Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Module 7:
Magmatism

CO_Q1_ELS SHS
Module 7
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Magmatism
First Edition, 2021

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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 – Module 7:
Magmatism
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 1 – Magmatism

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the characteristics of magma;
2. identify the substances/elements present in magma; and
3. explain the processes involved in the formation of magma.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What term should be used to describe a semi-liquid hot molten rock located
beneath the Earth?
A. lava
B. magma
C. rocks
D. sand

2. What do you call the semi-liquid hot molten rocks found on the surface of
earth once the volcano erupts?
A. lava
B. magma
C. rocks
D. sand

3. What process occurs if there are formation and movement of magma under
the earth’s crust?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

4. In what part of the earth does magmatism happen?

A. Asthenosphere
B. Earth’s core
C. Earth’s crust
D. Lithosphere

5. What are the two most abundant elements in magma?

A. oxygen and iron
B. oxygen and magnesium
C. silicon and aluminum
D. silicon and oxygen

6. What will happen to the temperature of rocks during partial melting?

A. decreases
B. increases
C. remains the same
D. all of the above

7. Which of the following is NOT a factor of partial melting?

A. addition of volatiles
B. an increase in pressure
C. an increase in temperature
D. decrease in pressure
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8. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt last?
A. biotite
B. feldspar
C. quartz
D. none of the above

9. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt first?

A. biotite
B. feldspar
C. quartz
D. both b and c

10. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten
rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. What process is being described?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

11. Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during
convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level) and the pressure
is reduced. What process is being described?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

12. When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, the melting points of
minerals within the rocks decrease. What process is being described?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

13. During partial melting of magma, where does heat transfer take place?
A. convergent boundary
B. mid-ocean ridge
C. subduction zone
D. all of the above

14. During partial melting of magma, where does decompression melting take
place?
A. convergent boundary
B. mid-ocean ridge
C. subduction zone
D. all of the above

15. During partial melting of magma, where does flux melting take place?
A. convergent boundary
B. mid-ocean ridge
C. subduction zone
D. all of the above

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 Lesson

1 Magmatism

Do you still remember what happened to Taal Volcano last January 12, 2020? Yes,
you are right. This volcano, which is located at the province of Batangas, spewed ash
plumes up to nine miles (14 kilometers) into the air due to a “steam-driven” or
phreatic eruption. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS), for the past two days, over 600 volcanic tremors have been
recorded which was an indication of continuous movement of magma or molten rocks
beneath the volcano. You might be wondering how magma got inside the volcano.

For this module, we will be discussing all about magma, its formation and
composition.

What’s In

Activity 1. Decoding Time

In the previous lesson, you have learned that Earth’s interior is the site of great
amount of heat. Let us review first about this before proceeding to the next topic.

Your task is to reveal the magic words by decoding the given numbers to their
corresponding letters of the alphabet. Then, complete the statement below using
those words.

5 1 18 20 8
E A R T H
Example: Word: EARTH

18 1 4 9 1 10 9 15 14

1. Word: ______________________________________

18 1 4 9 15 7 5 14 9 3 8 5 1 20

2. Word: ______________________________________

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 3 15 14 4 21 3 20 9 15 14

3. Word: ______________________________________

16 18 9 13 15 18 4 9 1 12 8 5 1 20

4. Word: ______________________________________

3 15 14 22 5 3 20 9 15 14

5. Word: ______________________________________

9 14 20 5 18 14 1 12 8 5 1 20

6. Word: ______________________________________

The Earth’s internal heat comes from two main sources: the radiogenic heat
produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and
the (7) _________________ left over from the formation of the Earth. The heat can be
transferred by three processes, namely, (8) _________________, (9) _________________,
and (10) _________________.

Notes to the Teacher

This module will help you understand the concepts of magmatism.
All parts are comprised of various activities. Be guided with the
instructions on how you will answer each. Expectedly, you will
meet the target at the end of the module.

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 What’s New

Activity 2. Picture Analysis

Observe the picture of Mount Mayon and answer the following.

Mount Mayon is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. It erupted for
eight minutes last January 23, 2018, spewing a 3-mile-tall column of debris and
volcanic gas. It exploded at least five more times for two days.

According to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), two

“explosion-type earthquakes” had occurred, as well as 18 tremor events — some of
which sent forth fountains of lava. One of the lava flows advanced nearly 2 miles
from the summit’s crater.

The amount of knowledge gained in biology is so large that it has many branches.
The following table lists some of the major ones.

A. Give three (3) important details of Mount Mayon eruption.

1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________

B. What is the material being extruded by Mount Mayon? Where do you think
did this material come from?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 What is It

What is Magma?
Magma is composed of semi-liquid hot molten rocks located beneath the Earth,
specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate. This molten state, when
solidified, creates igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth.

