All rights are reserved with author of this handouts.

Prepared By: JAMAL SHAH SST (Math & Phy) B.Sc, MS, M.Ed
Reviewed By: FARHAD ALI SST (Math & Phy) M.Phil (Phy), M.Ed
Supervision: DR. ZAKIR SHAH PHD (Physics) School Tordher
COURSE)
FOR CLASS 9TH (NEW
PHYSICS 19
2018-
 either very small or very large hence it is easy to write
these numbers in scientific notation, e.g. mass of earth
UNIT–1 Physical Quantities & is 5.98 x 1024 (5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000)
Measurement
7. What is least count? How least count for Vernier
Conceptual Questions & Responses Callipers and screw gauge are defined?

1. How technology shaped by physics? R: Least Count: It is the minimum length which can be
measured accurately with the help of a measuring
Resp: Every technology is somewhat based on physical
device. Least Count of Vernier Callipers can be
phenomenon. Therefore physics plays a pivotal role in
obtained by dividing the value of smallest division on
the development of technology used in different fields,
main scale by the total number of divisions on Vernier
e.g. medical applications such as CT Scan, MRI, LASER,
scale. L.C.=
PET, etc. and mobile cell phones, holograms tech. as
Smallest Division on Main Scale
later innovations in IT.
Total Number of Divisions on Vernier Scale
2. Physics and biology are considered different
Least Count of Screw Gauge can be found by dividing
branches of science, how physics links with biology?
its pitch by the total number of circular scale divisions.
R: Physics deals with matter and energy and biology
Pitchof Screw Gauge
deals with living organisms only. However, both L.C. =
Total Number of Divisions on Circular Scale
branches of science try to progress the humankind and
improve quality of living organisms. 8. How can we find the volume of a small pebble with
the help of measuring cylinder?
3. Why are measurements important?
R: A measuring cylinder is half filled with water and
R: Measurements are important because without
reading on the scale is noted. Then the small pebble
measurement most of our daily tasks were almost
into immersed completely into the water. Now volume
impossible or irregular. Measurement paves the way
of the water is read again. The volume of the pebble is
for exactness and accurateness in our daily life.
found by subtracting the first reading from the second.
Without proper measurement life would be difficult.
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS
4. Why area is a derived quantity?
1. Define physics. How physics plays a crucial role in
R: Area is a derived quantity because it is obtained
science technology and society?
from multiplying Length of a unit with Length of
another. A = L x L = L2 R: Physics: “The branch of science that deals with the
study of properties of matter, energy and their mutual
5. Name any four derived units and write them as their
relationship”. Physics plays a key role in development
base units.
of science technology and society. Physics gathers and
R: Four Derived Units are; organizes knowledge and expands our understanding
Newton (N) = Kg.m.s-2, Pascal (Pa) = Kg.m -1s-2, about the nature. Technology lets human use that
Joule (J) = Kg.m2s-2, Coulomb (C) = A.s knowledge for practical purposes. Physics contributes
to the technological infrastructure and provides
trained personnel needed to take

advantage of scientific advances and discoveries.

Physics improves our quality of life by providing the
6. Why in physics we need to write in scientific basic understanding necessary for developing new
notation? instrumentation and techniques for medical
applications, such as computer tomography, magnetic
R: We need to write in scientific notation in physics
because in physics we deal with numbers that are
2
resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, be easily written in decimal form. In physics we deal
ultrasonic imaging, and laser surgery. with numbers that are either very small or very large,
it becomes difficult to write these numbers.
Corollary, physics extends and enhances our
understanding of all other disciplines of science. For Example: The mass of moon is approximately
70,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms. In
2. What is SI? Name SI base quantities and their units. 22
scientific notation it can be written as 7×10 kg.
R: “A complete set of units for all physical quantities
5. What are prefixes? Explain with examples.
that are internationally recognized is called
International System of Units abbreviated as SI”. R: A mechanism through which a very small or very
large number is expressed in terms of power of ten by
This system consists of seven basic units for different
giving a proper name to it is called prefix to the power
physical quantities as given below;
of ten. Prefixes make standard form to be written even
Physical Quantity Unit Symbol more easily. Large numbers are simply written in more
Length ( l, x, r, etc.) Meter m convenient prefix with units. For instance, the smallest
bird measures 0.057m which can be expressed in
Mass (m) Kilogram Kg
prefix as 5.7cm.
Time, duration, (t) Second S
Similarly distance from Peshawar to Lahore through
Electric Current (I or i) Ampere A
motorway is 489km which can be written in mega
Thermodynamic Temperature (T) Kelvin K metre as 0.489Mm
Amount of Substance (n) Mole mol 6. Describe the construction and use for
Luminous Intensity (I) Candela Cd measurement of the following instruments;

3. What are physical quantities? Distinguish between a. Vernier Callipers b. Screw Gauge
base and derived physical quantities. R: a) Vernier Callipers: It is a device used to measure
R: “All quantities that can be measured are called small length accurately upto 0.1mm or 0.01cm. It can
physical quantities”. Physical quantities are classified be used to measure thickness, diameter or width of an
into two categories; object and the internal, external diameter of hollow
cylinder.
1. Base Quantities: The minimum number of physical
quantities selected, their units are defined and It consists of two scales namely Main Scale and Vernier
standardized are called base quantities. These Scale. A Main Scale has markings of usually 1mm each.
quantities are distinct in features and other physical A Vernier Scale has markings of some multiple of the
quantities can be expressed in terms of these marking on Main Scale
quantities.
2. Derived Quantities: The physical quantities defined
in terms of base quantities are called derived. The
(0.9mm). It has two Jaws (Upper and Lower) and a rod
corresponding units for these
for measuring depth.
b) Screw Gauge: It is a device used to measure smaller
quantities are called derived units. These are obtained length accurately upto 0.01mm or 0.001cm.
either by multiplying or diving base units.
It consists of two scales namely Main Scale and
4. What is standard form or scientific notation? Circular Scale. Main Scale has markings of usually 1mm
R: Standard form or scientific notation has a number of each. Circular Scale usually has 50 divisions. It also
useful properties and is commonly used by scientists, consists of a U-shaped frame with spindle and anvil to
mathematics and engineers. Scientific notation is a hold an object and ratchet to tight the screw.
way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to

3
7. What is meant by the significant figures of R: Length of H.bee = 0.057m = 5.7x10 –2m
measurement? What are the main points to be kept
Or Length of H. Bee = 57x10 –3m = 57 mm
in mind while determining the significant figures of a
measurement? Assignment No. 1.5: The distance from Peshawar to
Lahore through motorway is 489 km, convert this
R: “The number of accurately known figures and the
number to millimeters (mm)
first doubtful figure are known as significant figures”.
The following points must be kept in mind while R: Distance = 489km = 489x103m (1km=103m)
determining the significant figures of a measurement; Distance = 489x103x103mm (1m=103mm)
1. NON-ZERO digits are always significant. Distance = 4.89x102+3+3 = 4.89x108mm
2. ZERO in between two significant digits is always Assignment No. 1.6: Vernier Callipers
significant, e.g. 32.50062 has 7 significant figures.
Assignment No.1.7: A beaker contains 200mL of
3. ZEROs to the left of significant figures are not water, what is volume of water in cm3 and m3.
significant, e.g. 0.00467 has 3 significant figures.
R: V = 200mL = 200cm3 (1mL = 1cm3)
4. ZEROs to the right of the significant figures may or
V = 200 (10–2m)3 = 2.0x10 –4 m3 (1cm=10–2m)
may not be significant depending upon the caliber of
measuring instrument, e.g. 7.400 has 4 significant
figures.
5. In scientific notation or standard form the figures
other than power of ten are all significant.
Assignment No. 1.1: The mass of Earth is
5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg, write this
number in standard form/ scientific notation.
R: Mass of Earth = 5.98 x1024 kg
Assignment No. 1.2: Calculate the number of seconds
in a week. Express the number in power of 10
notations.

