0% found this document useful (0 votes)
150 views16 pages

Gen Chem2 Module Q1Week 3 4

This document provides an overview of intermolecular forces and their effects on the properties of liquids and solids. It discusses kinetic molecular theory and how it explains the structure and behavior of liquids and solids. Intermolecular forces, such as those between water molecules, determine critical properties like surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, and boiling point. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points and viscosities as the molecules are held more tightly together. The document also contrasts the structures of crystalline solids, with fixed, repeating patterns, versus amorphous solids, which lack long-range order.

Uploaded by

Dan Macabingil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
150 views16 pages

Gen Chem2 Module Q1Week 3 4

This document provides an overview of intermolecular forces and their effects on the properties of liquids and solids. It discusses kinetic molecular theory and how it explains the structure and behavior of liquids and solids. Intermolecular forces, such as those between water molecules, determine critical properties like surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, and boiling point. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling points and viscosities as the molecules are held more tightly together. The document also contrasts the structures of crystalline solids, with fixed, repeating patterns, versus amorphous solids, which lack long-range order.

Uploaded by

Dan Macabingil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

1

Second Semester - General Chemistry 2


First Quarter – Week 3 & 4
Lesson: Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids: Kinetic Molecular models of
liquids and solid; Surface Tension, Viscosity, Vapour pressure, Boiling Point, Molar
Heat of vaporization; Structure and properties of water, Types and properties of solids:
Crystalline and amorphous solids, Phase changes-Phase diagrams of water and Carbon
dioxide; The Heating Curve of Water

At the end of this lesson the learners shall:


1. Use the Kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-99)
2. Describe and differentiate the types of Intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-100)
3. Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on
these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-102)
4. Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and intermolecular forces.
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-103)
5.Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids
(STEM_GC11IMF-III-c-104)
6.Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-107)
7. Determine and explain the heating curve of a substance e.g. Water
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-109)

Learning Objectives:
1. Define Intermolecular Forces (IMF), Surface Tension, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point
and Vaporization.
2. Describe the different types of Intermolecular forces
3. Explain the properties of water its molecular and intermolecular forces.
4. Illustrate the formation structure between crystalline and amorphous solids.
5. Understand the Phase changes and phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.
6. Distinguishthe heating curve of some substances

The Kinetic Molecular Theory


(1) Matter is composed of exceedingly small discrete particles called molecules.
Each different kind of matter is made up of its own kind of molecules, every
molecule of any one kind being exactly like all others of that kind and different
from those of any other kind.

(2) These molecules are in rapid and ceaseless motion. Their average kinetic
energy is greater the higher the temperature, and is dependent only on the
temperature.

(3) The molecules are endowed with force fields that cause every molecule to
exert an attraction on every other molecule.

1|P a g e
2

The Kinetic-Molecular Picture Of A Liquid


The molecules of a liquid are packed closely together and lie at all times within
mutual fields of attraction with their neighbors. The intermolecular distances average
about the same as the size of the molecules themselves. Any chosen molecule may
momentarily move rapidly enough to escape the combined field of its neighbors, but it
immediately thereafter enters the field of its
neighbors, but it immediately thereafter enters
the field of others. Thus, though the near
neighbors of any given molecule are
continuously changing by this shuffling, the
state of almost constant collision among the
closely packed molecules prevents the
freedom of molecular motion which obtains
with a gas. The essential point is that in liquids
the temperature is so low that the kinetic
energy of the average molecule is not great
enough to allow the molecule to leave
completely the field of the others, while at the
same time the molecules do have enough energy to break partially the attractive forces
and continuously change neighbors. This restricted freedom accounts for the most
distinctive characteristic of the liquid phase -- the ability to assume the shape of any
container in which it is placed, yet to bound itself at the top by its own free surface.

