Gen Chem2 Module Q1Week 3 4
Gen Chem2 Module Q1Week 3 4
Learning Objectives:
1. Define Intermolecular Forces (IMF), Surface Tension, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point
and Vaporization.
2. Describe the different types of Intermolecular forces
3. Explain the properties of water its molecular and intermolecular forces.
4. Illustrate the formation structure between crystalline and amorphous solids.
5. Understand the Phase changes and phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.
6. Distinguishthe heating curve of some substances
(2) These molecules are in rapid and ceaseless motion. Their average kinetic
energy is greater the higher the temperature, and is dependent only on the
temperature.
(3) The molecules are endowed with force fields that cause every molecule to
exert an attraction on every other molecule.
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Surface Tension
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Surface Yension
The surface tension of a liquid results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, the
cohesive forces between molecules: A molecule in the bulk liquid experiences cohesive forces
with other molecules in all directions. A molecule at the surface of a liquid experiences only net
inward cohesive forces.
Viscosity
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Viscosity
Viscosity (η) is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Some liquids, such as gasoline, ethanol, and
water, flow very readily and hence have a low viscosity. Others, such as motor oil, molasses,
and maple syrup, flow very slowly and have a high viscosity. The two most common methods for
evaluating the viscosity of a liquid are
(1) to measure the time it takes for a quantity of liquid to flow through a narrow vertical tube
and
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(2) to measure the time it takes steel balls to fall through a given volume of the liquid. The
higher the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows through the tube and the steel balls fall.
Viscosity is expressed in units of the poise (mPa•s); the higher the number, the higher the
viscosity.
The viscosities of some representative liquids are listed below (see picture)and show a
correlation between viscosity and intermolecular forces. Because a liquid can flow only if the
molecules can move past one another with minimal resistance, strong intermolecular attractive
forces make it more difficult for molecules to move with respect to one another.
Vapor Pressure
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Vapor Pressure
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid (or solid); that
is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a liquid (or solid) above a sample of the
liquid (or solid) in a closed container. Examples:
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Boiling Point
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Boiling Point
Intermolecular attractive forces hold molecules together in the liquid state. The stronger the
intermolecular forces between the molecules of a liquid, the greater the energy required to separate the
molecules and turn them into gas → higher boiling point.
Trends:
1. Between two molecules of similar mass, the one with the stronger type of intermolecular force has a
higher boiling point (Look for functional groups that may indicate polar molecule).
2. Between two nonpolar molecules of similar mass, the more extended molecule will have the higher
boiling point (more extended → more surface area for London dispersion interaction).
3. Between two nonpolar molecules of different masses, the larger molecule will have the higher boiling
point (larger molecule à more electrons à more polarizability →more London dispersion forces)
*When comparing molecules of both significantly different masses and polarity, it’s more difficult to
predict boiling point trend.
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Intermolecular (or interparticle ) forces are weak interactions between particles. They
decrease as you go from solid Æ liquid Æ gas.
Remember that in a gas the particles have the highest degree of freedom of movement
and negligible or weak intermolecular forces.
As the intermolecular attraction increases,
• The vapor pressure ( the pressure of the vapor that is in equilibrium with its
liquid) decreases
• The boiling point ( the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to
the pressure exerted on the surface of the liquid) increases
• Surface tension ( the resistance of a liquid to spread out and increase its surface
area) increases
• Viscosity ( the resistance of a liquid to flow) increases.
Higher the intermolecular forces between the liquid particles, harder it is for it to escape
into the vapor phase, ie., you need more energy to convert it from liquid to the vapor
phase, in other words, higher its boiling point.
If it is harder for a liquid to escape into vapor, because it is held back into the liquid by
the neighboring particles attraction, you have less vapor and hence low vapor pressure.
• Boiling Point
• The Molar Heat of Vaporization
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Types of Solids
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LESSON ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.
_____1. The Acronym KMT stands for
a. Kenitic Molecular Theory b. Kenetic Molecular Theory
c. Kinetec Molecular Theory d. Kinetic Molecular Theory
_____2. The word “Kinein” from Greek word, which means “to move”.
a. Kenitic b. Kinetec c. Kenetic d. Kinetic
_____3. The particles of this phase are closely packed together, it has definite sizes and shapes.
a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid
_____4. The particles of this phase move freely and very far from one another, which is why you cannot see
them.
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Types of Solids
Solids have definite shape and volume due to the compact arrangement of their particles. They can be broadly
classified as CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS and AMORPHOUS SOLIDS.
_____12. Which of the following statement BEST describe a CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS?
I. Crystalline solids have a regular, highly ordered arrangement; in short there is orderliness in the
arrangement of particles that brings beauty, sparkle, sturdiness, and other unique properties.
II. Amethyst, fluorite, and pyrite are examples of crystalline solids.
III. Crystalline solids have random, disordered arrangement: in short there is harmonization among the
particles that make up the solid to achieved favorable crystal formation.
IV. A glass is an example of a crystalline solid.
a. I & II b. III & IV c. all of these d. none of these
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____19. It is a continuing heating process that will eventually cause the liquid to boil and eventually vaporize,
or turn to gas. This process is called___?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation
____20. It is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. In other words, the
water in the air is a gas known as water vapor. This process is called___?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation
____21. It is the process at which a solid is vaporized at atmospheric pressure without transforming to a
liquid. This process is called___?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation
B. Performance Task
Viscosity of Fluids Lab: Ball Drop Method
Objectives
Solidify the concept of viscosity through experimentation
Test viscosities of different samples by measuring the velocity of a sphere falling through a fluid
Introduction
Viscosity is a fluid property that measures the resistance of a fluid to flow and can simply be thought of as the
“thickness” of a fluid. Fluids that have a high viscosity, such as honey or molasses, have a high resistance to flow while
fluids with a low viscosity, such as a gas, flow easily. The resistance to deformation within a fluid can be expressed as
both absolute (or dynamic) viscosity, µ [Ns/m2], and kinematic viscosity, υ [m2/s].
Materials
Graduated Cylinders/drinking glass about 6 inches high
Marble or Sphere ball/ Jackstone ball
Kitchen Weighing device
Stopwatch (Watch/Cell phone
Test Liquids (e.g. Cooking oil, Water, Honey and Hand Sanitizer)
Procedure
Measure the diameter and weight of a Marble or Sphere balland compute the volume and density in Table 1..
Drop a ball into the center of the cylinder and record time between timing marks. Repeat three trials for each fluid
sample and record data in Table 3. Calculate the velocity for each drop time in Table 3.
Table 3: Time of ball drop in each liquid sample.
Cylinder # 1 2 3 4 5
Liquid Product
Trial 1
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled
(mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Trial 2
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled
(mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Trial 3
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled
(mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Questions to investigate:
What is the viscosity of a liquid?
Which of the liquids is most viscous?
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Water Honey
Note: If you have questions regarding this Performace Task feel free to contact me before you
proceed.If no further questions you may proceed and be sure to have a documentation on the
things that you do( Selfie Pics) as well as the result. Paste it in your Gen Chem Activity Notebook.
Prepared by:
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