WATER SUPPLY AND

WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION

Prepared by:

Franz Furby C. Ramos

I. INTRODUCTION

 Water and wastewater engineering encompasses

the planning, design, construction, and supervision
of water and wastewater systems.
II. PARADIGM SHIFT
 Historically, the purpose of
Water Supply Systems has been to provide
pleasant drinking water that is free of disease
organisms and toxic substances.

 In addition, the purpose of Wastewater Treatment

has been to protect the health and well being of our
communities.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
 Water and wastewater treatment operations have
accomplished this goal by:

 (1) prevention of disease and nuisance conditions;

 (2) avoidance of contamination of water supplies and

navigable waters;

 (3) maintenance of clean water for survival of fish, bathing,

and recreation; and

 (4) generally conservation of water quality for future use.

 Primarily because of New Regulations the Paradigm
has shifted.

 These include:

 1. Protection against protozoan and virus

contamination
 2. Implementation of the multiple barrier approach to
microbial control
 3. New requirements of the Ground Water Disinfection
Rule, the Total Coliform Rule and Distribution System,
and the Lead and Copper Rule
 4. Regulations for trihalomethanes and disinfection by-
products (DBPs)
 What is Paradigm?

 A paradigm is the consensus of the scientific

community — “concrete problem solutions that the
profession has come to accept.”1

Holyningen-Huene, P., Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions, University Chicago Press, 1993, p. 134.
 What is Paradigm Shift?

 A paradigm shift is defined as a major change in the way

things are thought about, especially scientifically.

 Once a problem can no longer be solved in the existing

paradigm, new laws and theories emerge and form a new
paradigm, overthrowing the old if it is accepted.

 Paradigm shifts are the “occasional, discontinuous,

revolutionary changes in tacitly shared points of view and
preconceptions.”2

Daly, H.E., Economics: Introduction to the steady-state economy, in Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady State Economy,
W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco, 1980, p.1.
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS –
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

 Environmental engineering is essential for development

of facilities for protection of the environment and for the
proper management of natural resources.

 The environmental engineer places special attention on

the biological, chemical, and physical reactions in the air,
land, and water environments and on improved
technology for integrated management systems,
including reuse, recycling, and recovery measures.
 Environmental engineering began with society’s need for
safe drinking water and management of liquid and solid
wastes.

 Traditionally, environmental engineers drew their basic

education and training from civil engineering programs.
 In order to broaden their perspective and
capabilities, contemporary environmental engineers
pursue course work and postgraduate training in
professional areas including biology, chemical
engineering, chemistry, and hydrology
 The principal environmental engineering specialties
are well established:

 air quality control,

 water supply management,
 wastewater disposal,
 storm water management,
 solid waste management, and
 hazardous waste management.
 Designers of water treatment plants and wastewater
treatment plants are faced with the need to design
treatment processes which must meet the following
general hydraulic requirements:

 Water treatment plants. Provide the head required to allow

the water to flow through the treatment processes and to be
delivered to the transmission/distribution system in the flow
rates and at the pressures required for delivery to the users.
Maynilad La Mesa Treatment Plant
 Wastewater treatment
plants.

 Provide the head required to

raise the flow of wastewater
from the sewer system to a
level which allows the flow to
proceed through the
treatment processes and be
delivered to the receiving
body of water.
WATER
 Water is spread on two third of the earth but most of the
water is not useful for direct human consumption.
https://philippinedata.org/2018/05/14/water/
https://philippinedata.org/2018/05/14/water/
https://philippinedata.org/2018/05/14/water/
https://philippinedata.org/2018/05/14/water/
https://philippinedata.org/2018/05/14/water/
https://philippinedata.org/2018/05/14/water/
 Project Participation

 All projects begin with an identification of a problem by

the regulator, the public, legal counsel, or owner.

 The design professional then enters the project during

the idea generation and evaluation phase of the
problem-solving activity. Thereafter, the design
professional or firm generally participates actively in all
of the project’s activities, typically until the end of the
first year of operation. (WEF, 1991)
ESTABLISHMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA
 Design criteria are the boundary conditions that establish
the functional performance of the facility. Two general
types of criteria are used: performance and prescriptive.

 Performance criteria define the desired objective, but not

the means of achieving it.

 Prescriptive criteria define the explicit details of how the

facility will be built. The design criteria are frequently a
combination of the two types of criteria.
 Water and wastewater treatment systems will be
used for illustration in the following paragraphs.
Some of the factors to be considered will differ for
water supply and sewer systems.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
 Six factors are normally considered in establishing the
design criteria for water and wastewater treatment
systems:

• Raw water or wastewater characteristics.

