CHAPTER 1, 2 AND 3 (HISTORY) BLS LLB

 
CHAPTER NO. 1

EAST INDIA COMPANY AND ITS ADMINISTRATION (1757 – 1857)

INTRODUCTION:-

Rise and growth of English and the advent of East Indian Company. The resolution that was
enacted in 1599 under the chairmanship of Lord Mayer declared permission to trade with the Far East on
31st December 1600, Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to the government and the merchant of the East
India Company in London to trade with India. The charter was issued for 15 years. It could be cancelled
with just a notice of 2 years (Captain Hawkins) was sent in the 3rd cavge and he landed at Surat. He
approaches Emperor Jahangir to get concession for the English to trade within the country. Jahangir
granted permission to the English to settle in Surat.
In 1615, Sir Thomas Rose was sent King James II to secure trading concession in Machali Patnal and
AalmGaon.

REGULATING ACT (1773):

The regulating act of 1773 is no dought a measure landmark in the constitutional development of
India. Robert Clive got the concession (Diwani Rights) from the emperor Shah Alam during 1765, the
British entered India and the company got its settlement in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
The English East India Company and the British government gained by occupying the Indian Soil.
The inhabitants of India (Bangal) were unhappy and facing difficult times in order to survive them fell
victims to famine and corrupt practice of the company’s officer on 1772. “A select committee was
appointed to look into the matters if the Indian constituency” it consisted of 31 member who probed and
produce a final report in may 1773. This came to known as the famous “Regulating Act”.

                        CAUSES FOR PASSING THE REGULATING ACT:-

·         The educated people in England through demanded inquiry into the happenings of the East Indian
Company in India. In other words they wanted to control the company by the crown.
·         The Britishers dislike the Nawabs who were disunited and dominated the English Laws and procedures
at that period of times.
·         The regulation and control by the state (British Government) during the period 1773 to 1784 was totally a
manipulation of political issues.

PROVISIONS OF THE ACTS:-

·         The regulating act granted the “right to vote” for elections of “Directors” of the company. The directors so
elected should have a stock of thousand pounds at for 12 months. They were selected for 1 year but could
continue for 4 years they had to submit everything related to civil and military affairs. The General of
Bangal was supreme. The General of Bombay and Madras were substituent to the directors.
·         There was a provision that started the appointment of a governor general and a council of 4 members.
They had control over civil and military affairs of the Madras, Bombay and Bengal presidencies. They had
the power of ordering, meaning governmental policies and also acquisition of revenue from the kingdoms
of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
 Warren Hasting was appointed the first Governor General of Bengal. he was assisted by the council
members.
Clavering
Monsol
Philip Francis and Barewell.
·         They held office for the 5 years. They could be removed by Representation of directors. The governor
general had to council his consult his council ministers for opinion. However the governor general and the
right to caste  a vote in case of a “tie”. The governor general had also the power of super intending and
controls the other presidencies.
·         The governor in council of Madras and Bombay presidencies had to submit to the governor general of
Bangal. They had to act on the advice and the intelligence of the governor general. They had to put
forward are rules and regulations framed by them to the governor general for approval. They could be
suspended by the governor general for mismanaging or not performing their duties.
·         The governor general and his council members had to make law (rules and regulations) for the good and
progress of the country. The laws so made should not be against the local law of country. Every law should
be registered with the Supreme Court. The regulating act made provision for a supreme court with a chief
justice and three puissance judges. Sir Elizan Impey was appointed the chief justice. The Supreme Court
could try civil, criminal, admiralty and ecclesiastic (case).
·         The regulating act prohibited receiving of present and bribe by the servant of the company. They
offenders were to make double payments and were liable to be sent back to England.
·         The act settled the salaries of the governor general and his council ministers. It is also stated that no
British subject was to be charged and interest at a rule higher than 12 %.

LIMITATIONS:

            The regulating act of 1773 had some short coming:

·         The most serious defect of the act was that it did not define the correct jurisdiction and the powers of the
governor general and his council members. The relation between the governor general and the Supreme
Court had a bitter experience.
·         The Supreme Court claimed to serve its inhabitance in the country which was opposed by Warren
Hastings.
·         The Supreme Court claimed to have jurisdictions over the “revenue collectors” of the company. However
this was not recognized by the governor general and his council ministers. The regulating act did not
mentioned as to which law was applicable to a Hindu, Islam or a Christian. The judges of the Supreme
Court were not aware of the local laws and were proficient with only English laws.
·         The regulating did not clearly define who the servant of the English East India Company was and under
whose employment of jurisdiction they fall.
·         The act made the position of the G.G weak.

CONCLUSION:

The object of the act was good, but the system it established was imperfect any how it was of bold
attempt 40 secure a fine government without the inference of the crown. In short, the whole system of
English Law and Equality with its rules and regulation molded between the common laws and juries
predens. The result was that, the courts exercised large power independently of the government and had
complete control over legislation. The political power rested in the hands Judges who had neither
responsibility has the required machinery to run the government.

CHARTER ACT:

·         The new act provided that the public servants of the company were not the subject of the Supreme Court.
·         Revenue collectors and judicial officers of the company were relieved from the rule of the Supreme Court.
·         The governor general and his council ministers were also exempted. Thus, the governor general and his
ministers were given powers to make regulations and provisions for the “prevention courts” which were
formerly enjoyed by the Supreme Court. Hence, undoubtedly the act of 1781 was a landmark in the history
of Indian legislature as it put an end to the struggle between those who wished to follow the English laws
and court of justice.

DUNDAS BILL (1783):

            The emending act of 1781 did not remove the weakness of the regulating act. In 1783, Dundas
introduced a bill which allowed the crown to control and own the powers of acting and taking
responsibility of G. G. and his (Minister) however the bill was rejected as it give supreme powers to the
crown.

FOX INDIA BILL (1783):

            Fox introduced his famous “Fox India Bill” it abolished the court of directors and a court of
proprietors established. It would consist of seven commission or proprietor to administer the revenue
from the Indian territories. They had the powers to appoint or dismiss the persons in the service of the
company. However, the fox bill was rejected by the George III in 1812.

PITTS INDIA BILL (1784) (IMP):

            Gorge III invited “Pitts” to India in order to introduce his bill in January 1784. He re-introduced
the fox bill with little modifications.

PROVISIONS:

·         The Pitts act provided board of control of six members(Bribi Councilors) they had comprehensive powers
to direct, supervise and control the Indian administration.
·          A committee consisting of three directors was appointed to take care of political and military matters.
·         The directors had the power to appoint members to the office in India. They also had the powers to revise
and revive the acts of the Indian administration.
·         The governor general and his council had the powers of controlling and directing different presidencies.
·         A special court of three judges, four peers and six members of the house of common was created to try
the offence in England that was committed in India.
·         The act disapproved the policy of intervention by the servants of the company.

LIMITATION:

·         The president of me board was exempted from submitting his accounts to the parliament. The directors
become submissive and under the control of the president.
·         The powers now rested in the hands of the councilors (secretary) of the state.

CONCLUSION:

            The important of the Pitts India Bill is that of the “Dual System” of control by the parliament
(crown from and the office in the Indian administration). It becomes clear that the British parliament
gained supremacy the East India Company.
Lord Cornwall’s become the commander in chief of India and a series if
Charter Acts followed Charter Act of 1793.
           
INTRODUCTION:

The English East India Company was given a new charter in 1793 it had a long list.

PROVISIONS:

The G. G. was given powers to over ride his councilor special powers were given to Cornwall’s in 1786. G.
G. had the power to control the presidencies of Bombay and Madras which was extended. The G. G. had
the power to appoint a vice – president in the council of his own choice. The salaries of the members and
the staff of the board of control were to come from the India renewal. The act controlled and regulating
the finance of the company the charter of the company got renewed offer every 20 years.

CHARTER ACT OF 1813:

The charter act renewed after every 20 years. The people in England
Demanded the end of “commercial monopoly” of the East India Company ultimately the parliament
issued the charter act of 1813 with many changes.

PROVISIONS:

The companies monopoly in India and China would continue but under the
Crowns (Rule) control. The act put down rules and regulation for Indian revenue. The military forces were
to be maintained from the Indian revenue. The company had to maintain commercial and territorial
accounts separately. More than 20,000 troops were to be maintained within a colony. The powers of super
intendance and the direction of the board of directors were now defined. The local government in India
had the power to impose the tax and also punish if they fail to pay. The acts provided appointment of
bishops for religious welfare of the Christians (Europeans) in India.
The act made provision for training of civil and military servants of the company in India.

CHARTER ACT OF 1833:

The charter got renewed after 20 years. That is in 1833 the British Wanted to abolish. The
monopoly of trade of the company. Thus, the commercial function of the company ended. The E.I.C now
could only carry out political functions (Running the state)

PROVISION:

The act restricted patronage (continued succession) of the board of directors.

The president of the board becomes the minister for Indian affairs they were assisted by two
commissioners. The charter of 1833 centralized the administrate of the company in India. The G. G. of
Bengal becomes the G. G. of India. He had powers in civil and military affairs of the country there was
legal centralization in India. A uniform system was set up to make laws which were followed by the
different presidencies now it was termed as “Acts” and not “Regulation” The presidencies of Madras and
Bombay had to maintain an army. They were to be control by the central government. The act provided
for the certification (Section & Clause) of laws.
Section 17 of the act declare that now Indian subject of the company in India was to be clevarred from
holding office under the company by reason of religion, birth or descent. The government of India was
given permission to take measure for the abolishing of slavery and welfare of the people.

CHARTER ACT OF 1853 (IMP):

 The charters got renewed after 20 years that is in 1833. The British wanted to abolish the
monopoly of trade of the company ended. Thus, the commercial function of the company ended. The E.I.C
now could only carry out political function (Running the state).

PROVISION:

The charter got renewed in 1853, according to the act; law members were made executive
councilors to the governor general. The governor general had the power to a vice president to his council
they had the power to make laws. A provision was made to send the representative to the council
legislature. Provisions were made for the appointment of a separate governor for the presidency of Bengal.
the chief justice of the supreme court of Calcutta was made Ex-office members of the council the governor
general had the powers of appointing two as move civil servants as members of the council. Powers were
given to the Bon to administrator of the precedence. The partrange of BOD was taken away the vacancy
were to be filled through competitors exam the numbers of director was reduced from 18 to 6 and they
were nominated by the crown.
The act made provision to an authority by the Crown to appoint law commissioners in England.

CRITICISM:

            One of the greater defect of the charter act 1853 was that no Indian element was associated with the
legislature council there by the government of India got no opportunity of explaining their aims and
intensions.
 CHAPTER NO. 2

THE REVOLT OF 1857

THE REVOLT OF 1857:

The event of 1857 was termed as mutiny survey law races had the opinion that the mutiny started
an own within the army due to the greased cartridges (cartos) and nothing else it was not a conspiracy by
definite a united vice against the British imperisationce. According to John sally “wholly and unpatriotic
and selfish sepoy medley with no native leadership and no popular support.
The British held Bahadur Shah to II responsible for originating the mutiny Nana Saheb organized
the revolution before its out break in Meerut the passed invitation secretly to various princess of different
state, religion etc. especially to the Marathas. The revolt of 1857 was the result of a Hindu conspirator it
was considered that the Hindus were bent upon achieving their goal carefully they needed time in
choosing the vipins against the well organized British army. The Hindus had their revelian successfully
organized under the guidance of Nana Sahib.
The revolt was the spontaneous outcome was spoise of all caste  and creed it was rightly called the “war of
Indian Independence it developed into and uprising in 1857 it could not succeed as it did not have a
proper leader to assist then the commander were in capable and had no equipment vipins to match the
Britishers the fought with simple techniques.

EXAMPLE:

Gorilla tactics by the Marathas –

There were the three main reason for the revolt to take place. There was a
strong resistance against British rules the civilians joint hands with the revolts to show their grievances
some people remain nutrill. The idea of unity and harmony was found between the Hindus and the
Muslims, “A spirit of nationalism” improper Bahadur Shah did not support the British nor he supported
the mutiny. The Rani of Jhansi initially did not support the revolt but later on joint hands with Nana
Saheb against the British.

CONCLUSION:

In the words of Ashok Mehta “the reveliance of 1857 was more than amear Scopyes mutiny and
was rightly consider a social valcony were many pent – up emotion find solutions” after the event the
whole topography in India change the mark of the reviliance remained the deep and shinning.

CAUSES OF THE REVOLT:

POLITICAL CAUSES –

They were many reason for the uprising 1857. Lord Dalhousie followed
a policy of “doctrine of lapse” which was totally disliked by the rulers (kings and princess)  who had know
proper, legal heir. It was a need procisor by the British to snatch Indian Territories. This created
uneasiness and suspicion among the rulers in India.

EXAMPLE:
                        Punjab was annexed on the pretext of an illegal heir in the year 1849. Lord Dalhousie did not
recognize the adopted son of the King of Satara in 1853 he annexed the state of Jhansi. The British
confiscated the state of the majority of Falukdas and Zamindars on the same pretax all this cause
discontaned and hatred for the Britishers.
                        The soldiers were also dissatisfied and they join the revolt against the British. The English
officers constantly insulted and disrespected the Indian solders the administration was in affected
insufficient there was a sure appociation among the Indian masses who joint together against the British
imperioristic rule.

RELIGIOUS CAUSES –

            GRESS CARTRIDGES:

The government replaced the heavy based Musket with a new enfilled refill. This triggered the
immediate cause for the uprising in 1857 in order to load a new rifle, the cartridges had to be removed
from there couches by taking it apart with the help of the teeth & then loaded to the rifle. The greased
cartridges believed to be made from the “Fat of Cow” and from the “Fat of the Pig”. Both the Hindus and
the Muslims were against there religion.

The Indian sipoys that now very sure that the English were attempting to break their caste  and
religion by instigating the Hindus against Muslims. The Indian refused to used Grease cartos they were
anger and hatred among the sipoys the English officer however over look the issue on 26 February 1857,
the 19th native infantry at Baharampur refused to touch the greased they were marched to Barrakpur to be
disbanded in front of English Soldiers on 29 March 1857. A young Indian officer Mangal Pandey of the 34
infantry attacked and killed a British sergeant. The guards were called for help but nobody took orders
later Mangal Pandey was beaten by the English man general Hersay commanded the soldiers to march
while Mangal Pandey was hang till death instantly without any trial, the 34 native infantry was disbanded
on 6th May 1857.

EFFECT OF THE REVOLUTION –

The direct effect of the revolution was that it ended the East India Company control and give rise to
government of India , the sub in India was know under the control of the British crown the both of control
and the director was abolish the secretary for state in India was establish Queen Victoria proclaimed that
the British government in the future will not annexed any Indian territory. The Indian princes were assure
the rient to adoption they was complete and extensive re – organization of the army in India group were
organized to take care of the sentiments and create national unity. However most if key position in the
government was still held by the English men.
            The revolt created a deep seated hatred for the Britishers in the mind of the Indian now the interest
in India shifted from external policy to internal development, the differences between the Hindus and the
Muslims now began to develop, they are unity slowly disintegrated it eventually led to partition of India
(Pakistan in 1947).

QUEENS PROCLAMATION:

            On November 1st 1858, other Darbar was held at Allahbad by Lord calling on this occasion he rule
out the Queen’s Proclamation to the Indian Princes and common masses the feeling of generosity, for
bearance and religious tolerance was highlighted in the proclamation, it gave equal opportunity to the
India like the European the queen promise prosperity and progress of the Indian community.
            “With the consent of spiritual & temporal”, the common in the parliament the crown takes over the
administration of the territories in India. The appointment of trusties and loyal councilor was made
( Charles John, viceroy Canning) Lord Canning was the governor general appointed to administer to
territories in India it was announced that all native princess under the British crown would be accepted by
the British government there would be known annexure on the pretext of (illegal heir) the princess would
have their self respect secure the British crown get access internal peace and well being of the Indian
 subject it was declared that the subject, irrespective of cost, creed, religion etc. will be free and impartially
admitted to offices in the service of the company. The proclamation declared unconditional power, if
amnesty and pardon for any past mistake.

CONCLUSION:

            The East India company under the leadership of crown now promised to strive for the peace and
prosperity of the Indian people to put in short the Queen’s proclamation 1858 was indeed a gift of the
constitution in the Indian History its remain the basic for India administration setup.

THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 1858:

INTRODUCTION:

            They was totally discontent among the Indians over the constitution of the East India Company the
Indian realized the company native was to a mars wealth Indian masses now did not trust the Britisher
the outbreak of the mutiny strengthen and united the Indian’s (elites) who wished to range their own
administration thus the company got abolished “the government of India took risk the Act was passed in
1858 & its provision were as:

      The government of India Act 1858 stated under the name of the Queen, that all territory and the power of the
company would now rest in the hands of the crown. However, the government of India would administer
on behalf of the Queen.
      The board of control and the court of directors was abolished the powers words transferred to the “secretary
of state” in India, he was given super power and he could control directly affairs of the government of
India. He would be assisted by agent.
       The council secretary consisted of 15 members, 7 of them were elected by the crown and 7 were elected by the
director.
      The secretary presided over important meetings, the council would be divided into various purposeful
administrative setup it got the power to control civil and military affairs of the country.
    The Indian revenue was not to be used for military operation outside India without the permission of the
parliament.
      The secretary of state for India declared to be a co-operative body the governor and his council would be
appointed by the crown the Act of patronage between the government of India and the secretary of state
got affected.  
                       
                        CONCLUSION:

The Act of 1858 wasted the India council with powers they could control the financial policy of the
government of India however the secretary could exercise his power over the council, ultimately the
powers so given rested in the hands of British crown.

INDIA COUNCIL ACT 1861 –

INTRODUCTION:

            The mutiny had multiple effects one such result was the processing of the Indian council Act 1861.
            There was a difference between state council and the governor of different presidency on certain
issue income tax, there was lack of communication between the secretary and the legal counsel with the
introduction of this act. The legal authority got prominence. Its function becomes legislature. The
governor general had to take the opinion of the member before taken the member should not exceed 12,
and not less than 6, the meeting would be held in different regions in India with local assistance (Local
 Parties, Zamindars, Princess etc.) The governor general had powers to pass rules and regulation for the
whole of India.

PROVISION:

      The act provided additional members to the executive council would be a legal knowledgeable person other
than technical lawyers.
      The Act give the powers to the governor. He could exercise special business in the territories, important
matter were decided by the governor he could appoint a nominee who could preside in his absence. The
governor could make rules and regulation for the progress and also conduct business in India.
       The executive council had supreme powers to decide and follow its execution they were 6 to 12 members who
were nominated by the governor general they consisted of local members from the Indian Territory they
held office for 2 years they could make loss for the whole of British India and not to the Britishers.
      The governor general had powers of VETO on any laws passed by the court all the law needed the approval of
the governor general the parliament on the other hand had the power to accept or reject the act made by
the governor general and the council members.
    The government of Bombay & Madras had the power to nominate and advocate general, they would not less
then 4and more than 8, they would be additional members to the executive council for legal purpose.
However the governor had to give his approval for every amendment that was made.

MERIT OF THE ACT (Imp)–

             
            It was the beginning, a landmark in the constitution of India that is Indian representation in
politics. It help known official India to frame loose policies of legislation. Thus three ideas that is
Publicity, Discussion and Information (Law) was introduce in the Indian Territory, the masses have the
opportunity to voice their grievances & complaints to the government the powers of the known official.
However was restricted they did not take active part in the legislation it was for name sake.  

DEMERITS OF THE ACT –

            The act was retro grade measure against all policy the right to question on various act, matters
related to administration were not emphasized. The council had to depend on the members for the every
single policy matter. The governor general was given super powers and could control or restrict the right
of the people regarding discussion and introduction of new rules and policy.
 CHAPTER NO. 3
INTRODUCTION:

            social and religious development during the 18th century was a quite peace that change the Indian
century after decline of the Mughal Empire there was social, religious and ecomonic distrubence in the
Indian territory after the death of Aurangzeb India last authority there was no administration no laws and
there was total insecurity and the condition was pathetic.

SOCIAL CONDITION:

            The social life of India during the 18th century was full of calamites and bad fortune. The general
masses were influenced by religion and caste . The higher caste  was the supreme and the lower caste  was
the supressed and tactured the wealth of the country was restricted in the hands of few rich people, the
social system depended on the basis of the status (prestige). It was based on the order of the religious &
traditional belief.

CASTE  SYSTEM:

            The Hindu society was divided into four varnas – Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishiyas, and the
Shudras, the Brahmans consisted of teacher & guidance they were class of priest the main function of
Kshatriyas was to defend the Kingdom (temporal powers), the Vaishiyas were the community of the
businessman and trades. One part of Vaishiyas were agriculture and the other took to the trade and the
business (money lending) finally the Shudras consisted of the masses of people who were tribes,
Vagabonds etc. who were converted Hindus, they were directly or indirectly to serve the upper caste ,
below this they were other sub caste .
            There were restriction of marriage, eating habits and occupation within the caste . It was defined by
the social status disobedience or debiation from the rules let the ex-communication (osteism) the village
or the caste  panchayat conducted cases & provided solution.
            Occupation was open to all agriculture & military service, the caste  system was rigid every
caste  have to follow their own occupation, caste  restriction were enforced by the panchayat chief through
fines, panace, torture and ex-communication family as an institution had prime importance in the India
society the India society the pre-dominantly (patriatal) that is domination by the male, the inheritance of
property was through male descendent, on the other hand some families followed Matriarchal System that
is domination by the female

DOMINATION BY FEMALE:

The property inheritance was through female descanded ex-malvari of kerela.

            The year 1766 to 1796 – many Hindu and Muslim woman played a significant role in the politics –
Eg:- Ahiliya Halkar, Rani Laxmi Bai, Razia Sultan, however the status of woman in the family depended
upon the capacity of the birth, she could give specially to male children’s (Sons) she was considered to the
Lakshmi (Wealth) but her birth was not welcome, it was believe that she was depended all through her life
time.

FEMALE INFANTRY SYSTEM:

            Female the custom of FI was very much prevalent in the 18th century in India. Child marriages were
dominant it was custom to kill the female infant after its birth, it was believed that the girl child was a
responsibility and “burden to the parents this evil killing of the girl child was termed as was known as
female infantry system.
            The instability and insecurity left an existing among the parents regarding the honor of their
daughters, this lawlessness among the Hindus as well as Muslim woman during the 18th century they
 suffered mentally and physically, the status of woman depicted definity as sad picture during the
18th century in India.
            Polygamy was found in the Indian society. Widow remarriage were against principle of Hindu
marriage the state of the widow was pathetic and untouchability was another evil that was found in India
during the 18th century the lower caste  and the sub caste  were denying basic privileged was living the
whole society was bound by blind faith and superstition.
The Hindus also followed the policy of sacrifice selfemalation (sati practice) different practices like
offering different part of the body to please the Goddes was also found in the society slavery was present
in the society they were two types – Domestic slavery and Bounded Labour.

CONCLUSION:

            The economic condition, natural calamities, poverty, famines, etc. compelled the Masses to leave a
sad life.

EDUCATION –

            Education was on communal basis. Quality was not the matter Hindus & Muslims were far away
from progress. The teacher usually belong to the writer class, the students and the teachers always belong
to the upper class (Brahmans) the subject was religion & theoretic “The primary school indulges in three
houses. (Reading writing & arithmetic). Students learn writing composition, business letters in arithmetic
the main object was to learn and become proficient for commercial purpose (accounting) the upper class
Muslims educated themselves the memorizing of the instruction of the Quran was mandatory, the
medium of instruction was Persian “ the centre for high education for Muslims was reffered to as Makkas
and Madarsa” wild elementary education or schools for the Hindus was called Pathshala or Gurukul. Both
were based on principle of honesty, truth, and the obedience. Female education as little important.

RELIGION:

            The Hindus believed in the concept of God & Spiritualism. They belief in trimidi( Brahma, Vishnu
& Vaish) followers by Shivawere called Shavides, follower of Vishnu Vaishnavides etc. The female counter
part was also worship of “shakti” the Muslims followed the doctrine of Wahadat – ul – wajib ( Unity of
Existence) they were influenced by the Hinduism

MARRIAGE:

            Hindus and Muslims were influenced by each other by their culture & way of living. The system of
marriage was universal polygamy was followed in the Muslim community. The female in the earlier stages
enjoyed a High status of living. Later on it  fall divorce and the Hindus was considered TAGO. The parents
had to provide the dowry to their daughters at the time of marriage they had a patriotal family. The
Muslim women were kept in seclusion the house was divided into Zananah & Mardanah, in Islam a man
could be committed to more than one wife in marriage the status of the man was determined by the
number of wives, he had. There was no fixed limit in marriage, Mehar was giving at the time of Marriage
or after the marriage by the Husband.