Do you know the difference between magma and lava? Magma and lava are both
molten rocks. However, they differ in location. Magma is found in the magma
chamber of the volcano while lava is found on the surface of earth once the volcano
erupts.
Magmatism is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of
magma occur. So where does these formation and movement take place? These
happen in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle,
known as asthenosphere.

Figure 1. Convection Process in Asthenosphere

On the given figure, identify the substances/elements present in magma.

Guide Questions:

1. Which of the following elements has

the highest amount in the magma?
______________________________________
2. Which of the following elements has
the lowest amount in the magma?
______________________________________
3. What are the top two compositions
of magma?
______________________________________
Figure 2. Composition of Magma

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How is magma formed?
The magma present in the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth is formed or
generated through the process of partial melting. In this process, different minerals
in rock melt at different temperature and pressure. Another factor being considered
in this process is the addition of volatile materials such as water and carbon dioxide.

This is a diagram showing how minerals in rocks undergo partial melting.

This solid rock The first minerals Minerals such as

contains the that melt are quartz biotite and
minerals quartz, and some types of hornblende
feldspar, biotite, and feldspar. The generally melt last,
hornblende. background which changes the
represents magma. composition of
magma.

Figure 3. The Process of Partial Melting

Melting in the mantle requires one of three possible events to occur:

1. An increase in temperature: Conduction in mantle happens when heat is
transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. This process is known
as heat transfer. As magma rises, it is often hot enough to melt the rock it touches.
It happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together.

Figure 4. Heat Transfer in Convergent Boundary

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Rocks are composed of minerals. These rocks start to melt once the temperature in
the lower crust and upper mantle increases or exceeds the melting point of minerals.
The temperature of mantle is around 1200 degrees Celsius. Rock minerals such as
quartz and feldspar begin to partially melt at around 650-850 degrees Celsius.

2. A decrease of pressure: Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high

pressure. However, during convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower
level) and the pressure is reduced. This triggers the melting of magma. This is known
as decompression melting. This process occurs at the Mid-Ocean Ridge, an
underwater mountain system.

Figure 5. Depression Melting in Mid-Ocean Ridge

3. Addition of volatiles: When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, flux
melting occurs. The melting points of minerals within the rocks decrease. If a rock
is already close to its melting point, the effect of adding these volatiles can be enough
to trigger partial melting. It occurs around subduction zones.

Figure 6. Flux Melting in Subduction Zone

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 What’s More

Activity 3. Concept Map

Fill-in the boxes from the Magmatism concept map. Choose your answers on the box
below.

Example: Item Number 1 is MAGMA

asthenosphere igneous rocks pressure

convergent boundary lava silicon
decompression magma subduction zone
melting mid-ocean ridge temperature
flux melting oxygen volatiles
heat transfer partial melting volcano

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Activity 4. What Do You Think?
Based on the discussion, justify your answer to the following questions.

a. Do you think partial melting will occur if the pressure is high in the
asthenosphere?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

b. Do you think partial melting will occur if there is too much amount of water
in the subduction zone?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Activity 5. Safety First!

Read the given paragraph and answer the following questions.
Last January 12, 2020, Taal Volcano located in the province of Batangas, started
spewing ash and began showing signs of unrest after 43 years of inactivity. Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) raised its alert status to Level 2
due to a “steam-driven” or phreatic eruption, according to Phivolcs, which happens
when water beneath the ground or on the surface gets in contact with hot magma.
This disaster had tremendous impacts to Batanguenos and people near Batangas.

1. How would you prepare yourself to survive a volcanic eruption in the place
where you live?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. From that event, what are the values you learned and witnessed?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Can Do

Activity 6. Apply It!

Observe the illustrations below and relate these to the lesson.

What is in the picture?

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
How will you relate it to magmatism?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
A.

What is in the picture?

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
How will you relate it to magmatism?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

B.
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/young-woman-sitting-on-overflowed-suitcase-and-trying-to-close-it-preparing-for-gm642734944-116522947

What is in the pictures?

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
How will you relate it to magmatism?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

C.

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Activity 7. ACRONYM!
Use the word MAGMATISM as an acronym. Use each letter to represent word/s that
is related to the lesson.

M
A
G
M
A
T
I
S
M

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What process occurs if there are formation and movement of magma under
the earth’s crust?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

2. What term should be used to describe a semi-liquid hot molten rock located
beneath the Earth?
A. lava
B. magma
C. rocks
D. sand

3. In what part of the earth does magmatism happen?

A. Asthenosphere
B. Earth’s crust
C. Earth’s core
D. Lithosphere

4. What do you call the semi-liquid hot molten rocks found on the surface of
earth once the volcano erupts?
A. lava
B. magma
C. sand
D. rocks

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5. During partial melting of magma, where does decompression melting take
place?
A. convergent boundary
B. mid-ocean ridge
C. subduction zone
D. all of the above

6. Which of the following is NOT a factor of partial melting?

A. addition of volatiles
B. an increase in pressure
C. an increase in temperature
D. decrease in pressure

7. When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, the melting points of
minerals within the rocks decrease. What process is being described?
1. decompression melting
2. flux melting
3. heat transfer
4. partial melting

8. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt last?

