anti-Rabies Day which

provides 450,000 rabies vials for immunizing eighty percent of the total dog

population in Regions IX and X along with the distribution of 13,000 vaccines in

these regions.

Related Studies

Several studies have been reviewed to find relationship to the present

study. Although not all of them dealt with the extent of implementing Rabies

Control and Prevention Program, the problems encountered along its

implementation and the measures that can be recommended to improve the

program, the insights and results of the studies helped the researchers in the

conduct of the present study.

Kakkar, Venkataramanan, Krishnan et al (2012) in their study entitled

“Moving from Rabies Research to Rabies Control: Lessons from India”, found

that a total of 93 research articles were published from India since 2001,

consisted mostly of laboratory based studies focusing on rabies virus, vaccines,

infectious disease epidemiology and the top 4 institutions (2 each from the

animal and human health sectors) collectively produced less than half of the

national research output. It also found that biomedical research related to

development of new interventions dominated the total output as opposed to the

 19

identified priority domains of socio-politic-economic research, basic

epidemiological research and research to improve existing interventions. 9

The study of Kakkar, Venkataramanan, Krishnan et al bears significant

relationship to the present study because it highlights the gaps between rabies

research and policy needs, and makes the case for developing a strategic

research agenda that focuses on rabies control as an expected outcome.

Nilsson (2014)10 in her study “Effect of rabies education programs on

rabies awareness, attitudes towards dogs and animal welfare among children in

Lilongwe, Malawi”, found that children that had been educated about the disease

rabies and about animal welfare had better knowledge about rabies. Meanwhile,

the children that had participated in the education program were more aware of

rabies, its transmission route and hosts, but both groups were as likely to own a

dog or to play with dogs and are therefore as likely to contract rabies disease

from dogs. Thus, knowledge about rabies is found important in both groups.

The study bears significant relationship in the present study because both

emphasizes the significant contribution of education in shaping individual

awareness and attitudes to diseases such as rabies. In this study, it dealt with

the awareness of children who are properly and not educated about animal

welfare as to the relationship of their knowledge about rabies while the present

study deals with the identification of the problems associated with the annual

growth of animal bite and rabies cases.

In the study “Awareness of Rabies and response to dog bites in a

Bangladesh community” conducted by Ghosh (2016), found that the community

 20

respondents had a high level of knowledge and awareness regarding rabies and

its prevention. However, he also identified that their poor treatment seeking

behavior indicates that there are some knowledge gaps and an inability to access

community health facilities for rabies treatment and/or prophylaxis. 11

The study of Ghosh reiterates that the need for rabies awareness

programs within the community is vital. Rabies vaccines, immunoglobulin and

facilities that administer them must become affordable and readily available

locally. This shows significant relationship to the present study being undertaken

because more than awareness it focuses along the necessity of inexpensive and

accessible medicinal aids and facilities to implement such programs about rabies

control effectively.

Aga, Hurisa and Urga12 (2016) in their study “Current Situation of Rabies

Prevention and Control in Developing Countries: Ethiopia Perspective” show that

most of the rabies cases in animals and humans are caused by canine rabies

virus, mostly transmitted by domestic dogs and thus comprehensive and

sustained dog vaccination is sufficient intervention in reduction and eventual

elimination of human rabies in the sub-Saharan Africa

The study of Aga, Hurisa and Urga shows the burden of the disease to

give direction for effective prevention and control following developed countries

experience. Meanwhile, the present study was along the presentation of the

problems encountered in the implementation of rabies control program to identify

which measures are applicable to use to improve the program.

 21

Neevel, Hemrika, Claassen, et al (2018) in their study “A research agenda

to reinforce rabies control: A qualitative and quantitative prioritization”, they

identified and systematically prioritized the research needs, through interviews

and questionnaires with key-opinion-leaders (KOLs) which agreed that animal

rabies control remains most important for rabies control, while research on

human host, agent (rabies virus) and the environment should be prioritized in

terms of need for improvement.13

The study of Neevel, Hemrika, Claassen, et al shows similarity to the

present study as both dealt with identifying necessary requirements to properly

administer rabies control and prevention programs as well assess which of these

are most important and must be given appropriate attention to fulfill.

