COMPLETE REVISION “August 2004 PIP Process Industry Practices Structural PIP STC01015 Structural Design CriteriaPURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice. Determinations conceming fitness for purpose and Particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Pract use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team and will be reviewed every 5 yeats. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn. Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at www pip.org. © Process Industty Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin, ‘Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice for their intemal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written authorization of PIP. PIP will not consider requests for interpretations (inquiries) for this Practice. PRINTING HISTORY December 1998 Issued Apr 2002 terial Revision February 2002 Technical Revision Angst 2004 Complete Revision Not printed with State fdsCOMPLETE REVISION ‘August 2004 PI Process Industry Practices Structural PIP STC01015 Structural Design Criteria Table of Contents 1. Introduction. 1.1 Purpose 12. Scope. 2. References 2.1. Process Industry Practices 22. Industry Codes and Standards 23. Government Regulations: 3. Definitions 4, Requirements. 44 Design Loads 42 Load Combinations. 14 43. Structural Design 23 44 Existing Structures 30 Process Industy Practices Page 1 of 30PIP sTCO1015 COMPLETE REVISION Structural Design Criteria ‘August 2004 4. Introduction 7 4.1 Purpose This Practice provides structural engineering design criteria for the process industries, 1.2 Scope ‘This Practice describes the minimum requirements for the structural design of process industry facilities at onshore U.S. sites. This Practice is intended to be used in conjunction with PIP ARCO1015, PLP ARCO1016, PIP CVCOIO15, PIP CVCO1O17, and PIP CVCO1OI8, as applicable 2. References Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein where appropriate. 21 Process Industry Practices (PIP) PIP ARCOI0L5 - Architectural and Building Utilities Design Criteria PIP ARCO1016 - Building Data Sheets PIP CVCO1015 - Civil Design Criteria — PIP CVCO1017 - Plant Site Data Sheet = PIP CVC01O18 - Project Data Sheet — PIP REIE686/API 686 - Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation «and Installation Design PIP STCO1018 - Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria — PIP STE0SI21 - Anchor Bolt Design Guide — PIP STS02360 - Driven Piles Specification 2.2 — Industry Codes and Standards ‘+ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges ‘+ American Concrete Institute (ACI) ACI 318/318R - Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary — ACI350R - Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures — ACI S30/ASCE 5 - Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures Pago 2 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION Pip sTC01015 August 2004 Structural Design Criteria ‘© American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) ~ AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Allowable Stress Design (ASD) = AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor Design (RFD) = Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or 4490 Bolts ~ ANSI/AISC 341-02 - Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings ‘© American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) AISI SG 673, Part I - Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members — AISI SG 673, Part Il - Commentary on the Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members ~ AISISG 913, Part 1 = Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members ~ AISISG 913, Patt It- Commentary on the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members ‘+ American Petroleum Institute (API) — API Standard 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage ‘American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) — SEVASCE 7-02 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures SEVASCE 37-02 - Design Loads on Structures during Construction = ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities = ASCE Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities — ASCE Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities © American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) — ASME AIT7.1 - Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators ‘+ American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) — ASTM A36/A36M - Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel — ASTM A82- Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM AIB85 - Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement — ASTM A193/A193M - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service — ASTM A307 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, (60,000 psi Tensile Strength Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 30PIP sT001015 COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘August 2004 — ASTM A325 - Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength ASTM A325M - Standard Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints [Metric] = ASTM A354-- Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners ASTM 490/490M - Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Steel Structural Bolts, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength — ASTM AGIS/A6ISM - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet- ‘Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement = ASTM A706/A706M - Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement = ASTM A992/A992M - Standard Specification for Steel for Structural Shapes for Use in Building Framing = ASTM F1554 - Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 35, and 105 ksi Yield Strength ‘+ American Welding Society (AWS) = AWS DILI - Structural Welding Code - Steet ‘American Forest and Paper Association — National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) ~ NDS Supplement - Design Values for Wood Construction © Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA) = CMAA No. 70- Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type ‘Multiple Girder Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes MAA No. 74 - Specifications for Top Running and Under Running Single Girder Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes Utilizing Under Running Trolley Hoist ‘+ Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) PCI MNL 120 - Design Handbook - Precast and Prestressed Concrete Steel Joist Institute (SJ) ~ SI Standard Specifications and Load Tables 2.3. Government Regulations Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety and Health ‘Administration (OSHA), including any additional requirements by state or local agencies that have jurisdiction in the state where the project is to be constructed, shall apply. Page 4 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION PIP sTco1015 August 2004 ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘© U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) — OSHA 29 CER 1910 - Occupational Safety and Health Standards = OSHA 29 CER 1926 - Safety and Health Regulations for Construction itions engineer of record: The owner's authorized representative with overall authority and responsibility for the structural design owner: The party who owns the facility wherein structure will be used Requirements 44 Design Loads 4.4.4 General 4.1.1.1 New facilities, buildings, and other structures, including floor slabs and foundations, shall be designed to resist the minimum loads defined in SEV/ASCE 7, local building codes, this section and the loads defined in PIP CVCOIO17 and CVCOIOIS. 