Republic of the Philippines

CATANDUANES STATE UNIVERSITY

Panganiban Campus
Agriculture Department
Panganiban, Catanduanes

AGRIRES– Methods of Agricultural Research

Module 1

Introduction

Module Overview:

This module will provide the student the foundation knowledge on research perspective. It
includes the following topics

A. Comparison between science and common sense

B. The scientific method

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module the students should be able to:
1. Compare and contrast between science and common sense
2. Explain the scientific method in conducting research
3. Apply fundamentals of research in conceptualizing agriculture research topic.

Multiple Choices. Encircle the letter only that corresponds the best answer.
1. Scientific process in finding out solutions for the value chains in productivity,
production, processing, marketing, and consumption patterns in a more or less
systematic way.
A. Agriculture industry
B. Agriculture enterprise
C. Agricultural processing
D. Agricultural research
2. Application of cognitive system approaches, methods and techniques for answering
the question during the learning process.
A. Science;
B. Research;
C. Common sense;
D. Belief.
3. Considered uneasy and dissatisfied state from which we struggle to free ourselves
A. Doubt;
B. Belief
C. Truth;
D. Tenacity.
4. A behavior where you are in state of calm and satisfactory?
A) State of sadness;
B) State of doubt;
C).State of change mind;
D) State of belief
5. Process of fixing belief that means tending to hold persistently to something
A. Method of tenacity;
B. Method of Intuition;
C. Method of authority;
D. All of these.
6. A technique that involves deductive reasoning known or assumed cause to a
necessarily related effect
A. Method of authority;
B. Method of Intuition;
C. Method of tenacity;
D. None of these.
7. Distinguish based on gathering observable, empirical, measurable evidence, subject
to the principles of reasoning correcting and integrating previous knowledge. Scientific
Method
A. Theory Method;
B. Methodology;
C. Conceptualization
D. All of these.
8. Which basic assumption of scientific approach that exists a definite regularity and
order in the environment.
A. Nature is orderly and regular;
B. Knowledge is superior to ignorance;
C. Knowledge is derived from the acquisition of experience;
D. All of these.
9. Why exploratory research conducted?
A. Problem has not been clearly defined:
B. Familiarize with the problem or concept;
C. Generate hypotheses to be tested;
D. All of these.
10. A basic ability to perceive, understand
A. A)Doubt;
B. B) Belief;
C. C) Common sense;
D. D) All of these
11. Difference between common sense and science?
A. Common sense includes our knowledge of day to day realities ;
B. Science a knowledge of the physical and natural world based on observation and
experimentation:
C. Common understanding-scientific understanding of the natural or the social
world;
D. D) A& B;
E. All of the above.
12. Scientific method acquired through the following EXCEPT
A. Process must be objective;
B. Observable, empirical, measurable;
C. Well design research;
 D. Partiality of results
13. The following are steps in conducting a research EXCEPT
A. Introduction
B. Reviewing the literature
C. Developing recommendation
D. Determining research design ,Collecting the data & Coding and Data Analysis,
E. Developing the conclusion
14. It is the initial step in a research project
A. Hypothesis
B. Research Questions
C. Introduction
D. Objectives of the study
15. It refers to the goal or objective of your research
A. Purpose of the study
B. Scope and delimitation of study
C. Significance of study
D. None of these.

Disclaimer: This learning module will be utilized solely in compliance with blended learning approach as
Directed by CHED Commission on Higher Education in response to COVID 19 pandemic. The authors
and publishers and the contents were derived are well acknowledged.. As such the college and faculty do
not claim ownership of all sourced information and only for instructional purposes

Introduction

Common sense and science are two words that are often confused when it comes to their
meanings when strictly speaking; there is a difference between the two words. Common sense
is our usual understanding of practical issues. The word common sense is used in the sense of
‘natural instinct.’ On the other hand, science is the study or knowledge of the physical and
natural world based on observation and experimentation. The word science is used in the sense
of a ‘kind of knowledge.’ Common sense is our knowledge of day to day life. science goes a
step beyond and provides scientific explanations for realities in life and those that we take for
granted. This is the main difference between the two words. This article attempts to highlight the
difference between these two while providing a comprehensive understanding of each word.

What is Common Sense?