• Environmental and regulatory standards.
• System reliability.
• Facility limits.
• Design life.
• Cost.
RAW WATER OR WASTEWATER
CHARACTERISTICS

 Raw water or wastewater characteristics. Water

characteristics include the demand for water and the
composition of the untreated (raw) water. Wastewater
characteristics include the flow rate of the wastewater
and its composition.
 The WATER characteristics include:

• Raw water composition.

• Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal variations

in raw water composition and availability.

• Variations in demand from domestic, industrial,

commercial, and institutional activities.
 The WASTEWATER characteristics include:

• Composition and strength of the wastewater.

• Hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal
variations in flow and strength of the wastewater.
• Contributions from industrial and commercial
activities.
• Rainfall/runoff intrusion.
• Groundwater infiltration.
• Raw water mineral composition.
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS TO BE MET
 Water quality standards to be met. Early consideration of
the water quality standards provides the basis for
elimination of treatment technologies that are not
appropriate.

 The standards are prescribed by the regulating agency.

The standards require that the treatment facility provide
potable water or discharge wastewater that meets
numerical requirements (performance standards).
SYSTEM RELIABILITY

 System reliability. System reliability refers to the ability of

a component or system to perform its designated function
without failure.
SITE LIMITATIONS
 Site limitations. The location and area available for the
treatment plant, availability of power, roads, and a
connection to the raw water supply or point to discharge
define the facility limits.

 In addition, the need for easements for the water

distribution system and sewer system, and connection to
the power and road grid are limitations that must be
considered.
DESIGN LIFE

 Design life. The basis for economic comparison of

alternatives is the design life. Processes and components
of processes with different design lives must be brought
to an equivalent life for valid economic comparison.
COST

 Cost. Cost is part of the design criteria because “(t)he

ultimate selection among otherwise acceptable unit
processes or process trains is based on an economic
evaluation.” (WPCF, 1977)

 The degree of effort and care taken to estimate the

capital investment cost and the operating and
maintenance cost depends on the stage of development
of the project.
WATER TREATMENT
 Objective of Water Treatment

 The objective of water treatment is, therefore, is remove

dissolved and undissolved substances and disease
causing pathogens by standard water treatment
methods. The treated water should meet the drinking
water standards.
 Water Treatment:

 The treatment of raw water is done by various unit

operations (based on physical principles) and unit
processes (based on chemical and biological principles)
in order to produce water which is safe to drink and
meets the safe drinking water standards.
 Surface water generally needs to be filtered and
disinfected while ground water needs removal of
hardness (caused by calcium and magnesium)
before disinfection.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
 The composition of municipal waste water varies
from place to place. Sometimes industrial wastes
also mix with sewage.

 The type of treatment of waste water thus depends

upon its characteristics and the desired quality of
water after treatment. The waste water treatment
plants are generally primary, secondary or for
advanced treatment.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
 Objective:

 The purpose of waste water treatments is to

remove/reduce organic and inorganic
substances, nutrients, toxic substances, kill
pathogenic organisms, etc., so that the quality of
discharged water is improved to meet the
permissible level of water to be discharged in
some water body, on land or agricultural field.
 Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of BOD,
COD, eutrophication, etc. of receiving water bodies and
prevention of bio-magnification of toxic substances in
food chain and prevention of disease due to pathogenic
organisms present in the waste water.
WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT
SOURCES AND QUANTITY OF WATER
 The sources of a water supply may include
rainwater, and groundwater.

 During the water cycle, rainwater, surface waters,

and groundwater. During the water cycle, rainwater
recharges the surface waters and groundwater.

 River, stream, natural pond, impoundment,

reservoir, and lake waters area major surface water
sources.
WATER RESOURCES
 The various sources of water, which can be harnessed
economically, can be divided into the following two
categories:

 (A) Surface sources such as

 (i) Ponds and lakes
 (ii) Streams and rivers
 (iii) Storage resources (dams)

 (B) Subsurface or underground sources such as

 (i) Springs
 (ii) Wells (open and tube-wells)
LA MESA RESERVOIR
BASICS OF THE WATER SUPPLY
SCHEMES
 The schemes are basically of two types, rural water
supply schemes and urban water supply schemes
depending upon the population of the habitation.
WATER SUPPLY OF METRO MANILA
 Water supply to the current MWSS service area is
sourced from the Angat-Umiray-Ipo system and
local groundwater.