4.1.1.2 In addition to the loads in this section, other loads shall be considered as appropriate. These loads shall include, but are not limited to, snow, ice, rain, hydrostatic, dynamic, upset conditions, earth pressure, vehicles, buoyancy, and erection, 4.1.1.3 Future loads shall be considered when specified by the owner. 4.1.1.4 For existing facilities, actual loads may be used in lieu of the minimum specified loads, 4.1.1.5 Beventric loads (piping, platforms, ete), particularly on horizontal and vertical vessels and exchangers, shall be considered. 441.2 Dead Loads (D) 4.12.1 Dead loads are the actual weight of materials forming the building, structure, foundation, and all permanently attached appurtenances. 4.1.2.2. Weights of fixed process equipment and machinery, piping, valves, electrical cable trays, and the contents of these items shall be considered as dead loads, 4.1.2.3 For this Practice, dead loads are designated by the following nomenclature: Dj, Dp De, Do, and Dy, where Structure dead load is the weight of materials forming the structure (not the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, piping, nor cable trays), foundation, soil Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 30PIP sTCo1015 ‘Structural Design Criteria Page 6 of 30 COMPLETE REVISION “August 2004 above the foundation resisting uplift, and all permanently attached appurtenances (e.g., lighting, instrumentation, HVAG, sprinkler and deluge systems, fireproofing, and insulation, etc.) D,= Erection dead load is the fabricated weight of process ‘equipment or vessels (as further defined in Section 4.1.2.4), Empty dead load is the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, piping, and cable trays (as further defined in Sections 4.1.2.4 through 4.1.2.6). Operating dead load is the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, piping, and cable trays plus the maximum weight of contents (fluid load) during normal ‘operation (as further defined in Sections 4.1.2.4 through 4.1.2.7). ‘est dead load is the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, andor piping plus the weight ofthe test medium contained in the system (as further defined in Section 4.1.2.4). 4.4.2.4 Process Equipment and Vessel Dead Loads 1. Erection dead load (D)) for process equipment and vessels is normally the fabricated weight of the equipment or vessel and is generally taken from the certified equipment or vessel drawing, 2. Empty dead load (D.) for process equipment and vessels is the empty weight of the equipment or vessels, including all attachments, trays, internals, insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders, platforms, etc. Empty dead load also includes ‘weight of machinery (e.g., pumps, compressors, turbines, and packaged units). Operating dead load (D,) for process equipment and vessels is the empty dead load plus the maximum weight of contents (including packing/catalyst) during normal operation, Test dead load (D,) for process equipment and vessels is the empty dead load plus the weight of test medium contained in the system. The test medium shall be as specified in the contract documents or as specified by the owner. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for the test medium, Equipment and pipes that may be simultaneously tested shall be included. Cleaning load shall be used for test dead load if the cleaning fluid is heavier than the test medium. Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION PIP STC01015 August 2008 Structural Design Criteria 4.4.2.5 Pipe Rack Piping Loads 1, Dead loads for piping on pipe racks shall be estimated as follows, unless actual load information is available and requires, otherwise: Operating dead load (D.): A uniformly distributed load of 40 psf (1.9 kPa) for piping, product, and insulation Comment: This is equivalent to 8-inch (203-mm) diameter, Schedule 40 pipes, full of water, at 15-inch (381-mm) spacing, b. Empty dead load (D,): For checking uplift and components, controlled by minimum loading, 60% of the estimated piping ‘operating loads shall be used if combined with wind or earthquake unless the actual conditions requite a different percentage. ©. Test dead load (D) is the empty weight of the pipe plus the ‘weight of test medium contained in a set of simultancousty tested piping systems. The test medium shall be as specified in the contract documents or as specified by the owner. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for the test medium, 2. For any pipe larger than 12-inch (304-mm) nominal diameter, a concentrated load, including the weight of piping, product, valves, fittings, and insulation shall be used in lieu of the 40 psf (1.9 kPa). This load shall be uniformly distributed over the pipe’s associated area. 3. Pipe racks and their foundations shall be designed to support loads associated with full utilization of the available rack space and any specified future expansion. 4.1.2.6 Pipe Rack Cable Tray Loads Dead loads for cable trays on pipe racks shall be estimated as follows, unless actual load information is available and requires otherwise: . Operating dead load (D,): A uniformly distributed dead load of | 20 psf (1.0 kPa) for a single level of cable trays and 40 psf (1.9 kPa) for a double level of cable trays. Comment’ ‘These values estimate the full (maximum) level of cables in the trays, 'b, Empty dead load (D.): For checking uplift and components controlled by minimum loading, a reduced level of cable tray load (i¢., the actual configuration) should be considered as the empty dead load. Engineering judgement shall be exercised in defining the dead load for uplift conditions. Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 20Pip sTCot01s ‘Structural Design Criteria 443 Page 8 of 30, COMPLETE REVISION ‘August 2008 41.2.7 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads Dead loads for ground-supported storage tanks are shown in Table 9 with the same nomenclature as other dead loads in this Practice for consistency. The individual load components making up the dead Joads may have to be separated for actual use in design, discussed as, follows: ‘a. Operating dead load (D.): Operating dead load for a ground- supported storage tank is made up of the metal load from the tank shell and roof, vertically applied through the wall of the tank, in addition to the fluid load from the stored product. The fluid load acts through the bottom of the tank and does not act, vertically through the wall ofthe tank. Therefore, the metal dead load and the fluid load must be used separately in design b. Empty dead load (D.): For checking uplift and components, controlled by minimum loading, the corroded metal weight (when a corrosion allowance is specified) should be considered as the empty dead load. ©. Test dead load (D): Test dead load for a ground-supported storage tank is made up of the metal load fiom the tank shell and roof, vertically applied through the wall ofthe tank, in addition to the fluid load from the test medium. The fluid load acts through the bottom of the tank and does not act vertically through the wall ofthe tank. Therefore, the metal dead load and the fluid load must be used separately in design. The test medium shall be as specified in the contract documents or as specified by the owner. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for the test medium, Live Loads (L) 4.1.3.1 Live loads are gravity loads produced by the use and occupancy of | the building or structure, These include the weight of all movable loads, such as personnel, tools, miscellaneous equipment, movable partitions, wheel loads, parts of dismantled equipment, stored material, ete. 4.1.3.2 Ateas specified for maintenance (e.g., heat exchanger tube bundle servicing) shall be designed to support the live loads, ASCE 7, specified, in 4.1.3.3 Minimum live loads shall be in accordance with applicable codes and standards, and, unless otherwis Table 1: Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 4134 4135 4.13.6 413.7 413.8 4.139 Pip sToo1015 ‘Structural Design Criteria TABLE 1. MINIMUM LIVE LOADS. Uniform» | Concentrated Stairs and Exiways | 100pst(48kNim?) | 4,000 1b (4.5 kN) Operating, Access 75 pst 1000 (45 kN) Platforms, and (36 kNim?) Walkways Control, 0, t00pst(4@kNim?) | 1,000 10 (4.5 kN) HVAC Room Foors Manufacturing Floors and Storage Areas: 125 pst 2,000 naa (6OkNin) (@oKn) Heavy 250 pst 3,000 tp (2.0 kN’ (13 54N) Ground Supported | 25 psf NA Storage Tank Root | (12KNim*) “This 260 pat (12.0 KW) ve load includes small equipment “The loads provided inthis table are tobe used unless noted otherwise an the owners data sheet Uniform and concentrated live loads listed in Table 1 shall not be applied simultaneously. According to SEVASCE 7, concentrated loads equal to or greater than 1,000 Ib (4.5 kN) may be assumed to be uniformly distributed over an area of 25 ft (750 mm) by 2.5 ft (750 mm) and shall be located to produce the maximum load effects in the structural members. Stair treads shall be designed according to OSHA regulations or building code as applicable Live load reductions shall be in accordance with SEWASCE 7. For manufacturing floor areas not used for storage, the live load reduetion specified by SEV/ASCE 7 for lower live loads may be used. The loadings on handrails and guardrails for process equipment structures shall be in accordance with OSHA 1910. 4.13.10 The loadings on handrails and guardrails for buildings and structures under the jurisdiction of a building code shall be in accordance with the building code. 4.1.4 Wind Loads (W) Process Industry Practices 414d Unless otherwise specified, wind loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with SEVASCE 7 and the recommended guidelines for open fiame structures, pressure vessels, and pipe racks in ASCE Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Peirochemical Facilities. Page 9 of 30PIP srooto1s ‘COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘August 200 4.1.4.2 Site specific design parameters shall be in accordance with PIP CVCO1OI?. 4.1.4.3. The owner shall be consulted for the determination of the classification category. Comment: For process industry facilities, SEVASCE 7 Category Ill is the most likely classification because of the presence of hazardous materials. Category IL may be used if the owner can demonstrate that release of the hazardous material does not pose a threat to the public. Refer to SEVASCE 7-02, Section 1.5.2 and Table 1-1, for specific details. In some cases, it may be appropriate to select Category IV. 4.1.4.4 The full design wind load shall be used when calculating, (see Section 4.3.6). 4.1.4.5 A solid width of 1.5 ft (350 mm) shall be assumed when calculating the wind load on ladder cages. 4.1.4.6 Partial wind load (Wp) shall be based on the requirements of SEVASCE 37-02, Section 6.2.1, for the specified test or erection duration. The design wind speed shall be 68 mph (109 kph) (which is 0.75 x 90 mph [145 kph] according to SEVASCE 37 for test or «erection periods of less than 6 weeks). id drift 4.1.4.7 For test or erection periods of 6 weeks or more or if the test or cretion is ina hurricane-prone area and is planned during the peak hhurricane season (from August I to October 31 in the U.S.A), refer to SEVASCE 37-02, Section 6.2.1 44.5 Earthquake Loads (E) 4.1.5.1 Except for API Standard 650 ground-supported storage tanks, earthquake loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with SEWASCE 7, unless otherwise specified. Comment” The earthquake loads in SEVASCE 7 are limit state earthquake loads, and this should be taken into account if using allowable stress design methods o applying load factors from other codes. Earthquake loads for API Standard 650 storage tanks are allowable stress design loads, 4.1.5.2 Site specific design parameters shall conform to PIP CVCOI017. 4.1.5.3. ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities may also be used as a general reference for earthquake design Comment: Buildings and building-like structures, designed for earthquakes according to SEVASCE 7, are typically Page 10 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION Pip STC01015 August 2004 ‘Structural Design Criteria classified as Category III. In some cases, it may be appropriate to select Category IV. 4.1.5.4 Earthquake loading shall be determined using SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9.14, if SEVASCE 7 is used for the earthquake design of nonbuilding structures as defined in SEV/ASCE Section 9.14.1.1 and Table 9.14.5.1 Comment: Nonbuilding structures include but are not limited to elevated tanks of vessels, stacks, pipe racks, and cooling towers. 4.1.5.5. The importance factor “I” for nonbuilding structures shall be determined from SEVASCE 7-02, Table 9.14.5.1.2. ‘Comment: In general, for nonbuilding structures in petrochemical process units, select seismic use ‘group Il, giving an importance factor “I” of 1.25; however, in some cases, it may be appropriate to select seismic use group I or I 4.1.5.6 For the load combinations in Section 4.2, the following designations are used: E,= Earthquake load considering the unfactored operating dead load and the applicable portion of the unfactored structure dead load Ee Earthquake load considering the unfactored empty dead load and the applicable portion of the unfactored structure dead load 41.6 Impact Loads 4.1.6.1 Impact loads shall be in accordance with SEI/ASCE 7, 4.1.6.2. Impact loads for davis shall be the same as those for monorail cranes (powered). 4.1.6.3 Lifting lugs or pad eyes and internal members (included both end connections) framing into the joint where the lifting lug or pad eye is located shall be designed for 100% impact. 4.1.6.4 All other structural members transmitting lifting forces shall be designed for 15% impact. 