NATIONAL AWAKENING IN THE INDIA:

The causes for national moments for India:

1.    British imperialism was one of the most important reasons, the outcome for the Indian National
Movement. It helped the Indian to unite against the British creating a spirit of freedom.
 2.    Religious and Social reformer played an important role in influencing the masses. Reformers like Raja
Ram Mohan Rao, Dayanand Saraswati, Ishwar Chadra Dayanand Sagar etc. influenced people to greate
extence they taught them principal of liberty and created in them a thirst for Independence.
3.    The Indian press and literature created consiscence and awakening of independence within the Indian
minds, newspapers like – Indian Mirror, Bombay Samachar, Hindu Patriot, Amrita Bazar Patrika, Indu
Prakash, Bengali Public Opinion, Kesary, Maratha, (Lokmanya Tilak) etc created in passion for freedom.
4.    The English language played an important role awakening and the growth of desperate of nationalism few
educated Indian spread the ideas of freedom to the illiterate masses in the Indian country.

CONCLUSION:

      The period from 1876 – 1884 is rightly called as (seed time) of India nationalism, various act was post
in the Indian administration for its growth and development. This period was age of renaissance and
reforms great leaders were know during this period and instigated in the minds of the Indian, the spirit of
oneness and independence, thus nationalism was the answer to British imperialism.

      Some social religion moments of the 18th – 19th century work as follow:

·         BRAHAMO SAMAAJH (1774 – 1833):

In 1815 Raja Ram Mohan founded the “Atmiya Sabha” which later on
called Brahma Samaajh, in 1828 its main aim was to eradicate evils from the Indian society, it check the
influence of Christianity and brought about religious unity some of its principal were –
Condemn ideal worship and caste system
Universal tolerant towards all religion.
 Belief in God and inmartality of the soul.
It was opposed to re-incarnation and advocated universal brotherhood.

RAJA RAM MOHAN RAO:

            Raja Ram Mohan Rao was the founder of the Brahma Samaj. He believed in one God and universal
tolerance he is called the “father of Indian renaissance” he was a wealthy Brahman learned knowing
different languages who served in the East India Company he was a great social reformer educationalist,
religious reformer, Universalist and an able administrator.

ACHIVEMENT:

Raja Ram Mohan Rao condemn the cruel practice of sati with the help of Lord Bantinca, the practice of sati was
abolished by low in 1829.
He advocated western education that is the English language, he established the Hindu collage in Calcutta.
He demanded permanent settlement of revenue and removal of exports duty on India goods.

·         PRATHNA SAMAAJ:

Prathna samaajh was a socio religious movement in Maharashtra. It

Was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Atma Ram Panduranga under the guidance of Keshaw Chandra Sen
the main principal of the samaaj were:
t disapproved the caste  system
t believed in the rational worship
The aimed for women education, introduced widow re-marriages and worked for the abolishing of child
marriages.
They started the depressed classes’ mission, orphanages, widow homes and night schools.
 ·         ARYA SAMAAJ:

Arya Samaaj was founded by the Dyanand Saraswati an eminent

“Sanskrit Scholar his main teaching was go back to Vedas” other principal of the samaaj were:
           
 Condemn other worship and caste system.
 They believed in oneness of God. They were against the child marriages. They progresed the female education
and widow re-marriage. He gave importance to cultural Heritage.
   He propagate to “Shuddhi Movement” to convert member of other faith into Hinduism.

DAYANAND SARASWATI(1824-1883):
           
            His original name was Mule Shankar, he was born in Kathiyawar. He was holded by a blind saint.
He introduces Arya Samaj in 1875. He believed the concept of karma and ascetism & transmigration of the
soul. He advocated equal states of women in the society. He was against untouchability, he arouse the
spirit of Nationalism among the Indian, his slogan was “India for Indians”. He was the first to advocate
the principal of Swaraj and Swadeshi.

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY –

            The theosophical society was founded by the Madam Blackvatsky and Carnal Potts in 1857 in New
York which spread to India to 1879. Its headquarters is in Madaras, the Principal were:

 Universal brotherhood. It give importance to the study of comparative religion & philosophy.
 Investigating into natural laws that cannot be explained.
   They were against conversion & believed in the trans migration of the soul they also believed in the Black
Magic system (Mysticism).

Dr. Anne Basant played an important role in preparing the theosophical societies and its principal.
She joint the society in 1887, she believed in Vedas and Upanishad. She protested against the child
marriages. She started the educational institution “ the home rule legue was founded by Dr. Anne Basant”
she was a famous writer on educationist, philosopher and was the president of Indian national congress in
1917.

ISHWAR CHANDRA VIDYA SAGAR:

            Was a social reformer and educationist and a philosopher. He was a Bengali writer, adopt in
Dharma Shastra, Vedas, Astrology and the Six system of Philosophy. He was born in 1820 in Bengal. He
obtained the title “Vidya Sagar”

ACHIVEMENTS:

 He founded school and collages and promoted female education.