 The total capacity of the existing water source

infrastructure is estimated at 4,090 MLD, of which
approximately 98% (4,000 MLD) of the daily supply
comes from the Angat-Umiray-Ipo source.
 In the concession areas, MWSI reportedly has 81
wells operating mainly in Parañaque, Las Piñas,
Muntinlupa, Imus, Bacoor, Noveleta, and Cavite
City with a total production of 57 MLD.

 The MWCI has some 50 wells operating in Cainta,

Antipolo, Taytay, San Mateo, Rodriguez, Quezon
City and Taguig, with a total production in the order
of 35 MLD.
WATER USAGE
 Water demand is broken down into domestic, commercial and
industrial demands.

 Future water demand estimates are mainly dependent on past

consumption trends and other factors such as water tariff and
the socio-economic condition of the community. In the present
case complete reliance on past consumption trends is
inappropriate as these are affected by:

 low pressures
 supply interruptions (intermittent water availability )
 metering errors
 unauthorized connections
 use of sources other than from MWSI or MWCI (private wells)
 tariff increases
DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND AND PER CAPITA
USE
 Domestic per Capita Demand for Years 2005 and
2010

 Taking into account the current limitation on water

supply, the following consumption rates or per
capita demand (constrained) were used: 180 lpcd
for the high income group, 170 lpcd for middle, and
140 lpcd for low.
 A lower set of per capita demands were adopted for
selected and less urbanized towns in Rizal and
Cavite, i.e. 160 lpcd for high, 150 for middle and
140 for the low income group.
 Domestic per Capita Demand for Year 2015

 The following per capita demands were used: 220

lpcd for the high-income group, 200 lpcd for middle,
and 160 lpcd for low income.
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER
DEMAND
DESIGN FOR WATER SUPPLY
 Water supply system may provide for domestic,
industrial and commercial, public services, fire
demands, unaccounted losses as well as farm
uses.

 The design engineers should examine the

availabilities of water sources and quantities in the
area. Based on long-term meteorological data, the
amount of water stored in the lake or reservoirs can
be estimated.
WATER BALANCE EQUATION
 Water balance equation (inputs=outputs)

Infiltration = Evapotranspiration+ Baseflow

Baseflow- groundwater contributed to flows in streams, such as

rivers, lakes, and oceans.
PROBLEM SOLVING
 A watershed has a drainage area of 1000 ha. The
annual rainfall is 927 mm. The expected
evaporation loss is 292 mm per year. The
estimated loss to groundwater is 89 mm annually.

 Estimate the amount of water that can be stored in

a lake and how many people can be served,
assuming 200 Lpcd is needed.
PROBLEM SOLVING
 Records of observation during a month (30 days) period
show that a flow rate of:

Flow rate cu.m/s Days

0.065 8
0.085 10
1.60 1
0.354 2
0.15 6
0.075 3

 What is the mean flow rate?

MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND
The amount of water used or needed is critical in the
planning and design of a municipal water system.

The estimated water usage rate is commonly called

the MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND

The amount of municipal water use is based on the

type and number of customers in the system.
The design and sizing of a water (wastewater)
treatment plant is based on an estimate of the
current and potential future water usage by the
customers served by the system

Other factors, such as additional water for fire

protection and wet-weather inflows into a sewer
system, increase the actual volume of water to be
treated.
COMMERCIAL/SEMI-BUSINESS/INDUSTRIAL
WATER DEMAND

 Semi-business
 Consumers who consume water provided by MWSI for
the activities of small enterprises that operate out of
homes. These small enterprises include sari-sari stores,
repair shops and small cottage industries.
 Commercial
 Consumers who consume water provided by MWSI for
any of the following activities:
 (a) Wholesale and retail trade
 (b) Repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, as well as,

personal and household goods

 (c) Hotels and restaurants

 (d) Financial intermediation

 (e) Education services

 (f) Real estate, renting and related business activities

 (g) Health and social work

 (h) Other community, social and personal services

 (i) Transportation, storage and communications manufacturing

 Industrial
 Consumers who consume water provided by MWSI for
any of the following activities:
 (a) Construction
 (b) Other manufacturing activities
NON-REVENUE WATER (UNMETERED FLOW)
 This includes

 (1) physical losses mainly from leaks and flushing

operations
 and (2) non-physical losses or commercial losses
referred to above as unbilled consumption, which are
due to metering errors and illegal connections.

water produced - metered use

unaccounted - for water (%) 
water produced
 For the Water Demand in MWSS Service Area

 The total water demand for the service area is the sum
of the domestic, commercial and industrial water
demands and the amount of physical losses in the water
supply system.
POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES FOR METRO
MANILA (2005 MWSS MP)
 New water source options for Metro Manila have
generally been divided into two categories – interim
sources and long-term sources.