4.1.6.5 Allowable stresses shall not be increased when combining impact with dead load. 44.7 Thermal Loads 4.1.7.1 For this Practice, thermal loads are designated by the following, nomenclature: ‘Ty T, Ag and Fy, where Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 30PIP STC01015 ‘Structural Design Criteria Pago 12 of 30 4172 4173 41.74 ALIS 4.1.7.6 477 COMPLETE REVISION ‘August 2004 Forces on vertical vessels, horizontal vessels, o heat ‘exchangers caused by the thermal expansion of the pipe attached to the vessel Self-straining forces caused by the restrained thermal expansion of structural steel in pipe racks or horizontal vessels and heat exchangers Ac Pipe anchor and guide forces F,= Pipe rack friction forces caused by the sliding of pipes or friction forces caused by the sliding of horizontal vessels or heat exchangers on their supports, in response to thermal expansion All support structures and elements thereof shall be designed to accommodate the loads or effects produced by thermal expansion and contraction of equipment and piping. ‘Thermal loads shall be included with operating loads in the appropriate load combinations. Thermal load shall have the same load factor as dead load ‘Thermal loads and displacements shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between ambient or equipment design temperature and installed temperature. To account for the significant increase in temperatures of steel exposed to sunlight, 35°F (20°C) shall be added to the maximum ambient temperature, Friction loads caused by thermal expansion shall be determined ing the appropriate static coefficient of friction. Coefficients of friction shall be in accordance with Table TABLE 2, COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION [ Steel to Steel 04 ‘Steel to Concrete 08 Proprietary Siding Surfaces or | According to Manufacturers Coatings (eg. “Teflon’) Instructions Friction loads shall be considered temporary and shall not be combined with wind or earthquake loads. However, anchor and guide loads (excluding their friction component) shall be combined ‘with wind or earthquake loads. For pipe racks supporting multiple pipes, 10% of the total piping ‘weight shall be used as an estimated horizontal friction load apt only to local supporting beams. However, an estimated friction load equal to 5% of the total piping weight shall be accumulated and carried into pipe rack struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and Foundations. Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 4178 4.1.79 PIP STCO1015 Structural Design Criteria Comment: Under normal loading conditions with multiple pipes, torsional effects on the local beam need not bbe considered because the pipes supported by the ‘beam limit the rotation of the beam to the extent that the torsional stresses are minimal. Under certain cireumstances, engineering judgement shall be applied to determine whether a higher fiction load and/or torsional effects should be used. Pipe anchor and guide foads shall have the same load factor as dead loads. Internal pressure and surge shall be considered for pipe anchor and guide loads. 4.1.7.10 Beams, struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations shall 4LTAL be designed to resist actual pipe anchor and guide loads. For local beam design, only the top flange shall be considered effective for horizontal bending unless the pipe anchor engages both flanges of the beam. 4.1.8 Bundle Pull Load (Bp) 41.8.1 418.2 4.183 Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers subject to ‘bundle pulling shall be designed for a horizontal load equal to 1.0 times the weight of the removable tube bundle but not less than 2,000 1b (9.0 KN). If the total weight of the exchanger is less than 2,000 Ib (9.0 KN), the bundle pull load is permitted to be taken as the total weight of the exchanger. Bundle pull load shall be applied at the center of the bundle. Comment: [ft can be assured that the bundles will be removed strictly by the use of a bundle extractor attaching directly to the exchanger (such that the bundle pull force is not transferred to the structure or foundation), the structure or foundation need not be designed for the bundle pull force. Such assurance ‘would typically require the addition of a sign posted on the exchanger to indicate bundle removal by an extractor only. ‘The portion of the bundle pull load at the sliding end support shall equal the friction force or half the total bundle pull load, whichever is less. The remainder of the bundle pull load shall be resisted at the anchor end support. 41.9 Traffic Loads 419.1 Process Industry Practices Buildings, wrenches, anc underground installations accessible to truck loading shall be designed to withstand HS20 load as defined by AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Page 13 of 20PIP sToot015 COMPLETE REVISION Structural Design Criteria, ‘August 2004 4.1.9.2 Maintenance or construction crane loads shall also be considered where applicable, 4.1.9.3 Truck or crane loads shall have the same load factor as live load. 4.4.10 Blast Load 41.101 Blast load is the foad on a structure caused by overpressure resulting from the ignition and explosion of flammable material or by overpressure resulting from a vessel burst. 4.1.10.2. Control houses or other buildings housing personnel and control equipment near processing plants may need to be designed for blast resistance. 4.1.103 Blast load shall be computed and applied in accordance with PIP STCOIOI8 and the ASCE Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities 4.4.11 Pressure Loads (Ground-Supported Tanks Only) For this Practice, pressure loads for ground-supported tanks are designated by the following nomenclature: P,P, and P,, where P,= design internal pressure external pressure P,= test intemal pressure 4.4.12 Snow Loads (S) 4.1.12.1 Unless otherwise specified, snow loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with SEVASCE 7. 4.1.12.2 Site specific design parameters shall be in accordance with PIP C¥COLOI7 4.2 Load Combinations 4.2.1 General Buildings, structures, equipment, vessels, tanks, and foundations shall be designed for the following a. Appropriate load combinations from SEV/ASCE 7 except as otherwise specified in this Practice. b. Local building codes Any other applicable design codes and standards 4. Any other probable and realistic combination of loads Page 14 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 Pip sTC01015 ‘Structural Design Criteria 4.2.2. Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations) 42.24 General Process Industry Practices Load combinations are provided in Sections 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.6 {or specific types of structures in both allowable stress design (ASD) and strength design format. a. Allowable Stress Design 1. The noncomprehensive list of typical load combinations for ich type of structure provided in Sections 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.6 shall be considered and used as applicable. 2. Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing all appropriate load combinations. ‘The use ofa one-third stress increase for load combinations Juding wind or earthquake loads shall not be allowed for designs using the AISC ASD. 4, Steel structures in Seismic Design Category D or higher shall use factored load combinations as specified in ANSUAISC 341-02, Part III (Allowable Stress Design Alternative) Comment The dead load factor used for the seismic uplift ASD load combinations is generally taken as 0.9. ‘This factor is greater than the 0.6 dead load factor used in the ASD load combinations of SEVASCE 7-02, Section 2, because the dead loads of nonbuilding structures are known toa higher degree of accuracy than are the corresponding dead loads of buildings. A dead load factor of 0.9 instead of 1.0 is used to account forthe effect of vertical seismic forces. ‘The use of this reduction is necessary because foundations sized using ASD loads, except for foundations for ground-supported storage tanks, are generally not required to consider the effect of vertical seismic forces. A dead load factor of 1.0 is used for the wind uplift ASD load combinations because of the higher accuracy of dead loads of nonbuilding structures. b. Strength Design 1. The noncomprehensive list of typical factored load combinations for each type of structure provided in Sections 4.2.2.2 through 4.2.2.6 shall be considered and used as applicable. 2, Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing all appropriate load combinations. Pago 18 of 30PIP sT001015 COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘August 2004 3. The following load combinations are appropriate for use with the strength design provisions of either AISC LRFD (third edition or later) or ACI 318 (2002 edition ot later) 4.2.22 General Plant Structures Load combinations for buildings and open frame structures shall be in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 2. 4.2.23 Vertical Vessels TABLE 3. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (SERVICE LOADS) Load Allowable Comb. ‘Stross No. | Load Combination | Multiplier | __Description 1 D.+D,+L 1100 | Operating Weight + Live Load 2 Dit Dot 100 | Operating Weight + Wor07Es) Wind or Earthquake 3 D+D.+W 100 | Empty Weight + Wind (Wind Uplift. Case) 4a | 09(0.+0)+07E* | 100 | Operating Weight + Earthquake (Earthquake Upit Case) 4 | 09(%.+)+07E° | 1.00 | Empty Weight + Earthquake (Georthquake Upiit a Case) 5 Ds + DF+ Wo 100 | Erection Weight + Partial Wind? 7 (Wind Uolit Case) 6 Dit Div We 120 “Test Weight + | Partial Wind Notes: For skit-supported vertical vessels and skit-supported elevated tanks classified as SUG lil in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 8, the critical earthquake provisions and implied load ‘combination of SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9.14.7 3.105, shall be followed b. Erection weight + partial wind is required only ifthe erection weight of the vessel is significant less than the empty weight ofthe vessel Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be Included in the caiculetions for operating load combinations, if deemed advisable The pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for ‘any thermal leads that are to be considered. Page 16 of 30 Process Industry PracticosCOMPLETE REVISION PIP sTo01015 August 2008 ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘TABLE 4 LOADING COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS — ‘STRENGTH DESIGN Load Comb. No, | Load Combination Description 1 14 (0.+D) Operating Weight 2 12(D:+03)#16L | Operating Weight + Live Load 3 12(D,+D,)+ Operating Weight + Wind or (16 Wort OE") Earthquake 4 | 09(0,+D)+16W Empty Weight + Wind (Wind upit case) 5a | 09(0,+D)+10E.° | Operating Weight + Earthquake (Earthquake Uplit Case) >| 09(D.+D)+10E.° | Empty Weight + Earthquake é (Earthquake Uplift Case) 6 | 09(0,+0)+16W, | Erection Weight + Partial Wind? (Wind Upift Case) iy 14(0.+D) Test Weight @ | 12(0.+D)+16We Test eight + Partial Wind Notes: 2 For skrt-supported vertical vessels and ski-supported elevated tanks classified as SUG Ill in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9, the citical earthquake provisions and implied load combination of ‘SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9 147 3.105, shall be folowes. Erection weight + partial wind is required only when the erection ‘weight of the vessel is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel. & Thnust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the calculations for operating load combinations, deemed ‘advisable. The pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to be considared. The same load factor as used for dead load shall be used Process Industry Practices Page 17 of 30PIP sToot01s ‘COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘August 2004 4.2.2.4 Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers TABLE 5. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (SERVICE LOADS) Load Allowable comb. Load Stress No. Combination | Multiplier Description 0 D.+Do+ 700 ‘Operating Weight + (Tor Fy ‘Thermal Expansion or Friction Force 2 D.+Do+L+ 100 ‘Operating Weight + (Tork Live Load + ‘Thermal Expansion or Friction Force 3 D+ Doe 1.00 Operating Weight + (Wor 07 E.) Wind or Earthquake 4 D.+D.+W 1.00, Empty Weight + Wind (Wind Uplift Case) 5a 09 (Ds +D.) + 1.00 Operating Weight + O7 E. Earthquake (Earthquake Uplift Case) Sb 0.9 (D.+D.) + 100 Empty Weight + O7 Ee Earthquake (Earthquake Uplift Case) 6 De + Dy + We: 1.00 Erection Weight + Partial Wind? (Wind Uplift Case) 7 De + De + We: 120 Test Weight + Partial Wind (For Horizontal Vessels ‘Oniy) 8 Ds + Def+ By 1.00 Empty Weight + Bundle Pull (For Heat Exchangers Only) Notes: 2. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously >The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers Shall be the losser of Tor F; & Erection weight + partial wind is required only when the erection eight ofthe vessel or exchanger is significantly less than the empty ‘weight of the vessel or exchanger 1d. Heat exchanger empty dead load willbe reduced during bundle pull because of the removal ofthe exchanger head. ©. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding caused by vessel or ‘exchanger expansion shall be considered in operating load. ‘combinations with wind or earthquake Page 18 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 PIP sToo1018 ‘Stuctural Design Criteria {Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the calculations for operating load combinations i deemed advisable. The pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to be Procoss industry Practices considered TABLE 6. LOADING COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS — STRENGTH DESIGN Load Comb. No. Load Combination Description 1 | 14(0.+0) +14 (Tor FP Operating Weight + ‘Thermal Expansion of Fition Force 2 | 12(D.+D)+18L+12 | _ Operating Weight + Live Load + Torri “Thermal Expansion or Friction Foca 3 42(D.+D5)* Operating Weight + (1eWort oe) Wind or Earthquake 4 09(0,+D)+18W Empty Weight + Wind (Wind Upit Case) Ba 09(0,*D,) +10 Es ‘Operating Weight + Earthavake (Earthquake Upitt Case) & 09(0,+D,) +108, Empty Weight + Earthquake ‘Earthquake Upiit Case) 6 09(0,+0)+18Wr Ereation Weight + Partial Wind® ‘Wind Upit Case) 7 14(0.+D) Test Weight (For Horizontal Vessels Only) 8 12(D,+D) +18 We “Test Weight + Partal Wind (For Horizontal Vessels Only) ° 12(0,+D.) +16 Bp Emply Weight + Bundle Pull (For Heat Exchangers Only) 70 09(0.+0.) +168 Emply Weght + Bundle Pull (or Heat Exchangers Gniy) (Bundle Pull Ut Case) Notes: a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall nt necessarily be applied simultaneously 'b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall be ‘the lesser of Tor FF © Erection weight + partial wind is required only when the erection weight of the vessel or exchanger is significant less than the empty weight of the vessel or ‘exehanger 1d Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pull because of the removal of the exchanger head Page 19 of 30Pir sTco1015 COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘August 2004 © Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding from vessel or ‘exchanger expansion shall be considered in operating load combinations with wind or earthquake, f Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be Included in the calculations for operating load combinations, if ‘deemed advisable. The pipe stress engineor shall be consulted for ‘any thermal loads that are to be considered. The same load factor as used for dead load shall be used 4.2.2.8 Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design ‘TABLE 7. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (SERVICE LOADS) Load Allowable Comb. Stress No. | Load Combination | Multiplier Description 1 | DeDersT+A | 100 | Operating Weight + | Friction Force + ‘Thermal Expansion + ‘Anchor Force 2 D+D,tAr 100 | Operating Weight + Worl 7E.) ‘Anchor + Wind or | Earthquake 3 D+ DS +W 100 | Empty Weight + Wind (Wind Uplit Case) 4a | 09(0)+06(0)+ | 100 | Operating Weight + 07 Eo! Earthquake (Earthquake Upitt Case) > 09 (0,+D.)+ 100 Empty Weight + OTE. Earthquake (Earthquake Upit Case) 5 Dede 120 Test Weight + We: Partial Wind* Notes: 2. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in the longitudinal direction because fiction and anchor leads wil normally govern b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously © O6Deis used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition B 4. FUllD, + D, value shall be used forthe calculation of Ee in load combination 4a 12 Test weight + partial wind normally is required only for local member design because test isnot typically performed on all pipes ‘simultaneously Pago 20 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 Process Industry Practices PIP STC01015 ‘Structural Design Criteria TABLE 8. LOADING COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS STRENGTH DESIGN Load Comb. No. | Load Combination Description 1 14 (D.+D.+Fr+T +A) Operating Weight + Fretion Force + ‘Thermal Expansion + ‘Anchor 2 12(D,+D,+A)+ Operating Weight + (@8Wor le) ‘Anchor + Wind or 7 Earthquake 3 09(0,+0,)+16W Empty Weight + Wind _ (Wind Uplift Case) 4a | 09(0.)+06(0,)+ 108." ‘Operating weight + Earthquake 7 (Earthquake Unit Case) * 0.9(0.+ +106, | Empty weight + Earthquake a (Earthquake Upift Case) 5 14(0.+D) Test Weight 6 12(D.+0)+16We | Test Weight + Partial Wind? Notes: 8. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in the longitudinal direction because fiction and anchor loads will normally govern b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously. © D6Dcis used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition De 4. Full, + Dy value shall be used forthe calculation of Es in load combination 4a Test weight + partial wind normally is required only for local member design because testis not typically performed on all pipes: simultaneously 4.2.2.6 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Load Combinations Load combinations for ground-supported storage tanks shall be taken from API Standard 650. Load combinations from API Standard 650 and modified for use with SEVASC. PIP nomenclature are shown in Table 9. 7 loads and Page 21 of 30,PIP sToot015 COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria “August 2004 TABLE 9. LOADING COMBINATIONS - ALLOWABLE STRESS. DESIGN (SERVICE LOADS) Load Comb. No. Load Combination Description 1 D+ Do + Pi Operating Weight + Internal Pressure" 2 D+ DP, Test Weight + a Test Pressure 3 D.+(BeorD.)+W+04R? | Empty or Operating ‘Weight + Wind +. Intemal Pressure 4 D.# (Os or Da) +W+04 Py Emply or Operating Weight + Wind + External Pressure 5 D.+D.+(Lors)+OaPe Operating Weight + Live or Snow + External Pressure 6 | D.+(Deord.)+04(Lors)+P, | — Empty or Operating ‘Weight + Live or Snow + External Pressure D+ Do+01S+E,°+04P) Operating Weight + Snow + Earthquake + Internal Pressure (Earthquake Uplit Case) 8 D,+D,+01S+E.° Operating Weight + ‘Snow + Earthquake Notes: Forinfernal pressures sufficient to It the tank shell according tothe tules of API Standard 650, tank, anchor bolts, and foundation shall bbe designed to the addtional requirements of API Standard 650 AopendixF 7 1b the ratio of operating pressure to design pressure exceeds 04, ‘the owner shall consider specifying a higher factor on design pressure in load combinations 3, 4, §, and 7 of Table 9 © Earthquake loads for API Standard 650 tanks taken from ‘SEVASCE 7 “bridging equations’ or from API Standard 650 already incluge the 0.7 ASD seismic load factor. 7 Load Combinations for Static Machinery, Skid and Modular Equipment, Filters, and Other Equipment Load combinations for static machinery, skid and modular equipment, filters, etc, shall be similar to the load combinations for vertical vessels Page 22 of 30 Process Industry PractioasCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 Pip sTco1015 ‘Structural Design Criteria 4.2.3 Test Combinations 423.1 423.2 4233 423.5 423.6 Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing the appropriate application of test load combinations to adequately address actual test conditions in accordance with project and code requirements while avoiding overly conservative design Consideration shall be given to the sequence and combination of testing for various equipment, vessels, tanks. and/or piping systems supported on common structures, pipe racks, or foundations. Pull wind and earthquake foads are typically not combined with test loads unless an unusually long test duration is planned (i. if significant probability exists that the “partial wind velocity” will be exceeded or an earthquake event may occur). Additional loading shall be included with test if specified in the contract documents. For allowable stress design, a 20% allowable stress increase shall be peimitted for any test load combination. For ultimate strengtilimit states design, no load factor reduction shall be permitted for any test load combination, 4.3 Structural Design 43.4 Process Industry Practices Steel 43.1.1 43.12 43.13 Stee! design shall be in accordance with AISC ASD or AISC LRFD specifications. For cold-formed shapes, design shall be in accordance with AISI specifications. Steel joists shall be designed in accordance with SJI standards. Comment Supplement number 1 to the AISC ASD. specification deleted the one-third stress inerease for use with load combinations including wind or earthquake loads. Because of the deletion of the ‘one-third stress inerease, designs made to the AISC LRED specifications should be considered for economy. Steel design, including steel joists and metal decking, shall be designed in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1926, Subpart R, to provide structural stability during erection and to protect employees from the hazards associated with steel erection activities. Comment: Common requirements that affect ste follow (this is not an all inclusive list): design areas 4. All column base plates shall be designed with a minimum of four anchor bolts. Posts (which weigh less than 300 Ib Pago 23 of 30Pip sT001015 Structural Design Criteria Pago 24 of 30 43.15 COMPLETE REVISION ‘August 2004 [136 kg}) are distinguished from columns and are excluded fiom the four-anchor bolt requirement. b. Columns, column base plates, and their foundations shall be designed to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 Ib (136 kg) located 18 inches (450 mm) fiom the extreme outer face of the column in each direction atthe top of the column shaft. Column splices shall be designed to meet the same load resisting characteristics as those of the columns. ¢. Double connections through column webs or at beams that frame over the tops of columns shall be designed so that at least cone installed bolt remains in place to support the first beam while the second beam is being erected. The fabricator may also supply a seat or equivalent device with a means of positive attachment to support the first beam while the second beam is being erected. 