-1-

COMMANDS

SGA

1. select * from V$SGA;

SQL> select * from V$SGA;

NAME VALUE
-------------------- ----------
Fixed Size 1247924
Variable Size 62915916
Database Buffers 104857600
Redo Buffers 2945024

2. select component,current_size from v$sga_dynamic_components;

SQL> select component,current_size from v$sga_dynamic_components;

COMPONENT CURRENT_SIZE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
shared pool 54525952
large pool 4194304
java pool 4194304
streams pool 0
DEFAULT buffer cache 104857600
KEEP buffer cache 0
RECYCLE buffer cache 0
DEFAULT 2K buffer cache 0
DEFAULT 4K buffer cache 0
DEFAULT 8K buffer cache 0
DEFAULT 16K buffer cache 0

COMPONENT CURRENT_SIZE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
DEFAULT 32K buffer cache 0
ASM Buffer Cache 0

13 rows selected.

3. select name from v$controlfile;

SQL> select name from v$controlfile;

NAME
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\CONTROL01.CTL
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\CONTROL02.CTL
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\CONTROL03.CTL
 -2-

Dynamically Modifying the SGA

SQL> show sga;

Total System Global Area 147615836 bytes
Fixed Size 282716 bytes
Variable Size 113246208 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 532480 bytes
SQL> alter system set shared_pool_size=20000000;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set db_cache_size = 50000000;
System altered.
SQL> show sga
Total System Global Area 147615836 bytes
Fixed Size 282716 bytes
Variable Size 96468992 bytes
Database Buffers 50331648 bytes
Redo Buffers 532480 bytes
SQL>

Using Oracle's SGA and PGA Advisories

SQL> select statistics_view_name from

v$statistics_level;

STATISTICS_VIEW_NAME
---------------------------------------------
V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE
V$MTTR_TARGET_ADVICE
/*this column is for 'timed statistics'*/
/*this column is for 'timed OS statistics'*/
V$SEGSTAT
V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE
V$SQL_PLAN_STATISTICS
V$SHARED_POOL_ADVICE
8 rows selected.

The Buffer Cache Advisory

SQL> select size_for_estimate,

buffers_for_estimate,
estd_physical_read_factor,
estd_physical_reads
from v$db_cache_advice
where name = 'DEFAULT'
AND block_size = 4096;
 -3-

The Shared Pool Advisory

SQL> desc v$shared_pool_advice;

Name Null? Type
---------------------------------------------------------------------
SHARED_POOL_SIZE_FOR_ESTIMATE NUMBER
SHARED_POOL_SIZE_FACTOR NUMBER
ESTD_LC_SIZE NUMBER
ESTD_LC_MEMORY_OBJECTS NUMBER
ESTD_LC_TIME_SAVED NUMBER
ESTD_LC_TIME_SAVED_FACTOR NUMBER
ESTD_LC_MEMORY_OBJECT_HITS NUMBER

The PGA Advisory

SQL> desc v$pga_target_advice

Name Null? Type
------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------
PGA_TARGET_FOR_ESTIMATE NUMBER
PGA_TARGET_FACTOR NUMBER
ADVICE_STATUS VARCHAR2(3)
BYTES_PROCESSED NUMBER
ESTD_EXTRA_BYTES_RW NUMBER
ESTD_PGA_CACHE_HIT_PERCENTAGE NUMBER
ESTD_OVERALLOC_COUNT NUMBER

4. SQL> select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces order by tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------
EXAMPLE
SYSAUX
SYSTEM
TEMP
UNDOTBS1
USERS
6 rows selected.

5. select tablespace_name, file_name from dba_data_files order by

tablespace_name;

6. select group#, member from v$logfile order by group#;

7. select group#, members, status from v$log order by group#;

SQL> startup force

pfile=I:\oracle\product\10.2.0\admin\sara\pfile\init.ora.102220109041;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 171966464 bytes

Fixed Size 1247924 bytes
Variable Size 62915916 bytes
Database Buffers 104857600 bytes
Redo Buffers 2945024 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
 -4-

Select file_name from dba_data_files;

SQL> Select file_name from dba_data_files;

FILE_NAME
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\USERS01.DBF
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\SYSAUX01.DBF
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\UNDOTBS01.DBF
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\SYSTEM01.DBF
I:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\SARA\EXAMPLE01.DBF

Tablespaces

CREATE TABLESPACE TBS logging datafile

'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/TBS1.DBF’ SIZE 10m;
SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE TBSpace datafile
'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/TBS2.DBF' SIZE 10m;
Tablespace created.

create tablespace sales01 logging datafile

'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/sales01_01.dbf' size 25M
autoextend on next 2560k maxsize unlimited extent management local
uniform size 16M;

SQL> create tablespace sales01 logging datafile

2 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/sales01_01.dbf' size 25M
3 autoextend on next 2560k maxsize unlimited extent management local
4 uniform size 16M;
Tablespace created.

create tablespace saleindx01 logging

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/saleiindx01_01.dbf'
size 25M autoextend on next 2560k maxsize unlimited
extent management local uniform size 16M;

SQL> create tablespace saleindx01 logging

2 datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/saleiindx01_01.dbf'
3 size 25M autoextend on next 2560k maxsize unlimited
4 extent management local uniform size 16M;
Tablespace created.