The Kinetic-Molecular Picture Of A Solid


Representing a phase in which the energy is still lower
than that of the corresponding liquid, solids have their
freedom of molecular movement still further restricted.
In a solid there is no longer a wandering of molecules;
each molecule has a permanent selection of nearest
neighbors, and its energy is too low to escape their
combined fields of attraction. Here a new aspect of the
attractive fields assumes importance: the directional or
orientational aspect. Not only do molecules possess
attractive fields, but these fields show certain directions of preferred attraction. Thus
when the kinetic energy becomes so low that every molecule is permanently trapped
amid fixed neighbors, the molecules tend to align themselves in a fixed pattern
according to the particular preferred directions of attraction of the molecules concerned.
The pattern depends on both the size and the shape of the molecules as well as on the
directions of maximum attraction, and the particular pattern assumed is that of lowest
potential energy.
That a mere reduction of potential energy may cause a group of objects to
assume a geometrical pattern is easily demonstrated by
a simple experiment: let the molecules be represented
by a group of seven pencils arranged with their axes
parallel. Since these molecules have no attractive fields
on the scale that we require, let the fields be supplied by
wrapping a small rubber band around them. If the
pencils are now arranged with their axes parallel and all
lying in one plane as shown on the left in the figure
below, the rubber band will have to be stretched, and
will therefore have a relatively high potential energy.
As soon as the whole system is left to its own devices, however, the rubber band will contract as
far as it can and thereby reduce its potential energy. In doing so the pencils will arrange
themselves, as on the right, in a centered hexagon, automatically and as the simple result of the
system's attempt to reduce its energy.

2|P a g e
3

Something formally similar to this happens in the patterned arrangement of


molecules in a solid. The variety of such patterns is infinite, different for every material.
This tendency is manifested externally in the propensity of solid substances to form
crystals, the fixed geometrical form of crystal-line substances being the outward
expression of the tendency of their molecules
to arrange themselves in a geometrical
array. It must be emphasized that the
molecules in a solid are not motionless, but
rather that their motion is restricted to
vibration about a fixed position. The highly
restricted motion of molecules in the solid
phase accounts also for the most distinctive
gross characteristic of solids: their rigidity. It
may also be noted that crystallinity is
characteristic of solids: practically all solids
are crystalline, although this is not always
apparent to the unaided eye.

Intermolecular forces (IMF)

Intermolecular forces are the forces which mediate interaction


between atoms, including forces of attraction or repulsion
which act between atoms and other types of neighboring
particles, e.g. atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak
relative to intramolecular forces – the forces which hold a
molecule together.

Surface Tension
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Surface Yension
The surface tension of a liquid results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, the
cohesive forces between molecules: A molecule in the bulk liquid experiences cohesive forces
with other molecules in all directions. A molecule at the surface of a liquid experiences only net
inward cohesive forces.

Viscosity
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Viscosity
Viscosity (η) is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Some liquids, such as gasoline, ethanol, and
water, flow very readily and hence have a low viscosity. Others, such as motor oil, molasses,
and maple syrup, flow very slowly and have a high viscosity. The two most common methods for
evaluating the viscosity of a liquid are
(1) to measure the time it takes for a quantity of liquid to flow through a narrow vertical tube
and

3|P a g e
4

(2) to measure the time it takes steel balls to fall through a given volume of the liquid. The
higher the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows through the tube and the steel balls fall.
Viscosity is expressed in units of the poise (mPa•s); the higher the number, the higher the
viscosity.

The viscosities of some representative liquids are listed below (see picture)and show a
correlation between viscosity and intermolecular forces. Because a liquid can flow only if the
molecules can move past one another with minimal resistance, strong intermolecular attractive
forces make it more difficult for molecules to move with respect to one another.

Vapor Pressure
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Vapor Pressure

The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid (or solid); that
is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a liquid (or solid) above a sample of the
liquid (or solid) in a closed container. Examples:

substance vapor pressure at 25oC

diethyl ether 0.7 atm

bromine 0.3 atm

ethyl alcohol 0.08 atm

water 0.03 atm


Another important property of liquids (and solids) that is governed by intermolecular forces is vapor pressure.
Vapor pressure is defined as the partial pressure of a substance in the gas phase (vapor) that exists above a
sample of the liquid in a closed container. The phenomenon of vapor pressure is explained by the kinetic
molecular theory again, which shows that a liquid always exists in equilibrium with its vapor.

4|P a g e
5

Boiling Point
Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Boiling Point
Intermolecular attractive forces hold molecules together in the liquid state. The stronger the
intermolecular forces between the molecules of a liquid, the greater the energy required to separate the
molecules and turn them into gas → higher boiling point.
Trends:
1. Between two molecules of similar mass, the one with the stronger type of intermolecular force has a
higher boiling point (Look for functional groups that may indicate polar molecule).