4, Perimeter columns shall extend 48 inches (1,200 mm) above the finished floor (unless constructability does not allow) to allow the installation of perimeter safety cables, Provision shall ‘be made for the attachment of safety cables. e. Structural members of framed metal deck openings shall be turned down to allow continuous decking, except where not allowed by design constraints or constructability. The openings in the metal deck shall not be cut until the hole is needed, f. Shear stud connectors that will project vertically from or horizontally across the top flange of the member shall not be attached to the top flanges of beams, joists, or beam attachments until after the metal decking or other ‘walking/working surface has been installed, All welded structural connections shall use weld filler material conforming to AWS D 1.1, Section 3.3 (including Table 3.1), and hhave an electrode strength of 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum yield strength and 70 ksi (480 MPa) tensile strength, unless otherwise required. Structural steel wide-flange shapes, including WT shapes, shall be in accordance with ASTM 4992/4992M, unless otherwise specified. All other structural shapes, plates, and bars shall be in accordance with ASTM 436/436M, unless otherwise specified. Preference in design shall be given to shop-welded, field-bolted ‘connections. ‘Compression flanges of floor beams, not supporting equipment, may be considered braved by decking (concrete or floor plate) if positively connected thereto. 4.3.1.10 Grating shall not be considered as lateral bracing for support beams. Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION PIP sTooto1s August 2004 ‘Structural Design Criteria 43.1.1 Except as specified in Section 4.3.1.13 or if pretensioned or slip- critical connections are required by the AISC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or 4490 Bolts, all bolts, 3/4 inches (19 mm) and larger (except anchor bolts) shall be type-N (bearing-type with threads included in the shear plain) high-strength ASTM 4325 bolts 4.3.1.12 Bolt size shall be as follow: a Structural members - 3/4 inch (19 mm) minimum b. Railings, ladders, purlins, and girts - 5/8 inch, (16 mm) ASTM A307 43.1.13 Minimum thickness of bracing gusset plates shall be 3/8 inch (10 mm). 4.3.2 Concrete 4.3.2.1 Conerete design shall be in accordance with ACT 318/318R 4.3.2.2 Conerete design for liquid-containing structures shall also be designed in accordance with ACI 350R. 4.3.2.3 Unless otherwise specified, all reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with ASTM 4615/4615M Grade 60 deformed, 43.2.4 ASTM A615 Grade 60 plain wire conforming to ASTM 482 may be used for spiral reinforcement. 4.3.2.5 Welded wire fabric shall conform to ASTM A185. 4.3.2.6 Reinforcement designed to resist earthquake-induced flexural and axial forces in frame members and in wall boundary elements shall be in accordance with ASTM 4706, ASTM A615 Grade 60 reinforcement is acceptable for these members under the following, conditions: a. The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed the specified yield strength by more than 18,000 psi (124 MPa) (retests shall not exceed this value by more than an additional 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa). b. The ratio of the actual ultimate tensile strength to the actual tensile yield strength is not less than 1.25, 4.3.2.7 Precast and prestressed concrete shall be in accordance with the PCI Design Handbook 43.3. Masonry Masonry design shall be in accordance with ACI S30/ASCE 5. 4.3.4 Elevator Supports Elevator support design shall be in accordance with ASME A17 J. Process Industry Practices Page 25 of 30Pip sTc01015 COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Criteria ‘August 2004 4.3.5 Crane Supports 4.3.5.1 Vertical deflection of support runway girders shall not exceed the following limits given in Table 10 if loaded with the maximum, wheel load(s), without impact (where L = the span length). TABLE 10. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GIRDER DEFLECTIONS Top Running GMAA Glass A,B and © Cranes 0600 Top Running GVAA Glss Cranes 800 Top Running GMAA Glass E and F Oranes i000 Under Ruming CMAA Clas A 8, ond © Cranes | Las0 Monorals - W450 43.52 Vertical deflection of jib crane support beams shall not exceed 1L/225 (where L. = the maximum distance from the support column to Joad location along the length of the jib beam) if loaded with the ‘maximum lifted plus hoist load{s), without impact. 4.3.53 Lateral deflection of support runway girders for cranes with lateral moving trolleys shall not exceed L400 (where L. = the span length) ‘when loaded with a total crane lateral force not less than 20% of the sum of the weights of the lifted load (without impact) and the erane trolley. The lateral force shall be distributed to each runway gitder with consideration for the lateral stiffness of the runway girders and the structure supporting the runway girders. 4.3.5.4 Crane stops shall be designed in accordance with the crane ‘manufacturer's requirements or, if not specified, for the following load: F=WV(2gTn) where: F = _ Design force on crane stop, kios (kN) W. = 50% of bridge weight + 90% of trolley weight, excluding the lifted load, kips (kN) V_ = _ Rated crane speed, fisec (m/sec) 9 Acceleration of gravity, 322 fisec* (9.8 msec”) T Length of travel (f) of spring or plunger required to stop crane, from crane manufacturer, typically 0.15 f (0.05 m) n= Bumper efficiency factor (0 5 for helical springs consult crane manufacturer for hydraulic plunger) Page 26 of 30 Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION August 2004 4.3.6 Allowable Drift Limi 43.7 Process Industry Practices 43.6.1 43.62 PIP sToo1015 ‘Structural Design Criteria Allowable wind dift limits for pipe racks shall not exceed H/100 (where H = pipe rack height). Except as indicated in the following subsections, the allowable wind. story drift limits for occupied buildings shall not exceed H/200 (where H = story height) Allowable wind drift limits for pre-engineered metal buildings shall not exceed 11/80 (where H = building height) Allowable wind drift limits for a building with a bridge crane that is required to be in service even during hurricanes shall not exceed 11/400 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less (where H = the height from the base of the crane suppor structure to the top of the runway girder) Allowable wind drift limits for buildings with bridge cranes that will not be in service during hurricanes shall not exceed H/140 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less (see Section 4.3.6.4 for definition of H). Allowable wind drift limits for process structures and personnel access platforms shall not exceed 11/200 (where H= structure height at elevation of drift consideration). Allowable seismic drift limits shall be in accordance with SEWASCE 7. Foundations 43.71 43.72 43.73 Foundation design shall be based on the results of a geotechnical engineering investigation. The minimum overturning “stability ratio” for service loads other than earthquake shall be 1-5 (see Section 4.3.74 for the minimum overturning “stability ratio” for earthquake loads). For foundation design of buildings and open frame structures, ifthe dead load factor is 0.6 in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 2, the minimum overturning “stability