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Sequence Reactance Manual

This document discusses the positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances of transformers. It states that the positive and negative sequence impedances of a transformer are equal to its leakage impedance, since transformers are static devices. It also discusses how to experimentally determine the sequence impedances of a three-phase transformer using three single-phase transformers and measuring voltages and currents. Connections and procedures are provided to determine the positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances. The aim is to characterize the impedance properties of transformers under different sequence voltage conditions.

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Jatin Acharya
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views8 pages

Sequence Reactance Manual

This document discusses the positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances of transformers. It states that the positive and negative sequence impedances of a transformer are equal to its leakage impedance, since transformers are static devices. It also discusses how to experimentally determine the sequence impedances of a three-phase transformer using three single-phase transformers and measuring voltages and currents. Connections and procedures are provided to determine the positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances. The aim is to characterize the impedance properties of transformers under different sequence voltage conditions.

Uploaded by

Jatin Acharya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POSITIVE, NEGATIVE& ZERO SEQUENCE

IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that almost all present day installations have three-phase
transformers since they entail lower initial cost, have smaller space requirements
and higher efficiency.

The positive sequence series impedance of a transformer equals its leakage


impedance .

Since a transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance dose not change
with alteration of balanced applied voltages. The transformer negative sequence
impedance is also therefore equal to its leakage reactance. Thus, for a
transformer

Z1 =Z2 =Z leakage
Assuming such transformer connections that zero sequence current s can flow
on both sides, a transformer offers a zero sequence impedance which may differ
slightly from the corresponding positive and negative sequence values. It is,
however, normal practice to assume that the series impedances of all sequences
are equal regardless of the type of transformer.

The zero sequence magnetizing current is somewhat higher in a core type then
in a shell type transformer. This difference does not matter as the magnetizing
current of a transformer is always neglected in short circuit analysis.

POSITIVE& NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

The positive -sequence impedance of an item of equipment is obtained by


applying a three-phase balanced voltage source, with anticlockwise
(conventional) phase rotation, to one end of the item of equipment, applying a
three-phase short circuit clear of earth to the other end of the equipment, and
measuring the per-phase applied voltage and current. The positive-sequence
impedance is then obtained by calulating as follows:

Z1=Vr /Ir (where the R subscript denotes the red phase)

The negative-sequence impedance is obtained similarly by applying a voltage


with a clockwise phase rotation. As a general rule, the positive-and negative-
sequence impedance are identical for all items of static plant.
ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
The zero-sequence impedance is similarly obtained by applying a single-phase
voltage source to all three terminals of the equipment and applying a three-phase
short circuit to earth at the other end. The zero-sequence impedance is
calculated from the measurements of the voltage applied to, and current into , the
red phase.

The zero-sequence impedance of a transformer depends greatly on the winding


type (delta-star) and also upon whether or not the neutrals are grounded.
Whereas the positive and negative-sequence per-unit impedance are
independent of whether the sequence will in general have widely different values,
depending upon what terminals we view.

Depicts the test setup for finding the impedance experimentally. The zero-
sequence impedance Zo=E/Io may or may not have different value as measured
from one side or the other.

Transformer YY-connected both neutrals solidly grounded this case is depicted.


The solid grounding of both neutrals guarantees that the ground currents 3Io and
3Io/a have free circulating paths.

Clearly, the current is impeded only by the leakage impedance per phase, and
the zero sequence impedance therefore equals the leakage impedance.

The measurement of the zero sequence impedance for transformers is seldom


done for small transformers, and is done only for large transformers. It is
common to assume that the zero sequence impedance of the transformer is
equal to the positive sequence impedance which is the transformer leakage
impedance.

Therefore measurement of the zero sequence impedance of a transformer is


important when the transformer is of large MVA size because of the possibility
that the single phase to ground fault current is greater than the three phase fault
current.

TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATION

Primary voltage = ( 0-230V )


Secondary voltage = ( 0-230V )
1:1 Transformer
current rating = 4 amps
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

MEASUREMENT OF POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

AIM
To determine the positive sequence impedance of three phase transformer using
3 single phase transformers.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Three phase variac - 1 No
2. Ammeter ( 0-2A ) - 1No
3. Voltmeter ( 0-30 V) - 1No
4. single phase transformer - 3Nos

CONNECTION DIAGRAM
CONNECTION PROCEDURE

1. Connect first transformer primary terminal a to R of three phase supply.


2. Connect second transformer primary terminal b to Y of three phase supply.
3. Connect third transformer primary terminal c to B of three phase supply.
4. Connect a1 to b1 and b1 to c1 terminals respectively.
4. Connect the neutral N to c of third transformer.
5. Connect 1st transformer secondary terminal d1 to e1 terminal of second
transformer.
6. Connect 3rd transformer secondary terminal f1 to e1 terminal of second
transformer.
7. Connect d to e and e to t terminals respectively .
8. Connect ammeter in ‘R’ phase and voltmeter between R phase and neutral.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the connection procedure.


2. Switch ON the three phase supply.
3. Vary the variac and note down the voltage & current readings.
4. Calculate the impedance value using current and voltage.

FORMULA

Z=V/I
Z => Impedance
V => Primary voltage
I => Current

RESULT

Hence determined the positive sequence impedance of three phase transformer.


MEASUREMENT OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

AIM
To determine the negative sequence impedance of three phase transformer
using 3 single phase transformers.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Three phase variac - 1 No
2. Ammeter( 0-2A) - 1No
3. Voltmeter ( 0-20 V) - 1No
4. single phase transformer - 3Nos

CONNECTION DIAGRAM
CONNECTION PROCEDURE

1. Connect first transformer primary terminal a to R of three phase supply.


2. Connect second transformer primary terminal b to Y of three phase supply.
3. Connect third transformer primary terminal c to B of three phase supply.
4. Connect a1 to b1 and b1 to c1 terminals respectively.
5. Connect the neutral N to c1 of third transformer.
5. Connect 1st transformer secondary terminal d to e terminal of second
transformer.
6. Connect 3rd transformer secondary terminal f1 to e1 terminal of second
transformer.
7. Connect d to e and e to f terminals respectively.
8. Connect ammeter in ‘R’ phase and voltmeter between R phase and neutral.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the connection procedure.
2. Switch ON the three phase supply .
3. Vary the variac and note down the voltage & current readings.
4. Calculate the impedance value using current and voltage.

FORMULA
Z=V/I
Z = > Impedance
V = > Primary voltage
I = > Current

RESULT
Hence determined the negative sequence impedance of three phase
transformer.
MEASUREMENT OF ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

AIM
To determine the zero sequence impedance of three phase transformer using 3
single phase transformers.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Three phase variac-3KVA - 1 Nos
2. Ammeter ( 0-2A ) - 1No
3. Voltmeter ( 0-20 V ) - 1No
4. single phase transformer - 3Nos

CONNECTION DIAGRAM
CONNECTION PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the connection procedure.
2. Switch ON the three phase supply .
3. Vary the variac and note down the voltage & current readings.
4. Calculate the impedance value using current and voltage.

FORMULA

Z = > Impedance
V = > Primary voltage
I = > Current

RESULT

Hence determined the zero sequence impedance of three phase transformer.

Note:
Follow the same procedure for finding the sequence impedance of three
phase transformer.

CONCLUSION
Since a transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance does not change
with alternation of balanced applied voltages. The transformer negative
sequence impedance is also therefore equal to its leakage reactance.

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