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FIN2704 Week 5 Zoom Lecture Slides

The document announces the following: 1) A midterm test will take place on September 28 during regular lecture sessions. Students must enter the Zoom waiting room by 10:00 am, 14:00, or 16:00 depending on their lecture session. The test will be 60 minutes long and consist of 25 multiple choice questions. 2) For the midterm, students will need two devices - one with Examplify and notes only (no internet) and another connected to the internet for Zoom proctoring. Two calculators are also allowed. 3) An optional dry run test is scheduled for September 21 to facilitate test logistics. A purely technical dry run without module materials will also

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
45 views

FIN2704 Week 5 Zoom Lecture Slides

The document announces the following: 1) A midterm test will take place on September 28 during regular lecture sessions. Students must enter the Zoom waiting room by 10:00 am, 14:00, or 16:00 depending on their lecture session. The test will be 60 minutes long and consist of 25 multiple choice questions. 2) For the midterm, students will need two devices - one with Examplify and notes only (no internet) and another connected to the internet for Zoom proctoring. Two calculators are also allowed. 3) An optional dry run test is scheduled for September 21 to facilitate test logistics. A purely technical dry run without module materials will also

Uploaded by

Zenyui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

6/9/2021

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTS
Midterm test: Tuesday, 28 September 2021 
(Week 7)
• During your registered lecture session
• Students must enter the Zoom waiting room by 
• 10:00 am (LA1), or 
• 14:00 (LA2), or
• 16:00 (LA3)
• 60 minutes long; 25 MCQs

• Open book/notes
• NO internet
• NO backward navigation, randomized order
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IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTS 
(cont.)
• You will need 2 devices:
• 1 laptop (for Examplify & soft‐copy notes)
• NO INTERNET DURING EXAM SESSION
• Another device (e.g., phone)
• Connected to internet for Zoom proctoring
• 2 calculators (1 financial & 1 scientific/graphing)
• NO Excel or other apps/software

• NO other electronic devices
• NO second monitor
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IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTS 
(CONT.)
Test dry‐run:
• To facilitate test logistics (Attendance is OPTIONAL)
• Tuesday, 21 September (during recess week)
• Tentatively scheduled for 10 – 11 am; more info next 
week

Purely technical dry‐run:
NO module materials will be discussed during dry‐
run

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Discussing test, exam, and quiz questions 
before, during, and after 
the test/exam/quiz with other students 
constitutes academic dishonesty 

Per the Office of Student Conduct's Circular No.3 of 2021 (21 January 2021)
• “NUS is taking a tougher stance against academic dishonesty. As such, for
cases of plagiarism and cheating in tests/examinations/graded assignments
that have been assessed to be ‘Moderate’ in severity, the minimum penalty
would be a ‘Fail’ grade for the affected module.”
• The online version of the revised NUS Plagiarism Policy and Guidance Note
can be accessed via the Student Portal.
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FIN2704/X
Week 5

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6/9/2021

Diversification
• Well‐diversified portfolio
• Diversification can substantially reduce the variability of 
returns without an equivalent reduction in expected 
returns (slide 9 of Week 5)
• Example of well‐diversified portfolio in real life: index 
funds 
Slide 10 of Week 5

Idiosyncratic/non‐
systematic 
component

Systematic 
component

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Diversification (cont.)
Slide 52 of Week 4

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6/9/2021

Reward‐to‐risk ratio (slide 23)
• Reward for each unit of risk
• In equilibrium, all assets and portfolios must have 
the same reward‐to‐risk ratio
• The slope of the SML line

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The Security Market Line (SML) 
Required
Return 
on Equity (re ) SML

ri

Y‐intercept = ri ‐ rf

rf

0 βi Beta

• Reward‐to‐risk ratio = Slope = (ri – rf  ) / (βi – 0) = (ri – rf ) / βi


• All assets have the same reward‐to‐risk ratio 
• (ri – rf)= βi * (rm – rf)
• Excess return of each asset (relative to risk free rate) is 
proportional to the asset's beta
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6/9/2021

Changes to the SML line
• How inflation change 
affects the SML line
• Inflation affects rf
• Affects both risk‐free asset 
and risky asset

• How risk aversion change  Slope steepens as 
risk premium 
affects the SML line increases
• Does not affect risk‐free 
asset
• Risk aversion affects the 
risk premium (rm‐rf) 
• Example on slides 35‐36: 8% is the market risk premium, which is (rm‐
rf) 11

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6/9/2021

Beta and systematic risk
Cov(ri , rM )
i 
M2

• Systematic risk is the combination of portfolio i’s exposure to 
the market and the riskiness of the market (M2)
• Beta i captures portfolio i’s exposure to the market.

• Total risk = non‐systematic risk + systematic risk
• Even when non‐systematic risk is zero, beta does not 
equal to total risk

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CAPM
• Expected return: projected future returns
• Typically, estimated using historical returns (Week 4), or…
• Some analysis of discounted cash flow (later in the 
semester).

• Required rate of return: what investors require to 
provide capital
• Typically related to the riskiness of the project/security
• CAPM is a model that provides such required return
• Based on the level of risk (i.e., beta) of a particular company.

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Efficient frontier

Z
A

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Capital Market Line (CML)
100% in M;  Example:
0% in Rf You have $100 to invest, but 
would like to put $150 in the 
M (stock) market.  You can finance 
by borrowing (at risk free rate).  

Weights = $150/$100 = 150% for 
market; =‐$50/$100 = ‐50% for 
rf
risk‐free asset.
0% in M; 
100% in Rf
50% in M; 
50% in Rf

The CML denotes the allocation between risk‐free 
asset and the M (market) portfolio
• Allows for lending and borrowing at risk‐free rate
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6/9/2021

CML SML
 Risky assets are the dots, inside   Risky assets are SUPPOSED to 
the curve, and below the  line up on the red line.
efficient frontier and CML
 The SML denotes the required 
 The CML denotes the allocation  rate of return of various assets, 
between risk‐free asset and the  depending on its Beta
M portfolio
 Useful to identify potentially 
 Useful to identify optimal  mispriced assets (i.e., those that 
portfolio lie off the SML line)  

 Note: the x‐axis is Standard   Note:  the x‐axis is Beta
Deviation  

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Portfolios – Two Asset Example
(slide 44 of Week 5)

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Week 5
List of topics
Note: 
You are responsible for all materials covered in the pre‐
recorded videos posted on LumiNUS, unless they are marked 
“not examinable”. This list only serves to help you in your 
revisions.

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6/9/2021

Week 5 topics
• Portfolio returns
• Portfolio risk
• Portfolio standard deviation
• Diversification
• Diversifiable risk
• Non‐diversifiable risk
• Total risk

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6/9/2021

Week 5 topics (cont.)
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
No reward for veering risk unnecessarily

• Beta
• Beta = 1; beta < 1; beta > 1
• Security Market Line (SML)
• Market risk premium
• Reward‐to‐risk ratio
• Portfolio beta
• Expected returns and required returns
• Impact of:
• Inflation
• Change in risk aversion
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6/9/2021

Week 5 topics (Cont.)
Markowitz Portfolio Theory
• Efficient portfolio
• Efficient frontier
• Minimum variance portfolio (MVP)
• Capital Market Line (CML)

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