ratio” shall be 1.0 Comment: This requirement is consistent with SEVASCE 7 provisions, in which the “factor of safety” is built into the 0.6 “dead load factor” in the load combinations. ‘The minimum factor of safety against sliding for service loads other than earthquake shall be 1.5 (see Section 4.3.7.4 for the minimum sliding factor of safety for earthquake loads). For foundation design of buildings and open frame structures, ifthe dead loed factor is 0.6 in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 2, the minimum factor of safety against sliding shall be 1.0 Page 27 of 30Pip sT01015 ‘Structural Design Cnteria 43.74 43.710 43.711 COMPLETE REVISION ‘August 2004 Comment: This requirement is consistent with SEWASCE 7 provisions, in which the “factor of safety” is built into the 0.6 “dead load factor” in the load combinations. Overtuming and sliding caused by earthquake loads shall be checked in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9. The minimum overturning “stability ratio” and the minimum factor of safety against sliding for earthquake service loads shall be 1.0. In addition, the minimum overturning “stability ratio” for the anchorage and foundations of skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevated tanks classified as SUG III in accordance with SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9, shall be 1.2 for the critical earthquake loads specified in SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9.14.7.3.10.5 For earthquake loads calculated by the “Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure” in SEV/ASCE 7, additional stability checks shall be done in accordance with SEVASCE 7-12, Section 9, Section 9.5.5.6, “Overtuming.” For foundations designed using seismic load combination from Tables 3, 5, and 7 of this Practice, the reduction in the foundation overturning moment permitted in SEVASCE 7-02, Section 9, Section 9.5.5.6, “Overturning,” shall not be used ‘The minimum factor of safety against buoyancy shall be 1.2 if using actual unfactored service loads. Long-term and differential settlement shall be considered if designing foundations supporting interconnected, settlement- sensitive equipment or piping systems. Because OSHA requires shoring or the equivalent for excavations 5 (1,525 mm) deep or greater and because itis costly to shore excavations, minimizing the depth of spread footings shall be considered in the design. Unless otherwise specified, the top of grout (bottom of base plate) of pedestals and ringwalls shall be 1 ft (300 mm) above the high point of finished grade, Except for foundations supporting ground-supported storage tanks, uplift load combinations containing earthquake loads do not need to include vertical earthquake forces if used to size foundations. Foundations for ground-supported storage tanks that have sufficient internal pressure to lift the shell shall be designed for the requirements of API Standard 650 Appendix F.7.5, 4.3.8 Supports for Vibrating Machinery Page 28 of 30 43.8.1 Machinery foundations shall be designed in accordance with PIP REIE686, Chapter 4, equipment manufacturer's recommendations, and published design procedures and criteria for dynamic analysis. Process Industry PracticesCOMPLETE REVISION Pip sToor015 August 2004 ‘Structural Design Criteria 43.82 Ifequipment manufacturer's vibration criteria are not available, the ‘maximum velocity of movement during steady-state normal operation shall be limited to 0.12 inch (3.0 mm) per second for centrifugal machines and to 0.15 inch (3.8 mm) per second for reciprocating machines. 4.3.83. Support structures or foundations for centrifugal machinery greater than 500 horsepower shall be designed for the expected dynamic forces using dynamic analysis procedures. 4.3.84 For centrifugal machinery less than 500 horsepower, inthe absence ofa detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at least three times the total machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the equipment manufacturer. 4.3.8.5 For reciprocating machinery less than 200 horsepower, in the absence of a detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall bbe designed to be at least five times the total machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the manufacturer. 4.3.86 The allowable soil-bearing or allowable pile capacity for foundations for equipment designed for dynamic loads shall be a ‘maximum of half ofthe normal allowable for stati loads. 4.3.8.7 The maximum eccentricity between the center of gravity of the ‘combined weight of the foundation and machinery and the bearing, surface shall be 5% in each direction. 4.3.8.8 Structures and foundations that support vibrating equipment shall have a natural frequency that is outside the range of 0.80 to 1,20 times the exciting frequeney. 4.3.9. Anchor Bolts 4.3.9.1 Anchor bolts shall be headed type or threaded rods with compatible nuts using ASTM A36/436M, 4307, F15S4 Grade 36, F1554 Grade 55, F1554 Grade 105, 4193/4193M Grade BT, 4354 Grade BC, or 4354 Grade BD material 43.9.2 AILASTM A36/436M, A307, and F1554 Grade 36 anchor bolts shall be hot dip galvanized 4.3.93 Anchor bolt design shall be in accordance with PIP STE05121 4.3.10 Wood ‘Wood design shall be in accordance with the American Forest and Paper Association National Design Specification for Wood Construction and with the NDS Supplement - Design Values for Wood Construction. 4.3.11 Design of Drilled Shafts al reinforcement shall be 0.50% of the pier gross od to resist axial loads and bending moments. Process Industry Practices Page 29 of 30Pip sToo101s ‘COMPLETE REVISION ‘Structural Design Gnteria “August 2004 43.11.2 The minimum clear spacing of vertical bars shall not be less than ‘three times the maximum coarse aggregate size nor less than three ‘times the bar diameter. 43.113 Reinforcing steel shall allow a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of concrete cover on piers without casing and 4 inches (100 mm) of concrete cover on piers in which the casing will be withdrawn, 4.3.12 Design of Driven Piles 4.3.12.1 Unless otherwise specified or approved, the pile types specified in PIP STS02360 shall be used 4.3.12.2 In addition to in-place conditions, piles shall be designed to resist handling, transportation, and installation stresses. 4.3.12.3 Unless otherwise specified, the exposure condition shall be evaluated to establish the corrosion allowances for steel piles. 4.3.12.4 The top of piles shall penetrate a minimum of 4 inches (100 mm) into the pile cap. 44 — Existing Structures If the owner and the engineer of record agree that the integrity of the existing structure is 100% of the original capacity based on the design code in effect at the time of original design, structural designs shall be performed in accordance with the following: 44.1 Ifadditions or alterations to an existing structure do not increase the force in any structural element or connection by more than $%, no further analysis required 4.4.2 _ If the increased forces on the element or connection are greater than 5%, the element or connection shall be analyzed to show that it is in compliance with the applicable design code for new construction, 443 The strength of any structural element or connection shall not be decreased to less than that requited by the applicable design code or standard for new construction for the structure in question. Page 30 of 30 Process Industry Practices