 The interim sources are those being considered for

immediate implementation to gain additional source
production capacity as quickly as possible. It was
assumed that these sources have a high level of
commitment already and are not subject to review.
 The long-term source options on the other hand, are
those sources that are available for inclusion in a
development program to address the longer-term water
needs of Metro Manila through to 2025 and beyond.
 Interim Sources

 MWCI have a range of water source options under

review including:
 􀂃 Laguna Lake infiltration wells (30 MLD)
 􀂃 La Mesa watershed (10 MLD)

 􀂃 Curayao wellfield (8 MLD)

 􀂃 Nangka River (10 MLD)

 􀂃 Rodriguez TP (100 MLD minimum)

 MWSI have commissioned a consultant to review
opportunities to optimize production from the La Mesa
water treatment plants. While the study is yet to be
completed, early indications are that an additional 10-
15% in capacity may be possible.
 Long-term Source Options

 The long-term sources are those that are available for

inclusion in a development program to address the longer-
term water needs of Metro Manila through to 2025 and
beyond.

 These potential sources are centered on the Agos River

basin and involve longer leadtime projects approaching a
ten-year delivery timeframe. The identified sources include
Laiban Dam, Agos Dam, Kaliwa Low Dam and Kanan No.
2 Dam. Combinations of these sources have been
evaluated so as to provide the required 2,500 to 3,000
MLD by 2025 and additional water beyond 2025.
 CREATING MODELS TO ESTIMATE DEMAND
 The modeling objectives for water demand are
twofold:

 1. Existing systems: Develop a model to accurately

simulate the operation of the existing system.

 2. Proposed systems: Develop a model that will

become a planning tool that will guide the design of
a future system.
 TYPES OF DATA THAT MAY BE NEEDED TO
CREATE A WATER DEMAND MODEL
 System Data – this is the physical layout of the
system. Ex. process drawings for a treatment
plant, piping network or layout for a new
development.

 Operational Data – This is the formulation about the

system when it is in operation. Ex. water levels in
the treatment plant tanks or storage tanks, pumping
rates for pumps, or wet-well water levels.
 Consumption Data – This is estimated water use by
the customers. Ex. per capita daily water demand,
water demand value for specific customers.

 Climate Data – This consists of the seasonal

temperature and rainfall data. Temperature and
rainfall can have great influence on the estimated
water demand.
 Demographic and Land Use Data – This is data
about the customers and how the customers use
their property. This includes population numbers
and expected future growth, type of customers, and
location of these customers.
 GENERAL PROCESS USED TO CREATE A MODEL TO ESTIMATE FUTURE WATER DEMAND

Projected
System Data demographic, land
use, and climate
change data

Historical water
use based on
type of Projected
customers: Daily and water
residential, seasonal water demand
commercial, use patterns forecasted
industrial, 10-40 years
institutional,
recreational

Climate Data Other factors such as

water conservation and
economic influences
ESTIMATING WATER FLOWS
 The best source of information for estimating
demand is usually recoded flow data. For existing
systems, historical records of water usage are
generally available.

 Water supply and treatment facilities have

information on water level changes in reservoirs
and the rate of water pumped and treated.
 TIME-VARYING FLOWS AND SEASONAL
CYCLES
 Variation in Flows for municipal systems typically
follows a 24-hour cycle. This cycle gradually
changes throughout the week.

 Demand Factor (DF) – is determined from historical

records to estimate the typical maximum and
minimum daily flow rates.
 The demand factor for different conditions is
determined from the average flow rate and
extreme-condition flow rate:

Qevent
DF 
Qaverage

Qevent – event flow rate (volume/time)

Qaverage – average flow rate (volume/time)
DF – demand factor
 To determine the maximum and minimum design
flow rates for a treatment facility or piping network,
a peaking factor is applied to the average daily flow
rate.

 The peaking factor (PF) is a multiplier that is used

to adjust the average flow rate to design or size
components in a water or wastewater treatment
plants
 Design flow rates:

Qdesign  Qaverage * PF

Qdesign – design flow rate

Qaverage – average flow rate
PF – peaking factor
 Reference

 Spellman, Frank R. Handbook of Water and Wastewater

Treatment Plant Operations, New York: Lewis Pub, 2003.

 David Burstein, P.E., Standard Handbook of Environmental

Engineering.McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

 Federico E. Maisch, Sharon L. Cole, David V. Hobbs, Frank J.

Tantone, William L. Judy. WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT HYDRAULICS. McGraw-Hill
(www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

 2005 MWSS Master Plan