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Computer System: Chapter-1

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303 views

Computer System: Chapter-1

Uploaded by

vivek periwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-1

Computer
System
What is Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device which accepts
data as input, process the data and accordingly
produce the output and it also store the
information for future use.

 Computer system works on IPO cycle i.e. input,


processing,output.
How any computer system works:
Input Unit:
Output Devices
The device that receives data from a computer system

for display, physical production, etc., is called output

device. It converts digital information into human-

understandable form.
Examples of
output devices:
CPU:
 It is the electronic circuitry of a computer that carries out the actual
processing and is usually referred to as the brain of the computer. It is
also commonly called 'processor' also. Physically, a CPU can be placed
on one or more microchips called integrated circuits (IC). The ICs
comprise semiconductor materials.
 The CPU is given instructions and data through programs. The CPU
then fetches the program and data from the memory and performs
arithmetic and logical operations as per the given instructions and
stores the result back to memory.
•While processing, the CPU stores the data as well as instructions in its local

memory, 'called' registers. Registers are part of the CPU chip and they are

limited in size and number. Different registers are used for storing data,

instructions or intermediate results.


•Other than the registers, the CPU has two main components — Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU). ALU performs all the arithmetic
and logic operations that need to be done as per the instruction in a
program. CU controls sequential instruction execution, interprets
instructions and guides data flow through the computer’s memory, ALU and
input or output devices. CPU is also popularly known as microprocessor.
Evolution of computer:
 From the simple calculator to a modern day powerful

data processor, computing devices have evolved in a

relatively short span of time. The evolution of

computing devices is shown through a hierarchy of

timeline:
1. Abacus (500 BC)
2. Pascaline (1642)
3. Analytical engine (1834)
4. Tabulating machine(1890)
5. Turing machine (1937)
6. Edvac/Eniac (1945)
7. Transistor (1947)
8. Integrated Circuits(1970)
Memory:
 A computer system needs memory to store the data
and instructions for processing. Whenever we talk
about the “memory” of a computer system, we usually
talk about the main or primary memory. The
secondary memory (also called storage device) is used
to store data, instructions and results permanently and
for future use.
Units of memory:
 A computer system uses binary numbers to store and
process data. The binary digits 0 and 1, which are the
basic units of memory, are called bits. Further, these
bits are grouped together to form words.
Differences between ROM & RAM:
Cache Memory:
 To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high
speed memory is placed between the CPU and the
primary memory known as cache. It stores the copies
of the data from frequently accessed primary memory
locations , thus , reducing the average time required to
access data from primary memory.
Data Deletion:
 One of the biggest threats associated with digital data
is its deletion . The storage devices can malfunction or
crash down resulting in the deletion of the stored data.
Users can accidentally erase data from storage devices ,
or a hacker/ malware ca n delete the digital data
intentionally.
Data Recovery:
 Data recovery is a process of retrieving deleted ,

corrupted and lost data from secondary storage devices

.
Software & its need:
 A set of instructions is called a program and a program
written to perform an specific task is known as
software.
e.g. Operating system, ms office
Need: The sole purpose of a software is to make
computer useful and operational. It’s a medium by
which we can instruct and communicate with
hardware.
Types or category of software:
 Software's can be divided into three categories:

 1. System software

 2. Application software

 3. Proprietary or free software's


System software:
 System software provides the functionality to operate
the compute by directly interacting with hardware.
e.g. operating system ,system utilities, device drivers
 Operating System: It provides an interface between
hardware and the user to communicate with each
other.
e.g. Windows, linux,dos
System Utilities:
 It’s a special kind of software specially designed for the
maintenance of the system, most of the system utilities
are shipped with operating system like disk
defragmentation, system restore.(like backup utility)
Device drivers:
The device driver acts as an interface between the device
and the operating system.(like web cam driver, audio
driver)
Application software:
 The software provides the core functionality of the
computer system. It can be further divided into two
categories:
1.General purpose software: The application software
developed for generic applications, to cater a biggest
audience in general are called general purpose
software.
2. Customized software: These softwares are developed
to meet the requirements of a particular organization
like banking software, hotel management software,
railway reservation software.
Proprietary or free open source
softwares:
 Proprietary software’s: when software are purchased
from the vendor who has the copyright of the software
like microsoft.

 Free and open source software:

These software’s can be downloaded from internet


without paying any kind of cost are known as free open
source software.

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