Another study was on the “Eradication of Rabies in the Philippines” by

Armbulo, Beran and Escudero14 (1972) identified the barriers and solutions along

the eradication of rabies in the country. Among the ways rabies can be

eradicated was through an island-by island approach.

The study bears significant relationship to the present study because it

determined the applicable measures which counteract such identified geographic

and social barriers for rabies eradication. The present study deals on the

measures which can be utilized to improve the implementation of the rabies

control and prevention program.

De Ramos and Bravo (2004) in their study “Knowledge, Attitudes and

Practices of the Community Regarding Animal Bites and Rabies”, describes the

epidemiology of animal bites in the communities of the Philippines and include

 22

the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community with regard to animal

bites and rabies.15

This study of De Ramos and Bravo is associated with the present study in

some aspect. Their study dealt with determining the awareness and behaviors

regarding animal bites and rabies while the current study assess these behaviors

in the implementation of Rabies control and Prevention Program.

In the study conducted by Sengson 16 (2009) entitled “Factors affecting

compliance to Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis among pediatric patients seen

at the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine” found that compliance rate for

rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is low and the most salient issue is the

affordability of the vaccine.

The study of Sengson identified the factors that affect compliance of

pediatric patients advised to receive rabies Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP).

This study also bears significant relationship because the findings of his study

were also reflected in the problems identified in the implementation of the rabies

control and prevention program for the current study.

Another study was on the Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding

rabies in Filipinos following implementation of the Bohol Rabies Prevention and

Elimination Program by Miranda (2009). His study found that employment

(professional or non-professional) had the greatest effect on attitudes scores,

and only the knowledge score was significantly associated with higher practices

scores.17
 23

The study of Miranda also shows significant relationship to the study being

undertaken. His study focuses on assessing knowledge, attitudes and practices

of the respondents along with the implementation of the Rabies Prevention and

Elimination Program while the current study deals on assessing the Rabies

Control and Prevention Program based on the perception and experiences of the

respondents.

Meanwhile, in the study conducted by Baroga, Basitan, Lobete et al 18 on

the community awareness on rabies prevention and control in Bicol, Philippines:

pre- and post-project implementation, they noted know that they can acquire

rabies in animals through the bite of a rabid dog. Vaccination was the top rabies

preventive measure and biting incidents were noted in some respondents, and

observing the dog and killing it immediately were some of the actions taken by

bite victims. Pet owners increased their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP)

about rabies prevention and control as compared to the pre-implementation

study. However, certain gaps in their KAP need to be given attention.

Furthermore, the study emphasized that continuous education of pet owners

must be done.

This study bears significant relationship to the present study because both

assess along the implementation of Rabies Control and Prevention Program. The

difference is that the latter showed the relationship of the knowledge, attitudes

and practices to the pre and post program implementation while the present

study dealt on the perception and experiences of the respondents along the

extent of implementing the program.

 24

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The literature reviewed has some bearings to the present study because

these emphasized the things and ways that the Rabies Control and Prevention

Program can be better implemented. They provided relevant information that

leads to the assumptions on laying the foundation on the measures which can be

utilized by the implementers of the program to effectively administer its

implementation in Legazpi City.

The study of Kakkar, Venkataramanan, Krishnan et al bears highlights the

gaps between rabies research and policy needs, and made a case for developing

a strategic research agenda which focuses on rabies control. The studies of

Nilsson and Ghosh both emphasizes the significant contribution of education in

shaping individual awareness and attitudes to diseases such as rabies.

Meanwhile, the study of Aga, Hurisa and Urga shows the burden of the disease

to give direction for effective prevention and control following developed

countries experience. On the other hand, the study of Neevel, Hemrika,

Claassen, et al identified the necessary requirements to properly administer

rabies control and prevention programs and assess which are most important

and must be given appropriate attention to fulfill.

The study of Armbulo, Beran and Escudero identified the barriers and

solutions along the eradication of rabies in the Philippines. The studies of De

Ramos and Bravo, and Miranda identified the knowledge, attitudes and practices

of the community with regard to animal bites and rabies. Meanwhile, the study of

Sengson identified the factors that affect compliance of pediatric patients advised
 25

to receive rabies Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). Furthermore, the study

conducted by Baroga, Basitan, Lobete et al emphasized various knowledge

attitudes and practices along the pre and post implementation of Rabies Control

and Prevention Program. They stressed that the awareness and behavior of the

pet owners can be further improved by continuous education and following the

proposed interventions.

Gap bridged by the Study

The success of any activity, undertaking or program especially as

important and as expensive as the rabies control and prevention program often

lies in the process of assessment. The importance of assessment cannot be

overemphasized. Assessment could make possible the identification of the

problems that are encountered by the program at any course or phrase of its

implementation. Only then can one hope to improve the same.

Assessment can very well provide data on the status of the program,

especially as regards the extent to which to witch its objectives have been

achieved or how it compares against a given set of standards, or on the basis of

the resources available and the like. These are the missing information that this

study have provide.

Hopefully, with a clearer picture about the present status of the program,

the government, the implementers and the ordinary citizens as stake holders

would have better options for the improvement of the program’s delivery system.
 26

Theoretical Framework

Kirkpatrick’s Theory on Assessment19 was purposely utilized for this study.

This theory was originally used in the Doctor of Ministry program of the Seventh-

day Adventist Theological Seminary of Andrews University which applied four

levels of assessment developed by Donald Kirkpatrick’s.

In Kirkpatrick's four-level model, each successive evaluation level is linked

with information provided by the lower level. Assessment begins with level one,

and then moves through levels two, three, and four. Information from each prior

level serves as a base for analyzing the next level's information. Thus, each

successive level represents a more precise measure and at the same time

requiring a more rigorous and time-consuming analysis.

Level 1 Reactions. Just as the word implies, evaluation at this level

measures how participants react to the program. This type of evaluation is often

called a “smilesheet.” According to Kirkpatrick, every program should at least be

evaluated at this level to provide for program improvement. In addition, the

participants' reactions have important consequences for learning, or change

(level two).

Level 2 Learning. Assessing at this level moves the evaluation beyond

learner satisfaction and attempts to assess the extent students have advanced in

skills, knowledge, or attitude. Measurement at this level is more difficult and

laborious than level one. Methods range from formal to informal testing to team

assessment and self-assessment.

 27

KIRKPATRICK’S THEORY ON ASSESSMENT

RE
S
Level 4
U
LT
S
Level 3
TRANSFER

Level 2
LEARNING

Level 1
REACTIONS

Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm

Level 3 Transfer. This level measures the transfer that has occurred in

the learners' behavior. Evaluating at this level attempts to answer the question -
 28

Are the newly acquired skills, knowledge, or attitude being used in the everyday

environment of the learner? For many this level represents the truest assessment

of a program's effectiveness. However, measuring at this level is difficult because

when the change in behavior will occur varies.

Level 4 Results. Level four evaluation attempts to assess training in

terms of change in the organization served. This level measures the success of

the program in terms of overall mission of an organization served by the learner.

This theory on Assessment of Kirkpatrick is very significant to the study

because it measures the affectivity of a program based on the respondents

learning experience. Thus, it was useful in formulating the foundation of the

research methods to measure the extent of implementing the Rabies Control and

Prevention Program in Legazpi City.

Conceptual Framework

The main objective of the study is to determine the extent of implementing

the Rabies Control and Prevention Program in Legazpi City and its problems

encountered as well as the measures proposed to improve the implementation of

the said program. The research process is reflected in Figure 3. It started with

the identification of the extent of implementing Rabies Control and Prevention

program along the components social preparation, technical area, health

coordination and legislation. It also determined the problems encountered in the

implementation of the aforementioned program. Likewise, the measures

 29

RABIES CONTROL AND PREVENTION PROGRAM IN LEGAZPI CITY: AN

ASSESSMENT

FEEDBACK

EXTENT ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PROGRAM
ALONG:

a. Social DATA
Preparations COLLECTION
USING SURVEY PROPOSED
b. Technical MEASURES TO
QUESTIONNAIRE
Area IMPROVE THE
RABIES
c. Health
CONTROL AND
Coordination PREVENTION
d. Legislation PROGRAM IN
GUBAT,
ANALYSIS AND SORSOGON
INTERPRETATION
PROBLEMS OF DATA
ENCOUNTERED IN COLLECTED
THE
IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PROGRAM

Figure 3. Conceptual Paradigm

 30

proposed to improve the implementation of Rabies Control and Prevention

Program as well as the analysis of survey results and findings were also

identified.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the discussion of the various section of the

study, the following terms are defined both conceptually and operationally.