SQL> select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces;

TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------
SYSTEM
UNDOTBS1
SYSAUX
TEMP
USERS
EXAMPLE
SALES01
SALEINDX01

8 rows selected.
 -5-

The V$PARAMETER Table

SQL> select name,value,isdefault from v$parameter

SQL> select name,value from v$parameter where name like '%dump%'

SQL> show parameter dump;

SQL> select * from v$version;

Creating a New User

create user salapati

Identified by sam1am9
Default tablespace sales01 Temporary tablespace temp;

SQL> create user salapati

2 Identified by sam1am9
3 Default tablespace sales01 Temporary tablespace temp;

User created.

Select
program ,pga_used_mem ,pga_alloc_mem ,pga_max_mem
from v$process
order by pga_used_mem desc;

Index

create index employee_id on employee(employee_id)

tablespace SALES01_01;

SQL> begin
for id in 1 to 10
loop
insert into employee values(id, “sara”);
end loop
end;
/

create index employee_id on employee(employee_id)

tablespace SALES01_01;

CREATE TABLE employee_new (

EMPLOYEE_ID number,
DEPT_ID number,
NAME varchar2(30),
ADDRESS varchar2(120),
CITY varchar2(30),
STATE char(2),
PHONE_NUMBER number,
ORGANIZATION INDEX TABLESPACE SALES01_01;
PCTTHRESHOLD 25
OVERFLOW TBLESPACE OVERFLOW TABLES;
 -6-

PGA

select
program ,pga_used_mem ,pga_alloc_mem ,pga_max_mem
from
v$process
order by pga_used_mem desc;
select * from v$pgastat;

Using Some Key Dynamic Views

SQL> select a.username,

2 s.sql_text
3 from v$session a,v$sqltext s
4 where a.sql_address = s.address
5 and a.sql_hash_value = s.hash_value
6 AND A.STATUS='ACTIVE'
7* order by a.username,a.sid,s.piece
SQL> /

USERNAME SQL_TEXT
----------------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM select a.sid,a.username, s.sql_text from
v$session a,v$sqltext s where
a.sql_address = s.address and
a.sql_hash_value = s.hash_v
AND A.STATUS='ACTIVE'
order by a.username,a.sid,s.piece
SYS Select f.file#, f.block#, f.ts#,
f.length from fet$ f, ts$ t
where t.ts#=f.ts# and
t.dflextpct!=0 and t.bitmapped=0
SQL>

Creating Locally Managed Tablespaces

create tablespace test01

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test01.dbf'
size 100M;
SQL>create tablespace test01
2 datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test01.dbf'
3 size 100M;

Tablespace created.

SQL>
Note: Extent allocation : autoallocate (default)
Segment space : manual (default)
 -7-

SQL> create tablespace test02

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test02.dbf'
size 100M
autoallocate;
Tablespace created.
SQL>
Note: Extent allocation: autoallocate (explicitly chosen option)
Segment space : manual (default)

SQL> create tablespace test03

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test03.dbf'
size 100M
segment space management auto;
Tablespace created.

SQL>
Note: Extent allocation : autoallocate (default)
Segment space : automatic

SQL> create tablespace test04

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test04.dbf'
size 100M
uniform size 2m;
Tablespace created.
SQL>
Note: Extent allocation : uniform size 2m
Segment space : manual (default)

SQL> create tablespace test05

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test05.dbf'
size 100M
uniform size 2m
segment space management auto;
Tablespace created.
SQL>
Note: Extent allocation : uniform size 2m
Segment space : auto

Determining Space and Extent Management of Tablespaces

SQL> select tablespace_name,

initial_extent,
next_extent,
extent_management,
allocation_type,
segment_space_management
from dba_tablespaces;
TABLESPACE INITIAL NEXT EXTENT ALLOCATIO SEGMENT
 -8-

----------------EXTENT –EXTENT --MNAGMNT--- TYPE----- -SPACE-

SYSTEM 65536 LOCAL SYSTEM MANUAL
UNDOTBS 65536 LOCAL SYSTEM MANUAL
TEMPTBS1 1048576 1048576 LOCAL UNIFORM MANUAL
USERS 65536 LOCAL SYSTEM MANUAL
TEST01 65536 LOCAL SYSTEM MANUAL
TEST02 65536 LOCAL SYSTEM MANUAL
TEST03 65536 LOCAL SYSTEM AUTO
TEST04 2097152 2097152 LOCAL UNIFORM MANUAL
TEST05 2097152 2097152 LOCAL UNIFORM AUTO
9 rows selected.

