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Module 2.4 Other Equations in One Variable

The document discusses sets and set operations including unions and intersections. It covers different types of numbers as sets such as natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers.

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Saitama Kalbo

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

35 views

Module 2.4 Other Equations in One Variable

Uploaded by

Saitama Kalbo

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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A. .....................................................................................................................

A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) ..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method

2.4
2) ......................................................................................................
2) ...................................................................................................... Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality

II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets

IV. .............................................................................................
IV. ............................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System

V.
V.
InequalityI. ............................................................................................ Introduction to Sets
OUTLINE: ............................................................................................ Introduction to Sets
InequalityI.
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
I. One-Variable
1) Equations Involving Radicals
..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method
II. 2) ......................................................................................................
2) ...................................................................................................... Set
One-Variable Equations that are Quadratic in Form Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
B. .......................................................................................................................Set Equality
B. .......................................................................................................................
III. One-Variable Equations of Higher Degree Set Equality

IV. Absolute
II. Value Equations
II. ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
A. ......................................................................................
A. ...................................................................................... The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets

V. ...................................................................................................................
V. ................................................................................................................... Inequality
Inequality

VI. ................................................................
VI. ................................................................ Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on aa Number
Number Line
Line

Theorem 1 B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality

II. ............................................................................................................
If 𝐸 and
II. 𝐹 are algebraic expressions, then
............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
A. ......................................................................................
A. ......................................................................................
𝐸=𝐹
The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets

III. ..............................................................................................
is an algebraic
III. equation, and its solution set is a subset of the solution
.............................................................................................. The
The Set ofset
Set of Realof
Real the
Numbers
Numbers
equation A. A. ........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. ..........................................................................................................
B. 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛
.......................................................................................................... The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ...................................................................................................................... The
where n is any positive integer. The Integers
Integers
D. .......................................................................................................
D. ....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
The theorem
E. follows immediately from the fact that if a and b are
....................................................................................................... complex
The numbers
Irrational Numbers
E........................................................................................................ The Irrational Numbers
and a = b, F.then an = bn , where n is any positive integer.
.............................................................................................................. The Real Numbers
F. .............................................................................................................. The Real Numbers

Illustration 1 G. ................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers asas Subsets
Subsets

V.
V. 𝑥=5
InequalityI. ............................................................................................
InequalityI. ............................................................................................ Introduction
Introduction to to Sets
Sets
has the solution set {5}. If we square each side, we obtain the equation
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. .....................................................................................................................
2
Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) x = 25
..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method
2) ......................................................................................................
2) ...................................................................................................... Set
which has the solution set {±5}. The solution set of the first equation is a subset Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
of the solution set of the second.
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. ....................................................................................................................... Set
Set Equality
Equality

II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
I. One-Variable
A. Equations Involving Radicals
......................................................................................
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets
The Union and Intersection of Sets

TheoremIII.
III.1..............................................................................................
is used to solve an equation having term involving one
.............................................................................................. Theor
The Setmore
Set of Realradicals.
of Real Numbers
Numbers
The first step is to obtain an equivalent equation having the term involving the most
A. ........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
complicated radical on one side and all the other terms on the other side. Then,
B. ..........................................................................................................
B.
applying Theorem 1, we raised both sides of the equation to the power
.......................................................................................................... The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
corresponding to the index of the radical.
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
D. ....................................................................................................... The Rational Numbers
D. ....................................................................................................... The Rational Numbers
Illustration 2
E........................................................................................................
E.
To solve the equation
....................................................................................................... The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. √2x + 5 + x = 5
.............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
we first add
G. −x to both sides and get the equivalent equation
................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets of Numbers as Subsets
Sets of Numbers as Subsets
√2x + 5 = 5 − x (1)
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
Now, with the radical alone on one side of the equation, we apply Theorem 1
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
with n V.
= 2 and square both sides to obtain
V. ...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2
Inequality
Inequality
2
(√2x + 5) = (5 − x)
VI. ................................................................
VI. ................................................................
2x + 5 = 25 − 10x + Representing
Representing
x2
Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on on aa Number
Number Line
Line
x 2 − 12x + 20 = 0
VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. .......................................................................................................... AbsoluteAbsolute Value
Value
(x − 10)(x − 2) = 0

x − 10 = 0 x−2 = 0
VI. ................................................................
VI. ................................................................
x = 10 Representing
x = 2 Real
Representing Real Numbers
Numbers on
on aa Number
Number Line
Line