Animal Catcher. refers to the person designated or appointed by the city

veterinary office to perform or do the actual catching of animals or such other

functions related thereto or as may be assigned by the City Veterinarian

(Ordinance No. 97-05).

Assessment. as used in the study, it is the process of determining the

condition of the program in terms of the human and physical resources, as well

as the accomplishment made.

Calamity Fund. pertains to that portion of the City Government budget

specially allotted for use in cases of as declared state of calamity or emergency.

City Animal Pound. refers to the facility or establishment where stray

animals are temporarily confined or restrained (Ordinance No. 97-05).

Client. as used in the study refers to the pet owner.

Goal. refers to the task or aims which a given program or activity hopes to

accomplish.

Human Resources. as referred to in this study are the persons employed

or involved in the government program under study, including those of the so-

called NGO’s.
 31

Health Coordination. pertains to the extent of availability of the sets of

activities or necessary requirements which promotes emotional, physical and

mental well being of animals and humans.

Legislation. as being used in the study refers to the application of the

implementing rules and regulations in the community or in this case the

municipality along the implementation of Animal Rabies and Control Program.

Prevention and Control. refers to the act or practice of stopping and

managing the growth of animal bite cases.

Rabies. pertains to a very serious and often fatal disease that affects

animals such as dogs) and that can be passed on to people if an infected animal

bites them.

Social Preparation. as used in the study refers to the set of activities

done in the community along the implementation of the program.

Technical Area. pertains to the set of actions and considerations done in

the actual field with regards to the Animal Rabies and Control program.
 32

Notes
1
Etymonline. The Etymology of Rabies. [cited 2017 19 June] Retrieved from:
https://www.etymonline.com/word/rabies
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Rabies Virus [cited 2017 19
June] Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/about.html
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Animal Rabies Vaccine.[cited 2017
19 June] Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/specific_groups/veterinarians/vaccines.html
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wildlife Reservoirs [cited 2017 19
June] Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/animals/wildlife_reservoirs.html
5
World Health Organization. Rabies Death Report [cited 2017 19 June]
Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
6
World Cat Organization. National Objectives for Health [cited 2017 19 June]
Retrieved from: https://www.worldcat.org/title/national-objectives-for-
health-kalusugan-para-sa-masa-philippines-1999-2004/oclc/51318539
7
Philippine Animal Welfare Society. Anti Rabies Act [cited 2017 19 June]
Retrieved from: https://www.paws.org.ph/anti-rabies-act-ra-9482.html
8
World Health Organization-Western Pacific Region. Animal Rabies Cases in the
Philippines Rabies Retrieved from:
https://www.wpro.who.int/philippines/areas/communicable_diseases/rabie
s/continuation_rabies_area_page/en/
9
Manish Kakkar, Vidya Venkataramanan, Sampath Krishnan, Ritu Singh
Chauhan, Syed Shahid Abbas, on behalf of Roadmap to Combat
Zoonoses in India (RCZI) initiative | Moving from Rabies Research to
Rabies Control: Lessons from India (PDF File) [cited 2017 22 June)
Retrieved from: PLOS| Neglected Tropical Disease
10
Mikaela Nilsson. Effect of rabies education programs on rabies awareness,
attitudes towards dogs and animal welfare among children in Lilongwe,
Malawi (PDF File) [cited 2017 22 June] Retrieved from: Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Clinical Sciences
11
Sumon Ghosh. Awareness of rabies and response to dog bites in a
Bangladesh community [cited 2017 22 June] Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.30
12
Abebe M Aga* , Birhanu Hurisa and Kelbessa Urga. Current Situation of
Rabies Prevention and Control in Developing Countries: Ethiopia
Perspective [cited 2017 22 June] Retrieved from: Journal of Infectious
Diseases & Preventive Medicine
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