Creating Temporary Tablespaces

create temporary tablespace temptbs02i

tempfile
'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/temp02.dbf'
size 100M;
Tablespace created.

SQL>create temporary tablespace temptbs02i

2 tempfile
3 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/temp02.dbf'
4 size 100M;

Tablespace created.

Removing Tablespaces

SQL>drop tablespace test01;

Tablespace dropped.

drop tablespace test02 cascade constraints;

Manual:

copy from 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test02.dbf'

to 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test06.dbf'

alter tablespace test02

rename
datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test02.dbf'
to
'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test06.dbf';

SQL>alter tablespace test02

2 rename
3 datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test02.dbf'
4 to
5 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test06.dbf';

Tablespace altered.

create tablespace test01

 -9-

datafile 'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/test07.dbf'
size 100M;

SQL>alter tablespace test01 read only;

Tablespace altered.

SQL>alter tablespace test01 read write;

Tablespace altered.

SQL>desc dba_data_files
Name Null? Type
--------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------
FILE_NAME VARCHAR2(513)
FILE_ID NUMBER
TABLESPACE_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
BYTES NUMBER
BLOCKS NUMBER
STATUS VARCHAR2(9)
RELATIVE_FNO NUMBER
AUTOEXTENSIBLE VARCHAR2(3)
MAXBYTES NUMBER
MAXBLOCKS NUMBER
INCREMENT_BY NUMBER
USER_BYTES NUMBER
USER_BLOCKS NUMBER
ONLINE_STATUS VARCHAR2(7)

DBA_TABLESPACES

SQL>select tablespace_name,status,extent_management from

dba_tablespaces;

TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS EXTENT_MAN

------------------------------ --------- ----------
SYSTEM ONLINE LOCAL
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE LOCAL
SYSAUX ONLINE LOCAL
TEMP ONLINE LOCAL
USERS ONLINE LOCAL
EXAMPLE ONLINE LOCAL
SALES01 ONLINE LOCAL
SALEINDX01 ONLINE LOCAL
TBS ONLINE LOCAL
TBSPACE ONLINE LOCAL
TEST01 ONLINE LOCAL

TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS EXTENT_MAN

------------------------------ --------- ----------
TEST02 OFFLINE LOCAL
TEST03 ONLINE LOCAL
TEST04 ONLINE LOCAL
TEST05 ONLINE LOCAL
TEMPTBS02I ONLINE LOCAL

16 rows selected.
 - 10 -

CREATE TABLE emp

(
empno NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR2(10),
mgr NUMBER(5),
hiredate DATE DEFAULT sysdate,
sal NUMBER(7,2),
comm NUMBER(7,2),
deptno NUMBER(3) NOT NULL)
TABLESPACE test01
;

CREATE TABLE emp1

(
empno NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
employee_name VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR2(10),
manager NUMBER(5),
hire_date DATE DEFAULT (sysdate),
salary NUMBER(7,2),
commission NUMBER(7,2),
department_no NUMBER(3) NOT NULL
)
PCTFREE 10
PCTUSED 40
TABLESPACE users
STORAGE ( INITIAL 50K
NEXT 50K
MAXEXTENTS 10
PCTINCREASE 25 );

Alter table emp1 move

Storage (initial 2m
Next extents 2m
Minextents 2
Maxextents 40);

CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE flight_status

(
destination varchar2(30),
startdate date,
return_date date,
ticket_price number
)
on commit preserve rows;

CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE sales_info

(
customer_name varchar2(30),
transaction_no number,
transaction_date date
)
on commit delete rows;
 - 11 -

Creating the Sysaux Tablespace

CREATE TABLESPACE sysaux DATAFILE '/u10/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf'

SIZE 500M REUSE
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO;

CREATE TABLESPACE sysaux DATAFILE

'I:/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata/sara/sysaux02.dbf'
SIZE 500M REUSE
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO;

Changing the Archive Logging Mode

SQL> SELECT log_mode FROM v$database;

LOG_MODE
------------
NOARCHIVELOG

SQL> archive log list;

Database log mode No Archive Mode
Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 7
Current log sequence 9
SQL>

Index-Organized Tables

CREATE TABLE employee_new(

employee_id NUMBER,
dept_id NUMBER,
name VARCHAR2(30),
address VARCHAR2(120),
CONSTRAINT pk_employee_new PRIMARY KEY (employee_id))
ORGANIZATION INDEX TABLESPACE test01
PCTTHRESHOLD 25
OVER FLOW TABLESPACE overflow_tables;

