Scribd
Upload
597 views

Phy 101 Lab M2

The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a compound pendulum. Observations of the period of oscillation for different pendulum lengths were recorded. From the graph of period vs length, the length of the equivalent simple pendulum (L) and time period (T) were determined. Using the formula for a simple pendulum and the measured values, g was calculated as 9.816 m/s^2 with an error of -0.09% from the known value. The radius of gyration (K) can also be determined from this experiment.

Uploaded by

dfrghsrtys
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
597 views

Phy 101 Lab M2

The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a compound pendulum. Observations of the period of oscillation for different pendulum lengths were recorded. From the graph of period vs length, the length of the equivalent simple pendulum (L) and time period (T) were determined. Using the formula for a simple pendulum and the measured values, g was calculated as 9.816 m/s^2 with an error of -0.09% from the known value. The radius of gyration (K) can also be determined from this experiment.

Uploaded by

dfrghsrtys
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Experiment Number: M2

Experiment Name: Compound pendulum

Course Name: Physics 101


Course ID: 101 L
Section: 04

Submitted to

Faculty Name: Dr. Farhad Alam


Designation: Assistant Professor.
Department of Physical Sciences.
School of Engineering and Technology
Independent University, Bangladesh.

Submitted by
Muhammad Abdullah Al Hasan
2030467
Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Email: [email protected]
Assignment: To determine the value of g (acceleration due to gravity) using
Compound pendulum (by graphical method)

Theory: A simple pendulum consists of a small body called a “bob” (usually a sphere)
attached to the end of a string the length of which is great compared with the dimensions of
the bob and the mass of which is negligible in comparison with that of the bob. Under these
conditions the mass of the bob may be regarded as concentrated at its center of gravity, and
the length of the pendulum is the distance of this point from the axis of suspension. When the
dimensions of the suspended body are not negligible in comparison with the distance from
the axis of suspension to the center of gravity, the pendulum is called a compound, or
physical, pendulum. A rigid body mounted upon a horizontal axis so as to vibrate under the
force of gravity is a compound pendulum.

In Fig.1 a body of irregular shape is pivoted about a horizontal frictionless axis through P and
is displaced from its equilibrium position by an angle θ. In the equilibrium position the center
of gravity G of the body is vertically below P. The distance GP is l and the mass of the body
is m.

The restoring torque for an angular displacement θ is

𝐼 = −𝑚𝑔𝑙 sin 𝜃
= −𝑚𝑔𝑙𝜃 [𝑖𝑓 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, sin 𝜃 = 𝜃] (1)

Again, restoring torque,


𝑑2𝜃
𝜏=I (2)
𝑑𝑡 2
From equations (1) and (2)
𝑑2𝜃
I = −𝑚𝑔𝑙𝜃 (3)
𝑑𝑡 2

where I is the moment of inertia of the body through the axis P. Eq. (3) represents a simple
harmonic motion and hence the time period of oscillation is given by

𝐼
T = 2𝜋√ (4)
𝑚𝑔𝑙

𝐼 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝑚𝑙2 (5)
where 𝐼𝐺 is the moment of inertia of the body about an axis parallel with axis
of oscillationand passing through the center of gravity G.
𝐼𝐺 = 𝑚𝐾2 (6)
where K is the radius of gyration about the axis passing through G. Thus, from equation (4)
𝐾2
IG+𝑚𝑙 2 𝑚𝐾 2 +𝑚𝑙 2 +𝑙
T = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋 √ 𝑙
(7)
𝑚𝑔𝑙 𝑚𝑔𝑙 𝑔

The time period of a simple pendulum of length L, is given by


𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋 √ (8)
𝑔
Comparing with Eq. (7) and Eq. (8) we get
𝐾2
𝐿 = + 𝑙 (9)
𝑙
This is the length of “equivalent simple pendulum”. If all the mass of the body were
concentrated.
𝐾2
at a point O (See Fig.1) such that 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑙 + 𝑙 , we would have a simple pendulum with the
same time period. The point O is called the ‘Centre of Oscillation’. Now from Eq. (9)
𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝑳 + 𝑲𝟐 (10)
i.e. a quadratic equation in l. Equation 10 has two roots l1 and l2 such that
𝑙1 + 𝑙2 = 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙1𝑙2 = 𝐾 2 (11)
Thus both 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are positive. This means that on one side of C.G there are two positions
of the center of suspension about which the time periods are the same. Similarly, there will be
a pair of positions of the center of suspension on the other side of the C.G about which the
time periods will be the same. Thus there are four positions of the centers of suspension, two
on either side of the C.G, about which the time periods of the pendulum would be the same.
The distance between two such positions of the centers of suspension, asymmetrically located
on either side of C.G, is the length L of the simple equivalent pendulum. Thus, if the body
was supported on a parallel axis through the point O (see Fig. 1), it would oscillate with the
same time period T as when supported at P. Now it is evident that on either side of G, there
are infinite numbers of such pair of points satisfying Eq. (11). If the body is supported by an
axis through G, the time period of oscillation would be infinite. From any other axis in the
body the time period is given by Eq. (7). From Eq. (8) and (9), the value of g and K are given
by
𝐿
g = 4𝜋 2
𝑇2

K= √𝑙1𝑙2

By determining L, 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 graphically for a particular value of T, the acceleration due to


gravity g at that place and the radius of gyration K of the compound pendulum can be
determined
Apparatus:
1. Compound Pendulum
2. Stop watch

Observations and Measurements:

Table: Period of oscillation ‘T’ as a function of pendulum length


Graph:

Period of oscillation(s) VS length (cm) of pendulum.


Calculation:
We know time period of a compound pendulum,
𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋 √
𝑔
𝐿
g = 4𝜋 2
𝑇2
Where,
g is the acceleration due to gravity
L is known as the length of the simple equivalent pendulum.

From the graph,

Length AC = 53 cm = 0.53m
Length BD = 53 cm = 0.53m

(𝐴𝐶+𝐵𝐷)
Mess Length L = = 0.53
2
Time Period, T = 1.465
So,
𝐿 0.53
g = 4𝜋 2 = 4× 3.14162 × = 9.816 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑇2 1.4652

𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒


Percentage of the Error = × 100%
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

9.80665−9.816
= × 100%
9.80665

= -0.09 %

Result: The value of g, acceleration due to gravity is 9.816 𝑚𝑠 −2 and the experimental
error is -0.09 %

Discussion: In this Experiment, we did the task with stability and patients. We all know a
compound pendulum is any swinging rigid body free to the rotate about a fixed horizontal
axis. Compound pendulum is a subpairs pendulum. Center of the suspension means the point
about which a pendulum oscillation. And the mass of a simple pendulum that has the same
period as the physical pendulum. It’s also defined as the center oscillation.

You might also like