R: 1 week = 7 days as 1 day = 24 hrs NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

1 week = 7 x 24 hrs as 1 hrs = 60 min 1. a) 10-21 kg = 10-21+3g, 10-18g = 1 atto gram = 1 ag

1 week = 7 x 24 x 60 min as 1 min =60 sec b) 3×1018 m = 3 atto meter or 3 a.m

1 week = 7 x 24 x 60 x 60 sec = 604,800 sec c) 149.6 million Km = 149.6×106km, 149.6×106+3m

Or 1 week = 6.05 x 105 sec or 149.6×109m = 149.6 nm

Assignment No. 1.3: Adult housefly is having a mass of 2. a)The number of nano meter in 1 angstrom (Å) is 10 -1nm.

only 0.000,021,4 kg. Express this number in standard b) femto meters in 1 angstrom (Å) is 10 2femto meter or
form/ scientific notation. 100fm. c) 1.0 m = 10-10 Å

R: Mass of Musca Domestica = 2.14 x 10 –4 m 3. Speed of light, c = 299,792,458 m/s

Assignment No. 1.4: The smallest bird is the bee a) in scientific notation: c = 2.99x108m/s
hummingbird. Males measure only 0.057m, convert b) i) 5 significant figures: 2.9979x108m/s
this number to standard form and write this number in ii) 3 significant figures: 2.99x108m/s
millimeter.
4. Express the following in terms of powers of 10:

4
a) 7 nanometer= 7x10-9m, when an object is thrown vertically upward, its velocity
becomes but is constantly accelerating under the
b) 96 megawatt =9.6x107watt,
effect of gravity.
c) 2 gigabite = 2x109bites
4. Can an object have zero acceleration and non-zero
d) 43picofarad= 4.3x10-11, velocity at the same time?
e) 2millimetre= 2x10-3m R: Yes, a body moving with uniform velocity can have
5. Write the following numbers in standard form: zero acceleration and non-zero velocity at the same
time.
a) Mass of Bacterial Cell: 0.000,000,000,005 kg
5. A person standing on the roof of a building throws
Standard Form: 5.0x10-12
a rubber ball down with a velocity of 8.0m/s. What is
b) 1.39x109m the acceleration (magnitude and direction) of the
ball?
R: If a person throws a rubber ball down from the roof
of a building it will fall towards the earth with constant
gravitational acceleration, i.e. 9.8m/s2.

6. Describe a situation in which the speed of an

object is constant while the velocity is not.
R: When an object is revolving in a circular path with
constant speed, its velocity changes because of change
UNIT – 2 KINEMATICS in direction.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 7. Can an object have a northward velocity and
1. Is it possible that displacement is zero but not the southward acceleration? Explain.
distance? Under what condition displacement will be R: When an object traveling with certain velocity
equal to distance. towards northward decreases its speed, then
R: Yes, it is possible. For example when a body moves produced retardation which will have a direction
in a circular path it has some distance after every one opposite to velocity (viz. southward).
rotation but its displacement for one complete 8. As a freely falling object speeds up, what is
rotation is zero. happening to its acceleration – Does it increase,
A body traveling in a straight line has both distance decrease, or stay the same?
and displacement the same. R: The acceleration of a freely falling object near
2. Does a speedometer measure a car’s speed or surface of the earth always remains the same even if
velocity? its speed increases.

R: A speedometer measures a car’s speed only. 9. A ball is thrown upward with an initial speed of 5
m/s. What will be its speed when it returns to
3. Is it possible for an object to be accelerating and at starting point?
rest at the same time? Explain with example.
R: A body thrown upward with an initial speed of 5
R: Yes, it is possible for an object to be accelerating m/s will return back with the same speed (i.e. 5 m/s)
and has zero velocity (means at rest). For example, to its starting point.
5
 2. Rotatory Motion means motion of a body around a
fixed point such that its distance from that point
remains constant.
Examples: Motion of wheel, the hands of clock, wings
of a turning fan, etc.
3. Vibratory Motion is the repeated forward and
backward motion of an object about its mean position.
OR ”To and fro motion of a body about its mean
position is called Vibratory motion”.
Examples: Oscillations of a mass attached to a spring,
motion of swing, plucked violin, etc.
3. Define Scalar and Vector quantities. Explain with
example the graphical representation of vector
quantities.
R: Scalar Quantities: Those quantities which can be
completely described by only their magnitude are
called Scalar quantities. These