SQL> CREATE TABLE sales_data

(ticket_no NUMBER,
sale_year INT NOT NULL,
sale_month INT NOT NULL,
sale_day INT NOT NULL)
PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_year, sale_month, sale_day)
(PARTITION sales_q1 VALUES LESS THAN (2004, 04, 01)
TABLESPACE test01,
PARTITION sales_q2 VALUES LESS THAN (2004, 07, 01)
TABLESPACE test03,
PARTITION sales_q3 VALUES LESS THAN (2004, 10, 01)
TABLESPACE test04,
PARTITION sales_q4 VALUES LESS THAN (2005, 01, 01)
TABLESPACE test05);
Table created.
SQL>
Creating a New User
 - 12 -

create user saran

Identified by saran83
Default tablespace sales01
Temporary tablespace temp;
SQL> create user saran
2 Identified by saran83
3 Default tablespace sales01
4 Temporary tablespace temp;

User created.
SQL> grant connect to saran;
Grant succeeded.
SQL>

CREATE USER aaron

IDENTIFIED BY soccer
DEFAULT TABLESPACE test01
TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp
QUOTA 15m ON test01
PASSWORD EXPIRE;

SQL> CREATE USER aaron

IDENTIFIED BY soccer
DEFAULT TABLESPACE test01
TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp
QUOTA 15m ON test01
PASSWORD EXPIRE;

User created.

CREATE USER aaron

IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY
DEFAULT TABLESPACE USERS
TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp
QUOTA 15m ON data
PASSWORD EXPIRE;

SQL> ALTER USER aaron

2 QUOTA 0 ON USERS;

User altered.

SQL> DROP USER aaron;

User dropped.

SQL> DROP USER aaron CASCADE;

User dropped.

SQL> CREATE USER salapati IDENTIFIED BY sammyy1;

User created.
 - 13 -

SELECT default_tablespace, temporary_tablespace

FROM dba_users
WHERE username='SALAPATI';

SQL> SELECT default_tablespace, temporary_tablespace

2 FROM dba_users
3 WHERE username='SALAPATI';

DEFAULT_TABLESPACE TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE
------------------------------ ------------------------------
USERS TEMP

SQL> GRANT CREATE SESSION TO salapati;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> GRANT CONNECT to nina IDENTIFIED BY nina1;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> CONNECT salapati/sammyy1

Connected.
SQL>

SQL> CREATE TABLE xyz (name VARCHAR2(30));

CREATE TABLE xyz (name VARCHAR2(30))
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

ALTER USER salapati

QUOTA 100M ON test01;

Creating a new User

create role new_dba;

Granting Privileges to a Role

SQL> grant connect to new_dba;

Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant select any table to new_dba;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant update any table to new_dba;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant select_catalog_role to new_dba;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant exp_full_database to new_dba;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant imp_full_database to new_dba;
Grant succeeded.
SQL>
 - 14 -

Partial list of database components and their related data dictionary views
Component Data dictionary tables and views
Database V$DATABASE, V$VERSION, V$INSTANCE

Shared server V$QUEUE, V$DISPATCHER, V$SHARED SERVER

Tablespaces DBA_TABLESPACES, DBA_DATA_FILES, DBA_FREE_SPACE
V$CONTROLFILE, V$PARAMETER,
Control files
V$CONTROLFILE_RECORD_SECTION
V$DATAFILE, V$DATAFILE_HEADER, V$FILESTAT,
Datafiles
DBA_DATA_FILES
Segments DBA_SEGMENTS
Extents DBA_EXTENTS
Redo threads,
groups, and V$THREAD, V$LOG, V$LOGFILE
numbers
Archiving
V$DATABASE, V$LOG, V$ARCHIVED_LOG, V$ARCHIVE_DEST
status
Database
V$INSTANCE, V$PARAMETER, V$SYSTEM_PARAMETER
instance
V$SGA, V$SGASTAT, V$SGAINFO,
V$SGA_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS,
Memory
V$SGA_DYNAMIC_FREE_MEMORY, V$SGA_RESIZE_OPS,
structure
V$SGA_RESIZE_CURRENT_OPS, V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE,
V$SQL, V$SQLTEXT, V$SQLAREA
Work area
V$PGASTAT, V$SYSSTAT, V$SESSTAT
memory
Processes V$PROCESS, V$BGPROCESS, V$SESSION, V$LOCK
RMAN
V$RECOVER_FILE
recovery
User passwords V$PWFILE_USERS
PGA PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET, PGA_AGG
- 15 -
 - 16 -

The following query of USER_INDEXES shows the new indexes on the EMP table: