Scribd
Upload
142 views6 pages

Hydrocarbons

This document classifies and describes various types of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It discusses their general formulas, structural features, methods of preparation, physical properties such as boiling points, and chemical properties including reactions like oxidation, halogenation, and polymerization. Hydrocarbons are an important class of organic compounds that vary in structure and reactivity depending on the presence of single, double, or triple bonds between carbons.

Uploaded by

123rrj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
142 views6 pages

Hydrocarbons

This document classifies and describes various types of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It discusses their general formulas, structural features, methods of preparation, physical properties such as boiling points, and chemical properties including reactions like oxidation, halogenation, and polymerization. Hydrocarbons are an important class of organic compounds that vary in structure and reactivity depending on the presence of single, double, or triple bonds between carbons.

Uploaded by

123rrj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

13.

Hydrocarbons

Classification:
Saturated Single bond
Unsaturated Multiple bond
Aromatic

Alkanes:
General formula is CnH2n+2.
Structural isomer Difference in structure
Chain isomer Difference in chain

Preparation
 From unsaturated hydrocarbons (hydrogenation)
Pt/Pd/Ni
CH3 CH=CH2 H2 CH3 CH2 CH3
 Wurtz reaction (Preparation of higher alkanes containing even number
of carbon atoms)
dry ether
CH3Br 2Na BrCH3 CH3 CH3 2NaBr
 De-carboxylation (Elimination of carbon dioxide from carboxylic acid)
CaO
CH3COONa NaOH CH4 Na 2CO3

Physical properties
 Boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass. Further, it
decreases with increase in number of branched chains.

Chemical properties
 KMnO4 can oxidise alkanes having tertiary H atoms to corresponding
alcohols.
KMnO4
CH3 3 CH Oxidation
CH3 3 COH

 Aromatization

 Pyrolysis or cracking
Conformations
 Sawhorse projections

 Newman projections

Alkenes:
General formula is CnH2n.

Position isomer
1 2 3 4 5
C H2 = C H C H 2 C H 2 C H3
Pent-1-ene
1 2 3 4 5
C H 3 C H= C H C H 2 C H 3
Pent-2-ene

Geometrical isomerism
Preparation
 From alkynes

Pd/C Lindlar’s catalyst

 From alkyl halides (Dehydrohalogenation)

Physical properties
 Boiling point decreases with increase in number of branched chains.

Chemical properties
 Addition of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes (Markovnikov rule)
CH3 CH=CH 2 HBr CH3 C H CH3
|
Br
 Anti-Markovnikov addition (Peroxide effect or Kharash effect)
C6 H5CO 2 O2
CH3 CH=CH2 HBr CH3 CH2 CH2Br

 Ozonolysis

Alkynes:
General formula is CnH2n–2.
Preparation
 From vicinal dihalide

Physical properties
 All alkynes are colourless.
 Melting point, boiling point, and density increase with increase in molar
mass.

Chemical properties
 Acidic character
HC ≡ CH > H2C=CH2 > CH3–CH3
HC ≡ CH > CH3–C ≡ CH >> CH3–C ≡ C–CH3

 Addition of hydrogen
Pt/Pd/Ni H2
HC CH H 2 H 2C=CH 2 CH3 CH3

 Cyclic polymerization

Aromatic hydrocarbon:

Aromaticity
 Planarity
 Complete delocalization of the electrons in the ring
 Huckel rule Presence of (4n + 2) electrons in the ring (n = 0, 1,
2…)

Preparation of benzene
 Cyclic polymerization of ethyne
 Decarboxylation of aromatic acids
Physical properties
 Immiscible with water but readily miscible with organic solvents

Chemical properties
 Electrophilic substitution
 Nitration

 Halogenation

 Friedel-Crafts alkylation

 Friedel-Crafts acylation

 On treatment with excess of chlorine

 Addition reaction
Directive influence of functional group in benzene ring
 Ortho and para directing groups:
–OH, –NH2, –NHR, –NHCOCH3, –OCH3, –CH3, –C2H5
 Meta directing groups:
–NO2, –CN, –CHO, –COR, –COOH, –COOR, –SO3H

Carcinogenicity and toxicity


Benzene and polynuclear hydrocarbons containing more than two benzene rings
are toxic and can cause cancer.

Contribute to this Revision Note:


If you find anything of importance missing from this note, email it to us at [email protected], and we’ll
add it to this note under your name!

You might also like