FIN2704 Week 2 Zoom Lecture Slides
FIN2704 Week 2 Zoom Lecture Slides
Class management
Tutorial sessions will start in Week 3
Reminder: Register for a tutorial section
All registration matters, including tutorials, are handled
by the BBA Office.
Watch pre‐recorded videos before the lecture
Submit your question(s) at pollev.com/Sulaeman before Monday 8 AM
Pollev.com limits on the length of the question
Help you to think about the concepts more deeply
Consult your textbook
Encourage you to formulate your questions to be more specific and to the point
Encourage independent studies and collegiality where you discuss the questions for
other students in the module.
o More questions?
o Send me an email if you still have questions after the live lectures
o Ask your tutors
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Class management
Live lecture recordings
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FIN2704/X
Week 2
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Values
Refer to your textbook pages 24‐25
Book value (of shareholders’ equity)
• Shareholders’ equity as reported in Balance Sheet
• Common stocks (i.e., how much the firm has raised from
selling stocks) + RE
Market value (of shareholders’ equity)
• In the stock market, stock prices reflects the market
value of shareholders’ equity (market capitalization)
• Both market and book values are useful.
• For example, by taking the ratio of the two
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Values (cont.)
Example on slide 12/PDF page 11
According to IFRS (and/or GAAP), a firm has equity worth
$6 billion, debt worth $4 billion, assets worth $10 billion.
The market values the firm’s 100 million shares at $75
per share and the debt at $4 billion.
Book value of the firm’s equity = $6b
• As recorded in Balance Sheet
Market value of the firm’s equity = $7.5b
• As valued by market participants in the market
Refer to your textbook pages 24‐25.
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Values (cont.)
Enterprise value of a firm
• Total value of the firm’s business assets
• Two sources of firm’s financing: debt & equity
• Therefore, enterprise value includes both:
• (Market value of) equity, and…
• Debt
• Exclude non‐operating assets (e.g., excess cash)
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Cash flows
In Finance, we care about cash generated from
operations over the life of the asset/investment.
• Operating cash flows
• Not the same as cash flows from operating activities in Statement of
Cash Flows
Statement of Cash Flow (slide 23/PDF pg 22) Income Statement (slide 17/PDF pg 16)
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Operating cash flows (OCF)
Income Statement
For Year Ending December 31, 2019
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OCF (cont.)
Textbook: OCF = EBIT + dep – taxes Revenues $4,335,491
Cost of Goods 1,762,721
• Interest expense is not CF from Sold
operating activities Operating 1,390,262
Expenses
Depreciation 362,325
Use this!
FIN2704: EBIT $820,183
Interest Expense 52,841
OCF = EBIT*(1‐Tax rate) + depreciation
Taxable Income $767,342
= (Rev ‐ costs ‐ dep)*(1‐tax rate) + dep Taxes 295,426
= (Rev ‐ costs)*(1‐tax rate) + dep*tax rate Net Income $471,916
Depreciation
tax shield
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Interest tax shield
Slide 45
Interest payments reduce the amount of taxes Net sales $1,509
paid. As such, although interest payments are
paid out in cash, they reduce the firm’s tax COGS $750
payment than it otherwise would have to pay Depreciation $65
to govt.
EBIT $694
Interest tax shield = Interest exp * tax rate Interest exp. $70
Taxable income $624
1. Tax you paid based on taxable income = Taxes (34%) $212
(694 ‐ 70)*0.34 = $212
NI $412
2. Tax you would have paid if you did not
have $70 interest exp. = 694 * 0.34 = $236
Your "savings" in tax payment
= 236 – 212 = $24 OR…
= EBIT*tax rate ‐ (EBIT ‐ interest exp) * tax rate
= interest exp*tax rate
= 70*0.34 = $24
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Cash flow from assets (CFFA)
Cash flow generated from a firm’s operating assets after
taking into account all present investment needed for
its on‐going operations (PDF page 37/slide 41)
Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA^) =
Operating Cash Flow (OCF)
– Net Capital Spending (NCS)
– Changes in NOWC (Net Operating Working Capital)
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Net Capital Spending (NCS)
NCS = Ending Net Fixed Assets – Beg. Net Fixed
Assets + depreciation
Example from textbook page 33:
• 2017 net fixed assets = $1644 this is the net fixed assets at
the beginning of 2018
• Annual depreciation = $65
Supposed the firm did not purchase any new fixed assets
in 2018
• NCS should be zero (i.e., the firm did not purchase any new
fixed assets in 2018)
• 2018 net fixed assets = $1644 – 65 = $1579 (at 2018 end of
year)
• NCS = 1579 ‐ 1644 + 65 = 0
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Net Operating Working Capital
(NOWC)
We use “net” and “operating”
• Operating means we exclude non‐operating
working capital.
• For example, excludes interest bearing liabilities
because it is the result of financing activities (not
operation)
• Refer to PDF pages 39 and 41/slides 44 and 46 for
formula.
• Note: Net Working Capital (NWC) is used for other
calculations (e.g., NWC to total assets ratio)
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Cash flow to creditors
CF From Assets (CFFA) + Interest Tax Shield
= CF to Creditors + CF to Stockholders
Cash Flow to Creditors
= interest paid – net new borrowing
• From the perspective of the creditors
• Interest payment from the firm to creditors is a positive
cash flow
• Positive net new borrowing is a cash flow from creditors
to the firm (i.e., negative cash flow)
• Note: similar intuition for cash flow to stockholders
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ROE analyses
ROE = NI*/Total common equity
• * if there is preferred dividend, it should be deducted
from NI
Dupont Identity: ROE = PM * TA TO * EM
• Textbook pages 69‐70
• ROE is affected by 3 things:
• Operating efficiency: Profit margin (PM) = NI/sales
• Asset use efficiency: Total asset turnover (TATO) = sales/total
assets
• Financial leverage: Equity multiplier (EM) = total assets/total
equity
• Example: effect of debt: ROE = PM * TA TO * EM
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Ratio analyses
1. Cross sectional analyses
• To compare one firm with another firm
• Similar size companies (within similar industries)
• Companies operating in the same regions
• Use ratios from the same year
2. Time series analyses
• To compare the same firm across different years
• Use ratios from the same firm
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Others
• For more detail re. WorldCom:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCom_scandal
• Follow the FIN2704 slides for this module
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Week 2
List of topics
Note:
You are responsible for all materials covered in the pre‐
recorded videos posted on LumiNUS, unless they are marked
“not examinable”. This list only serves to help you in your
revisions.
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Week 2 topics
• Annual report & financial statements
• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Retained Earnings
• Statement of Cash Flows
• Standardized financial statements
• Market value
• Enterprise value
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Week 2 topics (Cont.)
• Cash Flow from Assets (CFFA)
• Operating Cash Flow (OCF)
• Net Capital Spending (NCS)
• Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC)
• Interest Tax Shield
• Cash Flow to Creditors
• Cash Flow to Stockholders
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Week 2 topics (Cont.)
• Ratio analyses
• Time‐trend analyses
• Peer group analyses
• Liquidity ratios (short‐term solvency)
• Long‐term solvency ratios (financial leverage)
• Asset management ratios (efficiency)
• Profitability ratios
• Market value ratios
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