Educational Technology 1
Educational Technology 1
Meaning of Technology
The word „Technology‟ is derived from the two Greek words namely Technic
and Logia. „Technic‟ -means „art or skill.‟ ‘Logia‟- means „Science or Study‟. So
simplest meaning of „Technology‟ is “Science of study of an art or skill.”
Definitions of Technology
“Technology is Knowledge organized for Production”.
- Sachs.I
“Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to a practical purpose”.
- Page.T
“Technology is the set of instruments and skills which are used to satisfy the needs of
the community”.
- Hierra.A.
Meaning of Education
The word „Education‟ is derived from the Latin word „Educatum‟, which
means „To bring out‟. In the sense, the meaning of Education is to bring out the
better qualities of the individual.
Acc. to Ross, the word „Education‟ is derived from the Latin word
„Educare‟ which means „to bring up‟ or „to raise‟. It means that education is that
process which brings up or rears the individual in the right way.
Meaning of Educational Technology
There are three views regarding the meaning of educational technology.
Educational Technology 1 (ET 1)
The first view which may call Educational Technology 1 (ET 1) refers to the
application of physical sciences and engineering technology to provide mechanical
instruments or “hardware” which can be used for instructional purposes. This is the
view of James O. Finn and others (1960).
E.g. Tape-recorders (including language laboratory), television, teaching
machines and computer- based teaching.
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Educational Technology 2 (ET 2)
The second view which we may call Educational Technology 2 (ET 2) refers
to the application of scientific principles or „software approach‟ to instruction. This
is the view of Skinner, Gagne and others.
Educational Technology 3 (ET 3)
The third and the modern view of Educational Technology 3 (ET 3) as
described by Davis and Hartley (1972), incorporates both ET 1 and ET 2 through the
application of a „system approach‟ to education and training.
Definitions of Educational Technology
“Educational technology may be defined as the application of the laws as well as
recent discoveries of science and technology to the process of education”.
- S.S. Kulkarni
“Educational technology is the application of scientific process to man‟s learning
conditions”.
- Robert A. Cox
“Educational technology is an application of scientific knowledge about learning to
practical learning situation.”
- J. Bloomer
Characteristics of Educational Technology
1. ET has contributed in developing various methods e.g. Microteaching method,
Interaction analysis, Audio Visual Aids and Programmed learning method.
2. In the field of ET, Psychology, Science and technology, system, art, AV aids
and machines are used.
3. It is based on the application of the scientific knowledge.
4. It is helpful in making the teaching process objective, easy, clear, interesting
and scientific.
5. It is a continuous dynamic technology.
6. It is an important medium of communication.
7. A desired change is possible in the behaviour of teachers and students.
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Revolution and Development of Educational Technology
Erich Ashley (1967) has identified four revolutions in education. They are,
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TECHNOLOGY OF EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN
EDUCATION
Introduction
The term technology in education is a service concept like technology in the
service of agriculture of farmers or science in the service of mankind. It refers to the
use of equipment and machines for educational purposes. It involves the use of a wide
range of audio- visual equipments, hardware and sophisticated electronic devices like
films, projectors, radio, television, tape recorder, teaching machines and computers
etc.
Educational technology as explained earlier is a wider term than technology in
education. It includes hardware approach, software approach and systems approach.
Educational Technology is broadly classified into the following two heads:
1. Technology of Education.
2. Technology in Education.
1. Technology of Education
It is inherent in education itself. It refers to the application of behavioural
sciences like psychology of educational theories and practical teaching –learning
problems, instruction and motivation etc. It is concerned with the study of educational
problems and the techniques to be used in solving the teaching-learning problems so
that best results should be achieved. Broadly speaking, technologies of planning,
financing and administration are also covered under the concept of technology of
education. Techniques of curriculum planning, transacting and evaluating also come
under technology of education. In technology of education, we use derived from
psychology of learning.
In general, following techniques are included in technology of education:
1. Analysis of instructional problems.
2. Selection of instruments for evaluation
3. Selection of strategies to obtain desired result from the teaching-learning
process.
4. Teacher behaviour.
5. Programmed learning.
6. System analysis.
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2. Technology in Education
Broadly speaking, technology in education implies the use of implements,
tools and machines in education in the same manner as we use these for the
development of agriculture and gardening and industry and in fact our everyday life to
reap the fruit of scientific and technological developments. Under technology in
education we include electronic media projector, film, radio, T.V, teaching machine,
computer and internet etc.
Technology in education refers to the application of engineering principles and
technology in the process of education. Basically it is called hardware technology.
Silverman (1968) called this type of educational technology as „Relative
Technology‟ and technology of education as „Constructive Educational Technology‟.
Differences between Technology of Education and Technology
in Education
Areas Technology of education Technology in education
1. Basis It is based on child psychology In is based on the principles of
(age, ability and mental level). physical sciences or engineering
sciences.
2. Approach Its approach is identified as Its approach is identified as
software approach. hardware approach.
3. Origin Its origin lies in the application Its origin lies in the application of
of behavioural sciences to the physical sciences or engineering
problems. to education.
4. Examples Text books, work books, TV, Radio, Slide Projector,
newspaper etc. Computer, OHP etc.
5. Relation It is related to learning aids. It is related to teaching aids.
6. Requirement The use of this approach does Skilled personnel in hardware
not require skilled personnel as technology are needed.
in hardware technology.