We needVII. to
VII. check the solutions we have solved because according to Theorem
..........................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................... Absolute
Absolute Value1,
Value
the solution of the original equation is a subset what we solved.
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
x − 10 = 0 x−2 = 0
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. .....................................................................................................................
x = 10 x = 2
Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) ..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method
We need to2) ......................................................................................................
2)check the solutions we have solved because accordingSet
...................................................................................................... toBuilder
Set Theorem
Builder 1,
Notation
Notation
the solution
B. of the original equation is a subset what we solved.
B. .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... Set
Set Equality
Equality
√2x + 5 + x =? 5 √2x + 5 + x =? 5
II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations
√2(10) + 5 + (10) =? 5 √2(2) + 5 + (2) =? 5 Set Operations
A. ......................................................................................
A. ...................................................................................... The
15 ≠ 5 The Union
5 = 5 Union and
and Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets

10 is not a solution 2 is a solutionThe Set of Real Numbers

III. ..............................................................................................
III. .............................................................................................. The Set of Real Numbers
∴ The solution set of Equation (1) is {2}.
A. ........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. ..........................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................... The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
In Illustration
C. 2, the number 10 is called an extraneous solution of Equation
C. ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... The (1);
The Integers
Integers
it was introduced when both sides were squared. The reason that this
D. .......................................................................................................
D. ....................................................................................................... The extraneous
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
solution was introduced should be apparent after you read Illustration 3.
E........................................................................................................ The Irrational Numbers
E........................................................................................................ The Irrational Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. .............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
Illustration 3
G. ................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
If both sides of the equation
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. ............................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
−√2x + 5 = 5 − x
V.
are squared,
V. we obtain
InequalityI. ............................................................................................
InequalityI. ............................................................................................
2 Introduction
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
(−√2x + 5) = (5 − x)2
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) 25 − 10x
.............................................................................................................. Roster Method
2x + 5 =
1) ..............................................................................................................
2 Roster Method
2) + x
...................................................................................................... Set Builder Notation
2) ...................................................................................................... Set Builder Notation
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality
which is equivalent to the equation in Illustration 2. We showed that the
II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................ Set roots are
Set Operations
Operations
10 and 2.A.Substituting each of these numbers into Equation (3), we have
...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets

III. ..............................................................................................
III.
−√2x + 5 + x =? 5
..............................................................................................
√2x + 5 + x The
The?Set of Real Numbers
= Set5of Real Numbers
A. ........................................................................................................
A. =? 5 =The
........................................................................................................
−√2(10) + 5 + (10) −√2(2) + 5 + (2) ? 5
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. ..........................................................................................................
B. 5 = 5 −1 ≠ The
.......................................................................................................... The5Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
10 is a solution 2 is not a solution
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
∴ The solution set {10}.
D. .......................................................................................................
D. ....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E........................................................................................................
E. ....................................................................................................... The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. .............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G. ................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
Example 1 Find the solution set of the given equation
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. ............................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
√x√x − 8 = 3
V. ...................................................................................................................
V. ................................................................................................................... Inequality
Inequality
Solution We square both sides of the equation
VI. ................................................................
VI. 2
................................................................
(3)
Representing
Representing
2
Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on aa Number
Number Line
Line
(√x√x − 8) =
VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. x(x − 8) = 9
.......................................................................................................... Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
x 2 − 8x = 9

Checking
II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
A. ......................................................................................
√9√9 − 8 = 3?
A. ......................................................................................
√−1√ (−1) −8 The
The Union
? and Intersection of Sets
3 and Intersection of
=Union Sets
? 3
3(1) = i(3i) =? 3 Set of Real Numbers
III. ..............................................................................................
III. .............................................................................................. The The Set of Real Numbers
3 = 3 −3 ≠ 3
A. ........................................................................................................
A.
9 is a solution -1 is not a solution
........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. ..........................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................... The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
∴ The solution set is {9}.
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
ExampleD.2 Find the solution set of the given equation
....................................................................................................... The Rational Numbers
D. ....................................................................................................... The Rational Numbers
E. √3 − 3x − √3x + 2 = 3
E........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................... The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
Solution F. We first write an equivalent equation in which one radical
F. ..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. TheisReal
The isolated
Real on
Numbers
Numbers
one side. Then, after applying Theorem 1, we obtain another equation
G. ................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets
Sets of
involving
of Numbers
Numbers as
a
as Subsets
Subsets
radical. So, we use the same procedure for the new equation.
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. ............................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
√3 − 3x − √3x + 2 = 3
V.
V. √3 − 3x = 3 + √3x + 2
InequalityI. ............................................................................................
InequalityI. 2
............................................................................................
= (3 + √3x + 2)
Introduction
2
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
(√3 − 3x)
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. .....................................................................................................................
3 − 3x = 9 + 6√3x + 2 +Roster 3x
Set
Set+Notation
Notation
2
1) ..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Method
2) −6√3x + 2 = 6x + 8
2) ......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
−3√3x + 2 = 3x + 4
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
2 Set Equality
Equality
2
(−3√3x + 2) = (3x + 4)
II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................
9(3x + 2) = 9x 2 + 24x + 16Set Operations
Set Operations

A. ......................................................................................
A. 27x + 18 = 9x
...................................................................................... The
The2 Union
+ 24x
Union and
+Intersection
and 16
Intersection of Sets
of Sets
9x 2 − 3x − 2 = 0
III. ..............................................................................................
III. ..............................................................................................
(3x − 2)(3x + 1) = 0
The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A. ........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. 3x
..........................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................... The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
= 0 3x + 1 = 0
−2
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
2 1
D. x = x = −
.......................................................................................................
D. ....................................................................................................... The Rational Numbers
The Rational Numbers
3 3
E........................................................................................................
E. .......................................................................................................
Checking
The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. .............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
2 2 1
G. ................................................................................................
? 1 of
Sets Numbers? as Subsets
√3 −G.3................................................................................................
( ) − √3 ( ) + 2 = 3 √3 − 3 (− ) − √3 (− Sets )of+Numbers
2 = as 3 Subsets
3 3 3 3
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. .............................................................................................
?
The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
? System
√1 − √4 = 3 √4 − √1 = 3
V. 1 − 2 =? 3 2 − 1 =? Inequality
V. ...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... 3
Inequality
−1 ≠ 3 1 ≠ 3
VI. ................................................................
VI. ................................................................
2 Representing
Representing
1 Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on aa Number
Number Line
Line
is not a solution − 3 is not a solution
3
VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. .......................................................................................................... Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
∴ Therefore, the solution set is ∅.

V.
V. x−3 = 0 x − 11 = 0
InequalityI. ............................................................................................
InequalityI. x = 3 x = 11
............................................................................................ Introduction
Introduction to to Sets
Sets
A. .....................................................................................................................
A.
Checking
..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) ..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method
√2(3) +2) 2)3......................................................................................................
− √3 − 2 − 2 =? 0 √2(11) + 3 − √11 − 2 − 2Set
...................................................................................................... Set= Builder
? 0 Notation
Builder Notation
√9 − √1 − 2 =? 0 √25 − √9 − 2 =? Set
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. ....................................................................................................................... 0 Equality
Set Equality
3 − 1 − 2 =? 0 5 − 3 − 2 =? 0
II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................
0 = 0
Set Operations
0 =Set Operations
0
A. ......................................................................................
A. 3 is a solution 11 is a solution
...................................................................................... The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets

III. ..............................................................................................
III.
∴ The solution set is {3, 11}.
.............................................................................................. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A. ........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
II. One-Variable Equations that are Quadratic in Form
B. .......................................................................................................... The Whole Numbers
B. ..........................................................................................................
An equation in a single variable x is said to be quadratic in form if it The canWhole Numbers
be written
as C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
2
D. 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑐 = 0
.......................................................................................................
D. ....................................................................................................... The Rational Numbers
The Rational Numbers
where a ≠ E.0.......................................................................................................
and u is an algebraic expression in x. The Irrational Numbers
E........................................................................................................ The Irrational Numbers
Illustration 4
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. .............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
The following equations are quadratic in form.
G. ................................................................................................ Sets of Numbers as
as Subsets
−................................................................................................
a) x 4 G. 2x 2 − 15 = 0 is quadratic in x 2 because if u = x 2 , the Setsequation
of NumbersbecomesSubsets
2
u − 2u − 15 = 0.
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. ............................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
b) The equation 2x 2⁄3
− 5x 1⁄3
− 3 = 0 is quadratic in x 1⁄3
because if u Inequality
= x 1⁄3 ,
V. ...................................................................................................................
V. ................................................................................................................... Inequality
the equations becomes 2u2 − 5u − 3 = 0.
VI. ................................................................
1 2 1 Representing Real
................................................................ Numbers on
on aa Number
Number Line
1
c) VI.
The equation 3 (4x − x) − 4 (4x − x)Representing − 15 = 0 Realis Numbers
quadratic in 4x Line
−x
VII. ..........................................................................................................
1
.......................................................................................................... Absolute Value
because
VII. if u = 4x − , the equation becomes 3u2 − 4u − 15 = 0.Absolute Value
x

VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. .......................................................................................................... AbsoluteAbsolute Value
Value
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set Notation
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set Notation
Example 4 Find the solution set of the given equation
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. .....................................................................................................................
4 2
Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) x − 2x − 15 = 0
..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method
2) ......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
2)Let Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
Solution u = x . The equation becomes
2
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality
u2 − 2u − 15 = 0
II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations
We solve the equation for u.
II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations
A. ......................................................................................
A. ......................................................................................
(u
The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets
− 5)(u + 3) = 0
III. ..............................................................................................
III. u−5 = 0
..............................................................................................
u+3 = 0 The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A. ........................................................................................................
A. u = 5 u = −3
........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. ..........................................................................................................
Now,
B. we replace u with x 2 and solve the resulting equations The
.......................................................................................................... The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
C. ......................................................................................................................
C.
x2 = 5 x 2 = −3
...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
D. .......................................................................................................
D. x = ±√5 x = ±√−3
....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
E........................................................................................................
E. x = ±i√3
....................................................................................................... The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. .............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
∴ The Solution set is {±√5, ±i√3}.
G. ................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets
Sets of
of Numbers
Numbers as
as Subsets
Subsets
Example 5 Find the solution set of the given equation
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
2x 2⁄3 − 5x 1⁄3 − 3 = 0
V.
V.
Solution Let
InequalityI.
InequalityI. u = x 1⁄3 . The equation becomes
............................................................................................
............................................................................................ Introduction
Introduction to
to Sets
Sets
2u2 − 5u − 3 = 0
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) ..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster
Roster Method
Method
2) (2u + 1)(u − 3) = 0
...................................................................................................... Set Builder Notation
2) ...................................................................................................... Set Builder Notation
2u + 1 = 0 u−3 = 0
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. ....................................................................................................................... Set
Set Equality
Equality
1
u = − u = 3
II. ............................................................................................................
II. 2
............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
A.
Replacing......................................................................................
u by x , we get
1 ⁄3
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets
The Union and Intersection of Sets

III. 1
III. ..............................................................................................
1
.............................................................................................. The
The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
x 1⁄3 = − x 3 = 3
Numbers
2
A. ........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
3 1 3
3 1 3
(x 1⁄3 ) = (− ) (x 3 ) = (3)
B. ..........................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................... The
The Whole
Whole Numbers
Numbers
2
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. 1
...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
x = − x = 27
D. 8
D. .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
1
TheE.
E.solution set of the original equation is {− , 27}.
.......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................... The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
8
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. .............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G. ................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets of Numbers as Subsets
Sets of Numbers as Subsets
Example 6 Find the solution set of the given equation
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. .............................................................................................
2
The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
1 1
3 (4x − ) − 4 (4x − ) − 15 = 0
V. ...................................................................................................................
V. x x
................................................................................................................... Inequality
Inequality
1
Solution
VI. Let u = 4x − x. The equation becomes
VI. ................................................................
................................................................ Representing
Representing Real
Real Numbers
Numbers on
on aa Number
Number Line
Line
2
3u − 4u − 15 = 0
VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. .......................................................................................................... Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
(3u + 5)(u − 3) = 0