2. Between two nonpolar molecules of similar mass, the more extended molecule will have the higher
boiling point (more extended → more surface area for London dispersion interaction).

3. Between two nonpolar molecules of different masses, the larger molecule will have the higher boiling
point (larger molecule à more electrons à more polarizability →more London dispersion forces)

*When comparing molecules of both significantly different masses and polarity, it’s more difficult to
predict boiling point trend.

5|P a g e
6

Molar Heat of vaporization


Intermolecular Forces: Effect on Molar Heat of Vaporization
The heat of fusion (heat required to melt a solid) and heat of vaporization (heat required to
vaporize a liquid) are determined by the strength of the Intermolecular Forces. Substances with
high IMF will have higher melting and boiling points. It will require more energy to break the
IMF.

Intermolecular forces and their effect on properties of liquids

Intermolecular (or interparticle ) forces are weak interactions between particles. They
decrease as you go from solid Æ liquid Æ gas.
Remember that in a gas the particles have the highest degree of freedom of movement
and negligible or weak intermolecular forces.
As the intermolecular attraction increases,

• The vapor pressure ( the pressure of the vapor that is in equilibrium with its
liquid) decreases
• The boiling point ( the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to
the pressure exerted on the surface of the liquid) increases
• Surface tension ( the resistance of a liquid to spread out and increase its surface
area) increases
• Viscosity ( the resistance of a liquid to flow) increases.
Higher the intermolecular forces between the liquid particles, harder it is for it to escape
into the vapor phase, ie., you need more energy to convert it from liquid to the vapor
phase, in other words, higher its boiling point.
If it is harder for a liquid to escape into vapor, because it is held back into the liquid by
the neighboring particles attraction, you have less vapor and hence low vapor pressure.
• Boiling Point
• The Molar Heat of Vaporization

6|P a g e
7

Types of Solids

7|P a g e
8

8|P a g e
9

9|P a g e
10

10 | P a g e
11

LESSON ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.
_____1. The Acronym KMT stands for
a. Kenitic Molecular Theory b. Kenetic Molecular Theory
c. Kinetec Molecular Theory d. Kinetic Molecular Theory
_____2. The word “Kinein” from Greek word, which means “to move”.
a. Kenitic b. Kinetec c. Kenetic d. Kinetic
_____3. The particles of this phase are closely packed together, it has definite sizes and shapes.
a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid
_____4. The particles of this phase move freely and very far from one another, which is why you cannot see
them.
11 | P a g e
12

a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid


_____5. The particles of this phase are slightly far from one another, it flows and take the shape of their
containers.
a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid
_____6. The acronym IMF stands for
a. Entirmolecular forces b. Entermolecular forces
c. Intermolicular forces d. Intermolecular forces
_____7. This is an intermolecular force of attraction that occurs between the negative and the positive ends.
a. Hydrogen Bonding b. Ion-dipole Interaction
c. London Dispersion Force d. Dipole-Dipole Interaction
______8. Which of the following property refers to the measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow?
a. viscosity b. surface tension c. vapor pressure d. boiling point
______9. This referred to as the amount of resistance needed to increase the surface area of liquids, which of
the following term suits to this property?
a. viscosity b. surface tension c. vapor pressure d. boiling point
______10. It is defined as the pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium.
a. viscosity b. surface tension c. vapor pressure d. boiling point
______11. This property refers to a liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the prevailing atmospheric
pressure, which property refer to this?
a. viscosity b. surface tension c. vapor pressure d. boiling point

Types of Solids
Solids have definite shape and volume due to the compact arrangement of their particles. They can be broadly
classified as CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS and AMORPHOUS SOLIDS.
_____12. Which of the following statement BEST describe a CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS?
I. Crystalline solids have a regular, highly ordered arrangement; in short there is orderliness in the
arrangement of particles that brings beauty, sparkle, sturdiness, and other unique properties.
II. Amethyst, fluorite, and pyrite are examples of crystalline solids.
III. Crystalline solids have random, disordered arrangement: in short there is harmonization among the
particles that make up the solid to achieved favorable crystal formation.
IV. A glass is an example of a crystalline solid.
a. I & II b. III & IV c. all of these d. none of these