can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by

using ordinary algebra.
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS
Examples: Density, Speed, Distance, Power,
1. What is motion? Describe that motion is relative.
Temperature, Energy, Charge, etc.
How two observers in relative motion can have
conflicting views about same object? Vector Quantities: Those quantities which can be
completely described by their magnitude as well as
R: A body is said to be in a state of motion when it
direction are called vector quantities.
changes its position with respect to some observer.
Motion is relative because it needs specification of Examples: Weight, Velocity, Friction, Torque, etc.
observer. For example when Sara leaves in train and Graphical Representation of vector quantities:
her cousin John sees her off. As the train starts
moving, Sara sees John moving to the right, with same Graphically a vector is represented by an arrow, the
speed as John sees Sara moving to the left. Both will length of the arrow gives the magnitude (under certain
think about themselves at rest and others in motion. scale) and the arrow head points the direction of the
vector.
2. Explain different types of motion and give an
example of each. 4. What is position? Explain the difference between
distance traveled, displacement and displacement
R: There are three types of motion; magnitude.
1. In Translatory Motion a body changes its position as R: Position is the location of object relative to some
a whole. The line and path of motion could be straight reference.
(Rectilinear) or curved (Curvilinear) or irregular
(Random). Distance is the length of path traveled between two
positions. It is a scalar quantity and is usually denoted
Examples: Motion of a ball, rowing boats, flying birds, by ∆r, ∆l, ∆s, ∆x or ∆d. Its SI unit is meter.
moving car, etc.
Displacement is the shortest directed distance
between two positions. It is a vector quantity and is
usually denoted by ∆r, ∆l, ∆s, ∆x or ∆d. Its SI unit is
6
meter. The magnitude of displacement can be equal acceleration a. From the graph, it is clear that BD= CB +
to the path length traversed by an object (distance) CD ………..(i)
5. State and explain the terms: But in triangle ABC
a. Speed: “Measure of the distance (∆s) covered with CB
Slope =
passage of time (∆t) is called speed”. It is denoted by v AC
and is a scalar quantity. putting the values we get
∆s CB
v= Its SI unit is m/s or ms-1.
∆t a=
t
or at = CB

b. Velocity: “Measure of displacement covered (∆s) putting values in equation (i) we get
with passage of time (∆t) is called velocity (denoted by BD= CB + CD or v f = v I + at ……………(ii)
v)”. It is a vector quantity.
b. Second
∆s -1 Equation of Motion: It relates displacement s with
v = Its SI unit is m/s or ms .
∆t initial velocity vI and acceleration a in time t. The area
of velocity-time graph shows displacement s. Hence
displacement= Area of rectangle + Area of triangle
or S = OACD + ∆ACD
c. Acceleration: “The measure of change in velocity ∆v
with the passage of time (∆t) is called acceleration”, or DB = vf , DC = vi = OA, AC = t = OD, CB = at
“Time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration a
”. It is a vector quantity. 1
S = (OA x AC) + x (AC x CB) ………..(i)
2
∆v
a = Its SI unit is m/s2 or m.s-2
∆t
putting the values we get
6. Use velocity-time graph to prove the following
equations of motion: 1
S = vi × t + (t x at) therefore
1 2 2
a. vf = vi + at b. s = vit + at 1
2 S = vi t + a t2 ………………….(ii)
2
c. 2as = vf2 – vi2 c. Third Equation of Motion: This equation relates
R: position s, velocity v (both final vf and initial vi and
a. constant acceleration a without including time t. The
area under the curve can be calculated by taking the
total area of the trapezium OABD which can be written
from the velocity- time graph
as; DB = vf

DB = vf , vi = OA, DC
t = =OD,
vi = OA CB = at
S
AC = t = OD =
1
(OA x DB) x OD ………………
2
(i)
putting the values in equation (i) we have
First Equation of Motion: This equation gives the 1 From first equation
relation of final velocity vf in terms of velocity vi and S= (vf + vi) x t
2
Vf = vi + at