We haveIV. .............................................................................................
IV.solved quadratic equations in standard form by factoring
............................................................................................. Thethe
The Real left
Real sideSystem
Number
Number and
System
setting each
V.
factor equal to zero. This procedure can also be used to solve some
V.
higherInequalityI.
degree equations. For instance, in Example 4, we solved the Introduction
............................................................................................ equation to Sets
InequalityI. ............................................................................................ Introduction to Sets
x 4 − 2x 2 − 15 = 0
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
by letting u =2)x......................................................................................................
1) 2
. An alternative method is to factor the left side andSet get
.............................................................................................................. Roster
Builder
Method
Notation
2) ...................................................................................................... Set Builder Notation
2
(x − 5)(x + 3) = 02
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality
and then set each factor equal to zero to obtain
II. ............................................................................................................
II. ............................................................................................................ Set
Set Operations
Operations
A. x 2
− 5 = 0 and x 2
+ 3 =
......................................................................................0The Union and Intersection of Sets
Sets
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of
The solutions of these equations give the solution set of the original equation. In the
III. .............................................................................................. The Set
Set of
of Real
Real Numbers
followingIII.example, we apply the same method to a third-degreeThe
.............................................................................................. equation. Numbers
A. ........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
III. One-Variable Equations of Higher Degree
B. ..........................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................... The Whole Numbers
The Whole Numbers
ExampleC. 7 Find the solution set of the given equation
C. ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... The
The Integers
Integers
3
D. x =8
D. .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
Solution The given equation is equivalent to
E........................................................................................................
E. ....................................................................................................... The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F. x3 − 8 = 0
.............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G. ................................................................................................ Sets
Sets of Numbers as Subsets
of Numbers as
Recall that a − b = (a − b)(a + ab + b ). Using this formula where a is x, and b is
G. 3................................................................................................
3 2 2 Subsets
2, we canIV. factor the left side to obtain
............................................................................................. The Real Number System
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
(x − 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4) = 0
V. ...................................................................................................................
V. ................................................................................................................... Inequality
Inequality
Setting each factor equal to zero and solving the resulting equations, we have
VI. ................................................................
VI. ................................................................ Representing Real Numbers on a Number Line
2 Representing Real Numbers on a Number Line
x−2 = 0 x + 2x + 4 = 0
−2 ± √4 − Absolute
VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. .......................................................................................................... 16
Absolute Value
Value
x = 2 x =
2

II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations

∴The solution set is {2, −1 ± i√3}.
II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations
A. ......................................................................................
A. ...................................................................................... The
The Union
Union and
and Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets

III. .............................................................................................. The Set of Real Numbers