Common sense includes our knowledge of day to day realities

. !t is how a lay person comprehends the world around him. Common sense provides practical
solutions to daily matters. “human beings, through the process of development, we all acquire
commonsense. !t is this knowledge that allows us to behave properly in the society. imply
commonsense includes things that we take for granted. !n academic discourses, it is believed
that the distinction between a lay person and an academic is that while a lay person is only
confined to common sense, the academic goes onto acquire the scientific knowledge as well. $e
does not stop and state ‘it is the way things are done,’ but is eager to explore why things are
done in that particular way. !n general usage, the word common sense can be used as follows.
Observe the two sentences:.
He showed common sense in this case. The student lacked common sense.

!n both the sentences, you can find that the word common sense is used in the sense of ‘natural
instinct’ or ‘common understanding.’!n the first sentence, the meaning would be ‘he showed
common understanding in this case.’ The meaning of the second sentence would be the student
lacked common understanding.’ This provides a basic understanding of the word.

‘He showed common sense in this case’ what is Science?

Science can be defined as the study or knowledge of the physical and natural world based on
observation and experimentation

. There are different sciences that can be mainly put into two categories. They are natural
sciences and social sciences. &natural sciences include chemistry, physics, zoology, biology,
etc. social sciences include sociology, political science, and demography.

Self Assessment questions:

1. Differentiate science and common sense.

2. Explain the scientific method of conducting research
3. How to conceptualize a research problem.

Activity 1: Make a research proposal related to agriculture.

Post Test Multiple Choices. Encircle the letter only that corresponds the best answer.
1. Scientific process in finding out solutions for the value chains in productivity,
production, processing, marketing, and consumption patterns in a more or less
systematic way.
E. Agriculture industry
F. Agriculture enterprise
G. Agricultural processing
H. Agricultural research
2. Application of cognitive system approaches, methods and techniques for answering
the question during the learning process.
E. Science;
F. Research;
G. Common sense;
H. Belief.
3. Considered uneasy and dissatisfied state from which we struggle to free ourselves
E. Doubt;
F. Belief
G. Truth;
H. Tenacity.

4. A behavior where you are in state of calm and satisfactory?

A) State of sadness;
B) State of doubt;
 C).State of change mind;
D) State of belief
5. Process of fixing belief that means tending to hold persistently to something
E. Method of tenacity;
F. Method of Intuition;
G. Method of authority;
H. All of these.
6. A technique that involves deductive reasoning known or assumed cause to a
necessarily related effect
E. Method of authority;
F. Method of Intuition;
G. Method of tenacity;
H. None of these.
7. Distinguish based on gathering observable, empirical, measurable evidence, subject
to the principles of reasoning correcting and integrating previous knowledge. Scientific
Method
E. Theory Method;
F. Methodology;
G. Conceptualization
H. All of these.
8. Which basic assumption of scientific approach that exists a definite regularity and
order in the environment.
E. Nature is orderly and regular;
F. Knowledge is superior to ignorance;
G. Knowledge is derived from the acquisition of experience;
H. All of these.
9. Why exploratory research conducted?
E. Problem has not been clearly defined:
F. Familiarize with the problem or concept;
G. Generate hypotheses to be tested;
H. All of these.
10. A basic ability to perceive, understand
E. A)Doubt;
F. B) Belief;
G. C) Common sense;
H. D) All of these
11. Difference between common sense and science?
F. Common sense includes our knowledge of day to day realities ;
G. Science a knowledge of the physical and natural world based on observation and
experimentation:
H. Common understanding-scientific understanding of the natural or the social
world;
I. D) A& B;
J. All of the above.
12. Scientific method acquired through the following EXCEPT
E. Process must be objective;
F. Observable, empirical, measurable;
G. Well design research;
H. Partiality of results
13. The following are steps in conducting a research EXCEPT
F. Introduction
 G. Reviewing the literature
H. Developing recommendation
I. Determining research design ,Collecting the data & Coding and Data Analysis,
J. Developing the conclusion
14. It is the initial step in a research project
E. Hypothesis
F. Research Questions
G. Introduction
H. Objectives of the study
15. It refers to the goal or objective of your research
E. Purpose of the study
F. Scope and delimitation of study
G. Significance of study
H. None of these.

References:
1. Gregorio, Geronimo L. et al.2000 Research Methods and Technical Writing in
Agriculture. 1st Edition
2. Ariola, Mariano M. 2006. Principles and Methods of Research

Suggested Reading Materials

RUSS SHAFER-LANDAU | NOAH LEMOS | KATIA VAVOVA DUNCAN PRITCHARD | RENÉ VAN
WOUDENBERG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SCIENCE VERSUS COMMON SENSE? FEBRUARY 25TH –
27TH 2016 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM http://abrahamkuypercenter.nl/wp-
content/uploads/2016/12/Booklet_CommonSense.pdf