 He condemned child marriage, polygamy and the dowry system.
   He was the first person to advocate widow re-marriage in action.

DADA BHAI NAOROJI:

            He was called rightly the “Grand old man of India” he was born in Parsi family in 1825 he was great
parliamentary. He was the main pillar in the foundation of the Indian. National. Congress. in 1885. He
assure  the people in India about the draining of Indian wealth to great Britain (England) he argued for
self Government, he believed in curtaining Swaraj by constitutional method.
 ACHIVEMENT:

 Self government.
 Boycott of foreign goods.
   National education
 Uplifment of female education.

DRAIN OF WEALTH –

            Dada Bhai was the great patriot of the modern India, in his book “Poverty under British rule in
India” he pointed out the continuous flow of wealth from India to Britain, the British government reserved
its economic policy by increasing import and decreasing export which created in balance of trade. Thus,
Indian wealth of draining out resulting in closed down of Indian industries. Leading to unemployment
and heavy administrative caused these points were brought to notice of general India masses to become
aware of colonial exploitation.

           
            ECONOMIC CONDITION –

During the 18th century, in India, in spite of the fact that it was a rich country in resources, it was
consider to be really power in its economic status the Nawabs & the Princess who ruled certain parts in
India lead a luxurious life, the local people were impoverished (peasants & farmers) they were exploited
by the richer class the advent of the British rule in India --------- the status of Indian markets. Delhi &
Mathura were plundered by Shah Abdali due to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, Chaos
prevailed.  

            EFFECTS:

There was complete unemployment in the country there was starvation & poverty, criminal
activities like robbery, loot etc. were on the rise. It approved the principal of humanity & the period
depicted Anarchy (Dictator). There were a lot of conversions, especially the Christian social worker who
landed in India.
Indian religion though was self reliant, it faced problems. The money lenders & bankers extended
loan for business purpose this helped in flourishing trade in India. The important centre for textile
Industries were Daka, Oshimabad in Bengal & Baruch etc. Indian Gujrat, Patna in Bihar, Surat etc. India
was also self contained in agriculture industrial. The goods were also produced in the country for self
consumption. The workmanship & skill was unique there was always a demand for (Materials) Indian
goods like Raw SILK, IVARY, CORAL, GARTAISE SHELL, AMBER etc. India goods were expected & were
in much demand in the foreign land. Food grains like GRAM, RICE, MILLETS, BAJRA, JAWAR,
TOBACCO, OPIUM & Indigo were some commercial “cash” Crops.
Thus India, though was a rich country in terms of natural resources, she was economically
backward.

            STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM:

            Establishment of the Indian National Congress:

            MODERATES:
The early congress man who administer the Indian national movement were rightly called the
“Moderates”. It was between the years 1885 to 1905. Some few Indians who educated themselves in the
English language adamant in arousing the Indian masses to fight for India independence from the British
imperialist.
This Indian were “Indians by blood and color but were British in taste,
 opinion, morals and intellects. The moderates believe in a balance procedure that had to be followed
which would be justify and given a fair chance. The moderates were loyal to the British Crown, yet they
wanted a free India. The independence of mother India was to be achieve by proper procedure and fair
trial.
            The moderates believed in constitutional approach rather than agitations. The principles of
patients, steadiness and unity were the pillar in which they wanted independence. They wanted to educate
the general masses and reveal to them the spirit of freedom the idea to question and criticized that was in
opposition to freedom and human rights was inculcated into the minds of Indian common man. It was
done through press.

OBJECTIVES:

 Wider employment opportunities for Indian as high grade officers and public services and institution.
 Firm faith in the values of western culture and sense of justice.
   To follow the principles of democracy in the Indian constitution.
 Training and educating the Indian masses on the principles of liberty and freedom

WORKING OF MODERATES:

            The moderates united the Indian towards and awakening. They used the press, committing,
publishing the generals etc. they wanted the Indian masses to rise above caste, creed and language. They
wanted the masses to fight against imperialism in a constitutional and amicable manner. They started
disobeying the policies of Britishers and tariffs and imposition of Tax. They insisted that the government
should provide chip credit to the peasant through the agricultural banking systems. They believed in a
radical change for the poverty stricken class and the economically backwards class. They demanded the
abolishing of the “salt tax”.
            The moderates criticized poverty and economic stagnation of the Indian country. They demanded
rapid development for modern industries and emphasized on the usage of “Swadeshi Goods”. They
wanted the masses to boycott all British goods. They demanded a separate judiciary from the executive.
They wanted the British government to spend on educating the people of the country. They also
demanded expansion of reforms that were existing in the legislative council.