A. biotite
B. feldspar
C. quartz
D. none of the above

9. What are the two most abundant elements in magma?

A. oxygen and iron
B. oxygen and magnesium
C. silicon and aluminum
D. silicon and oxygen

10. What will happen to the temperature of rocks during partial melting?
A. decreases
B. increases
C. remains the same
D. all of the above

11. During partial melting of magma, where does heat transfer take place?
A. convergent boundary
B. mid-ocean ridge
C. subduction zone
D. all of the above

12. Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during
convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level), and the pressure
is reduced. What process is being described?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

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13. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt first?
A. biotite
B. feldspar
C. quartz
D. both b and c

14. During partial melting of magma, where does flux melting take place?
A. convergent boundary
B. mid-ocean ridge
C. subduction zone
D. all of the above

15. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten
rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. What process is being described?
A. decompression melting
B. flux melting
C. heat transfer
D. partial melting

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 Additional Activities

Read the poem below and answer the question that follows.

Magma
by Jemie Ann A. Quiroba
(Mataasnakahoy Senior High School)
HUMSS 12 SY 2019-20

I kept myself
I hid to deep
Burned and pressured
I must go out, must go with the flow
My red tears shouted pain, as it glows
So as I am, later on it would be tough
I freed my burning self and I'll go reach the top

What is the message of the poem?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Module 7
CO_Q1_ELS SHS 17
What I Can Do What's More What I Know
1. B
Activity 6 Activity 3
2. A
1. magma
A. The ice cream is 3. D
2. igneous rocks
melting due to 4. A
3. silicon
sunlight. This is
4. oxygen 5. D
related to heat
5. lava 6. B
transfer.
6. volcano 7. B
B. Compressing clothes
7. asthenosphere 8. A
in the luggage. This
8. partial melting
is related to the 9. D
9. temperature
decompression 10. C
10. heat transfer
melting. 11. A
11. convergent boundary
C. Melting of different
12. pressure 12. B
materials. This is the
13. decompression 13. A
same as the minerals
melting 14. B
in the rocks melt to
14. mid-ocean ridge
form magma. 15. C
15. volatiles
16. flux melting
Activity 7
17. subduction zone What’s In
Answers may vary.
Activity 4 Activity 1
Assessment 1. RADIATION
1. D A. No. There is NO partial 2. RADIOGENIC HEAT
2. B melting because there 3. CONDUCTION
3. A should be a decrease of
4. PRIMORDIAL HEAT
4. A pressure in the
5. CONVECTION
5. B asthenosphere.
B. No. There is NO partial 6. INTERNAL HEAT
6. B
melting because too 7. primordial heat
7. B
much water will 8. conduction
8. A
9. D decrease the melting of 9. convection
10. B the rocks. 10. radiation
11. A
12. A What I Have What’s New
13. D
14. C Learned Activity 2
15. C
Activity 5 Answers may vary
Answers may vary
Answer Key
References
Alfie B., “How does magma form?”, MyTutor, Accessed May 28, 2020.
https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/11278/A-Level/Geology/How-does-
magma -form/

Charles, Alan. Slideshare., “Section 2: Igneous Rock Preview Key Ideas: The
Formation of Magma.” Accessed May 28, 2020.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/7543230/

Chesnutt, Betsy. “What is Magmatism? - Definition, Process & Types”, Study.com,

Accessed May 28, 2020. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-
magmatism-definition-process-types.html

CNN Philippines Staff. “Taal still a threat with 'magma resupply' – Phivolcs”, CNN
Philippines. Published Jan 20, 2020.
https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/20/Taal-Volcano-
magma.html

Evers, Jeannie. “Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle”. National Geography. Published
Oct. 31, 2014. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/magma-role-rock-
cycle/

Gordon, Micah. “Three Ways to Melt a Rock”, Sciencing. Updated April 24, 2017.
https://sciencing.com/three-ways-melt-rock-8505802.html

Panchuk, Karla.“Magma and How It Forms”, University of Saskatchewan.

Accessed May 28, 2020.
https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-1-magma-and-how-
it-forms/

USGG Science for a Changing World. “Magma Mash.” Accessed May 28, 2020.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/19/downloads/Chapter_1/Activities/Magma_mas
h.pdf

Wamsley, Laurel. “Philippine Volcano Erupts, Causing 56,000 To Flee”, The Two Way
News. Published January 28, 2018. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-
way/2018/01/23/579966911/philippine-volcano-erupts-causing-56-000-to-
flee

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