7 Or at = vf - vi

vf −vi
t=
a
 1 Data: vi = 25 m/s, a = – 20 m/s2 t = 2.0 s
Or S = (vf +vi)(vf – vi) ….(ii)
2a Required: displacement, s = ?
Using formula for eq. (ii) Solution: Using 2nd equation of motion
a2 – b2 = ( a + b) ( a – b) S = vit + 1 at2 or s = 25x2 + 1
2 2
1 2 2 S= 10m
s= (vf – vi ) x – 20x22
2a
2as = vf2 – vi2 ……………………(iii)
S = 50 – 40 or s = 10 m
therefore
3. A bullet accelerates the length of the barrel of a
7. What is free fall, what is its value near the surface
gun 0.750m long with a magnitude of 5.35x10 5 m/s2.
the earth? Explain with example that rock and sheet
With what speed does the bullet exit the barrel?
of paper will fall at the same rate without air
Data: s = 0.750m , a = 5.35x105 m/s2 , vi = 0
resistance.
Required: vf = ?
R: The motion, in which air resistance is neglected and
Solution: Using 3rd equation of motion
the acceleration is nearly constant, is known as free-
fall. 2as = vf2 – vi2 , 2x5.35x105x0.75 = vf2 – 0
vf2 = 80.25x 104 m2/s2 Vf = 896 m/s
Near the earth’s surface, value of gravitation
acceleration g is approximately, g = 9.8 m/s 2 4. A driver is traveling at 18 m/s when she sees a red
light ahead. Her car is capable of decelerating at a
In the absence of air resistance both rock and sheet of
rate of 3.65 m/s2. If she applies brakes when she is
paper will fall at the same rate because the velocities
only 20.0m from the intersection when she sees the
of both objects vary constantly, i.e. g =9.8 m/s 2
light, will she be able to stop in time?
regardless of the mass of the objects.
Data: vi = 18m/s a = -3.65m/s2 s = 20m vf = 0
Required: distance before stopping, s = ?
Solution: Using 3rd equation of motion we have
2as = vf2 – vi2 putting values in the equation
324
2x –3.65xs = 0 – (18) 2 OR –7.30 s = –324s =
7.30
ORshe willSbe
Result: No, = unable
44.38tomstop in time and will travel
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 24.38 m more passing the intersection (at 20m)
1. A squash ball makes contact with a squash racquet 5. An antelope moving with constant acceleration 2 m/s 2
and changes velocity from 15 m/s west to 25 m/s covers crosses a point where its velocity is 5 m/s. After 6.0
east in 0.10 s. Determine the vector acceleration of s how much distance it has covered and what is its
the squash ball. velocity?
Data: Initial velocity, vi = 15 m/s westward
Data: a = 2 m/s2 , vi = 5 m/s , t = 6.00 s
final velocity Vf=25 m/s eastward time, t=0.10 s
Required: i) s = ? ii) vf = ?
Required: vector acceleration, a = ?
Solution: Using 2nd equation of motion we have
∆v
Solution: we know that a = ………(i) 1 2 1
t s = vit + a t , putting values s = 5x6 + x2x62
but ∆v = vf - vi ∆v = – 25 – 15 = – 40 2 2
putting the values in eq. (i) we get s = 30 + 36 , s = 66m
st
−40 a= 400 m/s2 Now putting values in 1 equation of motion
a= = – 400 m/s2
0.10 vf = vi + at we get
2. A golf ball that is initially traveling at 25 m/s hits a vf = 5 + 2x6 = 17m/s
sand trap and slows own with an acceleration of –
… s = 66m , vf = 17 m/s
20m/s2. Find its displacement after 2.0 s.
8
 next 20 second and then its speed decreases uniformly
6. With what speed must a ball be thrown vertically to Zero in 20 s. Calculate the total distance covered.
from ground level to rise to a maximum height of 50 R: Mathematically:
m? Vi = 0, Vf = 8 m/s, t = 10 s , S = ?, a = ?
2
Data: h = 50m , g = 9.8m/s vf = 0 Vf −Vi 8−0
a= = , a = 0.8 ms-2
Required: vi = ? t 10
Solution: Using 3rd equation of motion under gravity S1 = vit + ½ at 2 putting values we get
2gh = vf2 – vi2 ………(i) putting values in eq. (ii) S1 = 0x10 + ½ x0.8 x (10)2 , S1= 0.4 x 100 = 40 m
2x9.8x50 = 0 – vi2 OR S2= vt , S2 = 8 x 20 , S2 = 160 m
– vi2 = 980 m2/s2 Now vi = 8ms-1, vf = 0 ms-1, t = 20 s, S=?, a= ?
vi = 31.3 m/s Vi = 31.3 m/s 0−8
a= a= – 0.4 ms-2
Assign No. 2.1: In 2009 a 20
Jamaican sprinter Bolt created World Record by using 2nd equation, S3 = 8x20 + ½ x– 0.4x(20)2
running 100m in just 9.58s. What is its average speed? S3 = 160 – 0.2 x 400= 160 – 80, S3 = 80m
s 100 Total Distance S = S1 + S2 + S3 = 280 m
Solution: <v> = or <v>=
t 9.58 Graphically:
and <v> = 10.43m/s S = Areas of Graph = ∆AOE + ABED + ∆BDC
Assign No. 2.2: A runner makes one lap around a 10 x 8 20 x 8
270m circular track in 30 s. What is his average speed S= + 20x8 + , S = 40 + 160 + 80
2 2
and average velocity?
S = 280m
s 270
Solution: <v> = putting values <v> = = 9m/s Assign No. 2.5: A cyclist is moving with uniform
t 30
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2. How much time will it require
s 0 to change his velocity from 6 m/s to 12 m/s?
average velocity, <v> = , <v> = ,
t 30
Solution: using 1st equation of motion when
<v>= 0m/s
a =1.2m/s2 , vi = 6 m/s , vf = 12m/s2 and t=?
vf −vi
vf = vi + at, vf - vi = at or t =
a
12−6
t= . t=5s
1.2