7. Flexibility This approach is very flexible This approach is relatively rigid.
8. Type It is called constructive It is called relative technology
educational technology
9. contribution to This approach is very helpful It is useful in mass education
educational in understanding the need of programmes.
system the learners and educating
them accordingly.
10. Cost It is less costly. It is expensive.
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NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
It is the ET that has helped to develops new strategies in the field of education
like,
ii. Microteaching (inculcation of teaching skills among teachers),
iii. Programmed instruction (Preparation of instructional materials in written or
CAI forms for individualized learning).
iv. Instructional analysis (analysis of teaching materials into convenient parts to
be presented to students one by one) and use of hardware technology in
education etc.
4. Controlled Atmosphere
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Thus, it has removed many of the defects of ET and has raised the significance
& relevance of a teacher in the class.
6. Mass extension of Model teaching
The facilities of radio television and interest are new available of a large scale.
By demonstrating the effective teaching of renowned teachers on these media
we can benefit millions of students together.
Even the less effective and less skilled teachers can take the benefit of these
demonstrations & improve their teaching.
7. Advantages to private students
Even teacher training colleges cannot produce good teachers without the use
of ET.
It is because; this branch of education puts emphasis on the modification of
teacher‟s behaviour.
(E.g.) we can develop teaching skills in student with the help of micro-
teaching techniques.
9. Improvement of school Administration
TEACHERS
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FORMS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
I. TEACHING TECHNOLOGY
1. Introduction
2. Content of Teaching Technology
3. Assumptions of Teaching Technology
4. Characteristics of Teaching Technology
1. Introduction
Teaching is the social and professional activity.
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a. Planning of Teaching
The main focus of this step is to assess the learning objectives in terms of
student‟s performance.
The learner‟s performance provides the basis for the feedback to teacher
and learners.
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3. Assumptions of Teaching Technology
The content of teaching technology is based on the following assumptions.
a. Teaching is a scientific process and it has two major components: Content and
Communication
b. A close relationship may be established between teaching and learning.
c. Teaching skills can be developed with the help of feedback devices.
d. Teaching and learning are mutually inter-related (i.e.) they are affected with
each other. In otherwise means that better teaching leads to better learning and
better learning environment leads to better teaching.
e. Modification and improvement can be made in teaching activities according to
the situations (i.e.) there is no general formula applicable to all circumstances.
f. Appropriate conditions can be created by teaching for effective learning.
4. Characteristics of Teaching Technology
The following are the main features of Teaching Technology.
a. All the 3 domains of objectives: cognitive, affective and psychomotor can be
achieved by this technology.
b. It can make the teaching more effective.
c. Teaching technology is based on philosophical, sociological and scientific
knowledge of education.
d. Teaching can be organized at 3 levels namely: memory, understanding and
reflective level of teaching.
e. As a system it consists of the inputs, process and outputs with the focus on
teachers.
f. The teaching-learning process can be made effective with the help of teaching
technology.
II. INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
1. Introduction
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Right responses of students can be reinforced regularly which will lead to
further right responses to occur.
By the use of this technology, students can learn according to their need
and speed (rate).
It provides the deep insight into the content structure and sequence of its
elements.
1. Introduction
This technology is closely related to psychology.
Psychology is the Science of behaviour and learning is the modification of
behaviour through activities and experiences.
It is an application of scientific knowledge or modifying teacher‟s behaviour.
It is also called as „Training Technology‟
The chief exponents of B.T: Flanders, B.F. Skinner, Anderson, and Amidon.
2. Content of Behavioural Technology
A teacher learns the following subject-matter (topics) under this technology:
a. Meaning & definition of teacher behaviour.
b. Methods of observing teacher‟s behaviour and its rating (speed).
c. The interpretation and evaluation of teacher behaviour.
d. Assumptions & theory of teacher behaviour.
e. Models of classroom interaction.
f. Various techniques of developing teacher behaviour such as,
i. Micro teaching
ii. Team teaching
iii. Interaction analysis techniques
iv. Programmed instruction
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3. Assumptions of Behavioural Technology
This technology is based on the following assumptions:
The behaviour of the teacher is social as well as psychological. It means that
psychological and social conditions directly affect teachers‟ behaviour.
Teachers‟ behaviour can be observable and measurable.
Teachers‟ behaviour is relative. It means that some teachers are good and
some are not good.
Teachers‟ behaviour can be modified by training and by using reinforcement
devices.
4. Characteristics of Behavioural Technology
The following are the main features of Behavioural Technology:
It has the focus to achieve the psychomotor objectives.
The specific teaching skills can be developed in teacher with the help of this
technology.
The basic foundation is psychology.
It is based upon software approach.
Reinforcement and feedback are emphasized.
It aims at producing effective teachers by modifying the behaviour.
It is more useful for teacher training institutions.
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Comparison among Different Forms of Educational Technology
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TASKS:
I. Based on your own understanding, give two statements to describe the following concepts related
to educational technology.
II. Show the many importance of Educational Technology through images. Indicate or describe the
image.
IMAGE DESCRIPTION
III. Create a meaning for the letters of EDTECH that would indicate the role of Educational
Technology in the 21st century classroom. The roles should be based on research findings.
Remember to cite the sources.
E-
D-
T-
E-
C-
H-
IV. Write a lesson plan about a topic you are interested to teach using behavioral theory. Use the
format below.
Lesson
Outcomes
Materials
Procedures
1. What strategies did you use to clearly show the theory in the discussion?
Lesson Plan
Learning Module
Worksheet
Instructional
Video
Interactive
Multimedia