FIN2704 Week 5 Zoom Lecture Slides
FIN2704 Week 5 Zoom Lecture Slides
IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTS
Midterm test: Tuesday, 28 September 2021
(Week 7)
• During your registered lecture session
• Students must enter the Zoom waiting room by
• 10:00 am (LA1), or
• 14:00 (LA2), or
• 16:00 (LA3)
• 60 minutes long; 25 MCQs
• Open book/notes
• NO internet
• NO backward navigation, randomized order
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IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTS
(cont.)
• You will need 2 devices:
• 1 laptop (for Examplify & soft‐copy notes)
• NO INTERNET DURING EXAM SESSION
• Another device (e.g., phone)
• Connected to internet for Zoom proctoring
• 2 calculators (1 financial & 1 scientific/graphing)
• NO Excel or other apps/software
• NO other electronic devices
• NO second monitor
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IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENTS
(CONT.)
Test dry‐run:
• To facilitate test logistics (Attendance is OPTIONAL)
• Tuesday, 21 September (during recess week)
• Tentatively scheduled for 10 – 11 am; more info next
week
Purely technical dry‐run:
NO module materials will be discussed during dry‐
run
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Discussing test, exam, and quiz questions
before, during, and after
the test/exam/quiz with other students
constitutes academic dishonesty
Per the Office of Student Conduct's Circular No.3 of 2021 (21 January 2021)
• “NUS is taking a tougher stance against academic dishonesty. As such, for
cases of plagiarism and cheating in tests/examinations/graded assignments
that have been assessed to be ‘Moderate’ in severity, the minimum penalty
would be a ‘Fail’ grade for the affected module.”
• The online version of the revised NUS Plagiarism Policy and Guidance Note
can be accessed via the Student Portal.
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FIN2704/X
Week 5
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Diversification
• Well‐diversified portfolio
• Diversification can substantially reduce the variability of
returns without an equivalent reduction in expected
returns (slide 9 of Week 5)
• Example of well‐diversified portfolio in real life: index
funds
Slide 10 of Week 5
Idiosyncratic/non‐
systematic
component
Systematic
component
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Diversification (cont.)
Slide 52 of Week 4
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Reward‐to‐risk ratio (slide 23)
• Reward for each unit of risk
• In equilibrium, all assets and portfolios must have
the same reward‐to‐risk ratio
• The slope of the SML line
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The Security Market Line (SML)
Required
Return
on Equity (re ) SML
ri
Y‐intercept = ri ‐ rf
rf
0 βi Beta
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Changes to the SML line
• How inflation change
affects the SML line
• Inflation affects rf
• Affects both risk‐free asset
and risky asset
• How risk aversion change Slope steepens as
risk premium
affects the SML line increases
• Does not affect risk‐free
asset
• Risk aversion affects the
risk premium (rm‐rf)
• Example on slides 35‐36: 8% is the market risk premium, which is (rm‐
rf) 11
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Beta and systematic risk
Cov(ri , rM )
i
M2
• Systematic risk is the combination of portfolio i’s exposure to
the market and the riskiness of the market (M2)
• Beta i captures portfolio i’s exposure to the market.
• Total risk = non‐systematic risk + systematic risk
• Even when non‐systematic risk is zero, beta does not
equal to total risk
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CAPM
• Expected return: projected future returns
• Typically, estimated using historical returns (Week 4), or…
• Some analysis of discounted cash flow (later in the
semester).
• Required rate of return: what investors require to
provide capital
• Typically related to the riskiness of the project/security
• CAPM is a model that provides such required return
• Based on the level of risk (i.e., beta) of a particular company.
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Efficient frontier
Z
A
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Capital Market Line (CML)
100% in M; Example:
0% in Rf You have $100 to invest, but
would like to put $150 in the
M (stock) market. You can finance
by borrowing (at risk free rate).
Weights = $150/$100 = 150% for
market; =‐$50/$100 = ‐50% for
rf
risk‐free asset.
0% in M;
100% in Rf
50% in M;
50% in Rf
The CML denotes the allocation between risk‐free
asset and the M (market) portfolio
• Allows for lending and borrowing at risk‐free rate
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CML SML
Risky assets are the dots, inside Risky assets are SUPPOSED to
the curve, and below the line up on the red line.
efficient frontier and CML
The SML denotes the required
The CML denotes the allocation rate of return of various assets,
between risk‐free asset and the depending on its Beta
M portfolio
Useful to identify potentially
Useful to identify optimal mispriced assets (i.e., those that
portfolio lie off the SML line)
Note: the x‐axis is Standard Note: the x‐axis is Beta
Deviation
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Portfolios – Two Asset Example
(slide 44 of Week 5)
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Week 5
List of topics
Note:
You are responsible for all materials covered in the pre‐
recorded videos posted on LumiNUS, unless they are marked
“not examinable”. This list only serves to help you in your
revisions.
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Week 5 topics
• Portfolio returns
• Portfolio risk
• Portfolio standard deviation
• Diversification
• Diversifiable risk
• Non‐diversifiable risk
• Total risk
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Week 5 topics (cont.)
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
No reward for veering risk unnecessarily
• Beta
• Beta = 1; beta < 1; beta > 1
• Security Market Line (SML)
• Market risk premium
• Reward‐to‐risk ratio
• Portfolio beta
• Expected returns and required returns
• Impact of:
• Inflation
• Change in risk aversion
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Week 5 topics (Cont.)
Markowitz Portfolio Theory
• Efficient portfolio
• Efficient frontier
• Minimum variance portfolio (MVP)
• Capital Market Line (CML)
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