Assign No. 2.3: If in the same experiment you take the

reading of the speedometer of the car as 20 km/h in
the 4th second and 32 km/h in the 9 th second. What is Example No. 2.6: A Boeing 777 aircraft takes off at 295
the acceleration of your car in this interval? km/h after accelerating from rest to 2.80 m/s 2. What is
∆v the minimum runway length required?
Solution: We know that a = ……. (i) Given: vi = 0, a = 2.80 ms -2 ,
∆t
vf = (295x1000)/3600 ms -1 = 82 ms -1
∆v= 32 – 20 = 12 km/h and ∆t = 9s – 4s = 5 s
Required: Length of Runway, S = ?
12
Putting values a= = 2.4 km/h or Using 3rd equation of motion:
5
2 x 2.80 x S = (82)2 – 0 OR S = 6724/5.6,
a = 0.66m/s2 S = 1200 m
Assign No. 2.4: A cyclist increases his speed from Zero Assignment No. 2.6: On Motorway M1, a car is
to 8 ms-1. Then he moves with uniform speed for the moving at speed limit of 120 km/h. By Applying brakes

9
the car comes to rest after covering a distance of 30m. 3. Why a balloon filled with air move forward, when
What is the deceleration of the car? its air is released?
Given: vi = 120 km/h = 120x1000/3600 m/s R: The air released from air filled balloon applies force
vi = 33.3 m/s, vf = 0 (brakes are applied), on air in atmosphere behind the balloon. In reaction
S = 30m air in atmosphere pushes the balloon forward.
Required: Deceleration, a = ? 4. Why does a hose pipe tend to move backward
Solution: Using 3rd equation of motion when the fireman directs a powerful stream of water
2aS = vf2 – vi2 putting values in a = vf2 – vi2/2S towards fire?
a = 0 – 33.32/2x30, R: Water and hose pipe are initially at rest but the
a =1111.1/60, a= –18.5ms –2 fireman directs the stream of water towards fire the
Assignment No. 2.7: In a cricket match ball goes water gains momentum. The hose pipe moves
straight up with a velocity of 40 m/s. Calculate backward with the same momentum according to law
a) maximum height ball will reach b) time to reach of conservation of momentum.
that height. 0 + 0 = mv – mv , P are zero
so both sides of ⃗
Data: vi = 40 m/s, vf = 0 m/s, g = 10 m/s2 h, t = ? Or it can be explained in terms of Newton’s 3 rd Law of
Solution: Motion. When a fireman directs a powerful stream of
a) Height, S = ? Using 3rd equation of motion water towards fire, the pressure in the pipe hose
2gh = vf2 – vi2 , g = vf2 – vi2/2h putting values pushes the water forward which in reaction pushes
g = 0 – (40)2/2x10 = 80m the pipe hose backward.
b) Time, t = ? Using first equation of motion and 5. Your car is stuck in wet mud. Some students on
putting values in t = vf – vi / a we get their way to class see your predicament and help out
t = 0 – 40 /10 , t = 4 sec by sitting on the trunk of your car to increase its
traction. Why does this help?
R: Tyres of car and wet mud have very less friction to
move the car either way. Sitting on the trunk of the car
increases the contact between tyres of car and surface of
the earth and hence static friction which helps the car to
move.
6. How does friction help you walk? Is it kinetic
friction or static friction?