ObserveIII.
in..............................................................................................
Example 7 that because x 3 = 8, x is a cube root of 8.The Therefore, the
Set of Real Numbers
solutions are
A. cube roots of 8; one is real and two are imaginary. The Natural Numbers
........................................................................................................
A. ........................................................................................................ The Natural Numbers
B. .......................................................................................................... The Whole Numbers
IV. Absolute Value Equation
B. .......................................................................................................... The Whole Numbers
C. ...................................................................................................................... The Integers
C. ...................................................................................................................... The Integers
The absolute value of 𝑥 is written as |𝑥|. It has the following properties:
D. .......................................................................................................
D. ....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
If 𝑥 E.≥.......................................................................................................
0, then |𝑥| = 𝑥
E........................................................................................................ The
The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
If 𝑥 F.<..............................................................................................................
0, then |𝑥| = −𝑥 The Real Numbers
F. .............................................................................................................. The Real Numbers
For real numbers
G. 𝐴 and 𝐵, an equation of the form |𝐴| = 𝐵, with
G. ................................................................................................
................................................................................................ Sets𝐵of
Sets of≥ 0 will as
Numbers
Numbers have
as Subsets
Subsets
solutions 𝐴 = 𝐵 or 𝐴 = −𝐵. If 𝐵 < 0, the equation |𝐴| = 𝐵 has no solution.
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
IV. ............................................................................................. The Real Number System
An absolute value equation in the form |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑐 has the following properties:
V.
IfV.𝑐 < 0, ............................................................................................
InequalityI.
|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑐 has no solution
InequalityI. ............................................................................................ Introduction
Introduction to to Sets
Sets
If 𝑐 A. 0, |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑐 has one solution
=.....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
If 𝑐 > 1) 1) ..............................................................................................................
|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑐 has two solutions
0,.............................................................................................................. Roster
Roster Method
Method
2) ......................................................................................................
2) ...................................................................................................... Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
ExampleB. 8 Solve the following absolute value equations:
B. .......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality
a) |6𝑥 +II.4|............................................................................................................
=8 b) |3𝑥 + 4| = −9 c) |3𝑥 − 5| − 4 = 6 d) |−5𝑥 +Set 10| =0
Operations
II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations
Solution: A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets
A. ...................................................................................... The Union and Intersection of Sets
a) The absolute value equation has two solutions
III. ..............................................................................................
III. ..............................................................................................
6𝑥 + 4 = 8 6𝑥 + 4 = −8
The
The SetSet of
of Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
A. ........................................................................................................
A. 6𝑥 = 4 6𝑥 = −12
........................................................................................................ The
The Natural
Natural Numbers
Numbers
B. 2
..........................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................... The
The Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers
𝑥 = 𝑥 = −2
3
C. ......................................................................................................................
C. ......................................................................................................................
2
The
The Integers
Integers
The solution set is {−2, }.
D. .......................................................................................................
D. 3
....................................................................................................... The
The Rational
Rational Numbers
Numbers
b) There is no solution as an absolute value cannot be negative.
E........................................................................................................
E. ....................................................................................................... The
The solution set is 𝜙 The Irrational
Irrational Numbers
Numbers
F. ..............................................................................................................
F.
c) Isolate the absolute value expression.
.............................................................................................................. The
The Real
Real Numbers
Numbers
G. |3𝑥 − 5| = 10
................................................................................................
G. ................................................................................................ Sets of Numbers as Subsets
Sets of Numbers as Subsets
There are 2 solutions to the equation
IV. .............................................................................................
IV. .............................................................................................
3𝑥 − 5 = 10 3𝑥 − 5 = −10 The
The Real
Real Number
Number System
System
3𝑥 = 15 3𝑥 = −5
V. ...................................................................................................................
V. ...................................................................................................................
5
Inequality
Inequality
𝑥 = 5 𝑥 = −
VI. ................................................................
VI. ................................................................ Representing
Representing Real 3 Numbers
Real Numbers on on aa Number
Number Line
Line
5
The solution set is {− 3 , 5}.
VII. ..........................................................................................................
VII. .......................................................................................................... Absolute
Absolute Value
Value
d) The equation is set equal to 0, so we have only one solution.

V.
V.
InequalityI. ............................................................................................
InequalityI. ............................................................................................ Introduction
Introduction to to Sets
Sets
A. .....................................................................................................................
A. ..................................................................................................................... Set
Set Notation
Notation
1) ..............................................................................................................
1) .............................................................................................................. Roster Method
Roster Method
2) ......................................................................................................
2) ...................................................................................................... Set
Set Builder
Builder Notation
Notation
B. .......................................................................................................................
B. .......................................................................................................................Set
Set Equality
Equality

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Module 2.4 Other Equations in One Variable

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Module 2.4 Other Equations in One Variable

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A. .....................................................................................................................

10 is not a solution 2 is a solutionThe Set of Real Numbers

II. ............................................................................................................ Set Operations

III. .............................................................................................. The Set of Real Numbers

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