RESPONSE OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO THE MODERATES:

The British government looked down upon the demands of the moderates. They were hostile
towards the establishment of INC. the British officers openly criticized the Indian leaders as “Disloyal
Babus” “seditious Brahmins” and “violent Villains”. The English government considered the INC as an
unclean thing.
The Britishers dependent on the divide and rule policy. It weekend the Nationalist movement in
India. They created disunity among the princely states and make them fight against each other. They
created a strong hatred amongst the Hindus and the Muslims which led to communal rivalries. Thus the
Britishers responded in a different manner to the constitutional approach of the moderates.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

The moderates did not succeed. Their reforms were not accepted by the British. They Britishers
were relucting to give freedom to India. Thus they failed. They followed the method of patience that is
through policies and petitions. They failed to realize the political and economic interest of the Indians. It
leads to a split between the Hindus and the Muslims which was totally disapproved by the Congress.
However, they attempted to patch but could not succeed. Anyhow, a tremendous job was done by bringing
 in reforms which hold good even today in the Indian Constitutions. The ideas of democracy and civil
liberty were inculcated in the Indian minds.
This pace was rightly called as the sowing of Indian National Movement. It was the development of
the Indian National Congress. The moderates were able to unit Indians for a common cause I.e, the
struggle for freedom “the Indian independence”.

THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892:

            The British government was not interested in developing the Indian country (Colony). For about 31
years the British government did not consider to pass any reforms for the growth of the Indian continent.
Duffering suggested reforms for India for the first time in order to please the enlighten Indian. A detailed
proposal was enacted which came to be called as the “Indian Councils Act”. The act gave extra powers to
the public and authorized them to discuss the financial statements under certain rules and regulation.

PROVISION:

      The council members had the right to address question to the government regarding public interest. Six days
were allotted to receive a reply. The President could disallow the question, if it’s against the British
government.
      Number of additional members in the council was increased. It was not to be less than 10 and more than 16.
2/5 of the additional members were to be non official.
       The government agreed allow election for the first time, election were held in India through proper rule and
regulation.

DISADVANTAGES OF ACT (LIMITATION):

      The people who represented the masses did not voice the common man’s complaints. They did not even sit in
the legislature as matter of fact.
      The members could not asked any supplement question and at times, the President refuse answering. The
council had no control over the budget.
       The rules of the election were unfair. Certain classes were over the represented while others had no
representation.
      The act deliberately attempted to confuse the ideas of the legislature i.e the principles of the democracy.
    The taxation was high and the money (resource) was used for imperial purpose. It did not maintain the Indian
administration nor the Military expense.
      The election process became corrupt and was misused by the people in position.
           
To conclude the demands of the Indian National Congress was definitely a land mark to pay the India
administrative setup, though it was unsatisfactory.

RISE OF THE EXTREMIST AND THE PARTITION OF BANGLE 1905 (MILITANT

NATIONALIST):

            Many factors lead to the development of the “Extremist”. The council’s act of 1892 did not satisfy
both the moderates and the extremists. A class of extremist evolved from the moderates. The moderates
were unhappy. They believed that this policy was a sign of weakness.
            There was discontained among the general Indian masses. The constant economic drain of
resources from India was one of the major reasons for unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Manufacture of
British goods and its sale at a lower price. Collapsed the India small scale industries (cottage industries).
The peasants and the farmer became poorer and jobless. The outbreak of famine in 1897 affected 20
million people and spread over 70 thousands square miles in the Indian continent. The British
government ignores the situation. There was “Bubonic Plague” in Bombay. No sympathy was shown by
the government and no remadian steps were taken to control the disaster. All these led to dissatisfaction
 and the growth of militant extremist leaders (Militant Nationalism). They believed in aggressive action.
They voilently reacted to attain Sampoorn Swaraj. Eg. Chandra shekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh.

WORKING OF EXTREMIST:

            The method followed by the extremist were slogan –

     Boycott of foreign goods

Swadeshi
      
       National education

They demanded a self – government, for economic, political, and cultural

development of the country. Leaders like Lokmanya Tilak, Bipinchandra Pal, preached the important of
self-respect. They believe in powerful action and not mere prayer, petitions and protest. Agitation and
mass action was propagated by the extremist. Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it. Kesari Hind and
Maratha.

RESULT OR ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE EXTREMIST:

            The government of India enacted acts which curved of the extremist (Public Meeting act, Criminal
Law act, Seditious meeting act, News paper act). The main achievement of the extremist was that they
thought the common people self confidence and self reliance. They propagated new methods of political
organization. They introduce struggle and agitation to reach their goal.

PARTITION OF BANGAL:

            The secretary for state of India agreed to divide the province of Bangal on 28th July 1905. Lord
Curzon issued an order to divide Bangal in to two parts (East and West Bangal). East Bangal was
dominated by Muslims and West Bangal was dominated by Hindus.
            The province of Bangal was huge in size. There was population of about 78 millions. It was difficult
to be administrered by a single leftenante general and this was the reason why Curzon divided Bangal.
            A new province of eastern Bangal consisting of Assam, Chitagon with fifteen District. It has a
population of about 31 millions.
            The British government interpreted the policy of divide and rule by which they exploited the
situation in Bangal. The important effect of the partition was that Nationalism became stronger, Unity
among the Indians give rise to the extremist who gave a stiff agitation against the British government. For
the government it was just a readjustment of administer boundaries. For the extremist it was curving their
freedom.