_____13. Which of the following statement BEST describe an AMORPHOUS SOLIDS?


I. Amorphous solids have a regular, highly ordered arrangement; in short there is orderliness in the
arrangement of particles that brings beauty, sparkle, sturdiness, and other unique properties.
II. Amethyst, fluorite, and pyrite are examples of amorphous solids.
III. Amorphous solids have random, disordered arrangement: in short there is harmonization among the
particles that make up the solid to achieved favorable crystal formation.
IV. A glass is an example of a amorphous solid.
a. I & II b. III & IV c. all of these d. none of these
_____14. Which of the following example is an example of an Ionic solid?
a. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
b. methane (CH4)
c. diamond (C)
d. Copper (Cu)
_____15. Which of the following example is an example of a molecular solid?
a. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
b. methane (CH4)
c. diamond (C)
d. Copper (Cu)
_____16. Which of the following example is an example of a network or covalent solid?
a. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
b. methane (CH4)
c. diamond (C)
d. Copper (Cu)
_____17. Which of the following example is an example of a metallic solid?
a. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
b. methane (CH4)
c. diamond (C)
d. Copper (Cu)
____18. It is a process wherein solid may turn into liquid if it is heated. This process is called____?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation

12 | P a g e
13

____19. It is a continuing heating process that will eventually cause the liquid to boil and eventually vaporize,
or turn to gas. This process is called___?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation
____20. It is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. In other words, the
water in the air is a gas known as water vapor. This process is called___?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation
____21. It is the process at which a solid is vaporized at atmospheric pressure without transforming to a
liquid. This process is called___?
a. melting b. vaporization c. condensation d. sublimation
B. Performance Task
Viscosity of Fluids Lab: Ball Drop Method
Objectives
Solidify the concept of viscosity through experimentation
Test viscosities of different samples by measuring the velocity of a sphere falling through a fluid

Introduction
Viscosity is a fluid property that measures the resistance of a fluid to flow and can simply be thought of as the
“thickness” of a fluid. Fluids that have a high viscosity, such as honey or molasses, have a high resistance to flow while
fluids with a low viscosity, such as a gas, flow easily. The resistance to deformation within a fluid can be expressed as
both absolute (or dynamic) viscosity, µ [Ns/m2], and kinematic viscosity, υ [m2/s].

Materials
Graduated Cylinders/drinking glass about 6 inches high
Marble or Sphere ball/ Jackstone ball
Kitchen Weighing device
Stopwatch (Watch/Cell phone
Test Liquids (e.g. Cooking oil, Water, Honey and Hand Sanitizer)

Procedure
Measure the diameter and weight of a Marble or Sphere balland compute the volume and density in Table 1..

Table 1: Properties of a Marble or Sphere ball/Jackstone Ball


.
Value Units
Diameter (d)
Mass (m)
Volume (V)
Density (S)

Calculate the density of the liquid samples.

Table 2: Properties of liquid samples.


Cylinder /Drinking Glass # 1 2 3 4
Liquid Product
Weight of empty cylinder
Weight of cylinder + liquid
Density (F)

Drop a ball into the center of the cylinder and record time between timing marks. Repeat three trials for each fluid
sample and record data in Table 3. Calculate the velocity for each drop time in Table 3.
Table 3: Time of ball drop in each liquid sample.
Cylinder # 1 2 3 4 5
Liquid Product
Trial 1
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled
(mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Trial 2
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled
(mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Trial 3
Ball Drop Time (sec)
Distance traveled
(mm)
Velocity (m/s)
Questions to investigate:
What is the viscosity of a liquid?
Which of the liquids is most viscous?

13 | P a g e
14

14 | P a g e
15

15 | P a g e
16

Water Honey

Note: If you have questions regarding this Performace Task feel free to contact me before you
proceed.If no further questions you may proceed and be sure to have a documentation on the
things that you do( Selfie Pics) as well as the result. Paste it in your Gen Chem Activity Notebook.

Prepared by:

Mrs. Rea P. Kinkito


Instructor
09161427580
[email protected]
fb: Rea Padulaga Kinkito

16 | P a g e

You might also like