R: There is static friction between sole of the shoes

and surface of the earth. When we push surface of the
UNIT – 3 Dynamics earth backward, it due to static friction pushes us
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS forward.
1. Why does dust fly off, when a hanging carpet is 7. The parking brake on a car causes the rear wheels
beaten with a stick? to lock up. What would be the likely consequence of
R: Initially both hanging carpet and dust on it are in applying the parking brake in a car that is in rapid
state of rest. When the carpet is beaten with a stick motion?
the carpet moves away but the dust flies off in order R: When parking brake in a car that is in rapid motion
to sustain its state of rest (inertia). is applied it does not stop the car instead it damages
2. If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you the car.
can remove some of the excess of water by shaking 8. Why is the surface of a conveyor belt made rough?
them. Why does this work? R: The surface of a conveyor belt is made rough to
R: Force of shaking hands reduces the adhesive force increase the static friction and prevent the luggage
between water and hands. Hence the net force causes from falling away.
water to remove from hands. 9. Why does a boatman tie his boat to a pillar before
allowing the passengers to step on the river bank?
10
R: When passengers step out of the boat, the boat Example: A chair lying in a room will remain stationary
pushes backward with a force. Therefore, boatman and will not start moving unless someone moves it by
ties the boat to produce a reaction force of pull to applying a net force.
cancel the effect of backward force of push. Newton’s Second Law: “A net force applied on a body
10. In uniform circular motion, is the velocity provides it acceleration ‘a’ in direction of force. This
constant? Is the acceleration constant? Explain. acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude
R: In uniform circular motion, the linear velocity of the of the net force and inversely proportional to the mass
body is not constant because it changes its direction of the object”.
moving with constant speed in circular path. The 1 F F
a α F …..(i) a α …..(ii) then a α or a=k
acceleration of a moving object in circular path is m m m
called centripetal acceleration which is constant for
so F = ma (using SI units k=1)
uniform circular motion.
11. You tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl the Example: A car is travelling on a motorway and is
brick around you in a horizontal circle. Describe the accelerating because the force propelling the car is
path of the brick after you suddenly let it go of the greater than the air resistance trying to resist its
rope. movement.
R: A brick tied with a rope moves in a circular path Newton’s Third Law: “To every action there is equal
when is whirled. But when we let the brick to go of the and opposite reaction”. Action is a force applied by a
rope it tends to move in straight line. body on another body which in response applies a
12. Why is the posted speed of a turn lower than the force of reaction.
speed limit on most highways?
R: A speedy vehicle has a larger momentum which
must be overcome while taking a turn. Hence, posted
speed of a turn is always lower to take turn with less
momentum.
Example: The jet plane ejects gases at high as an
action, and air as reaction applies force on the plane to
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS
make it move forward.
1. What is force? What are its units? Distinguish
3. What is weight? Differentiate between mass and
between contact and non-contact forces.
weight.
R: A physical quantity that moves or tends to move a
R: Weight: The force with which earth attracts
body, stops or tends to stop a moving body is called
everything towards its center is called weight.
force. In System International (SI) unit of force is
Mass Weight
Newton which is equal to kg m/s2.
Mass is a property Weight depends on the effect
The force is exerted when a body comes in contact of matter. of gravity.
with another body is called contact force, e.g. pulling Weight can be zero if no
Mass can never be
or pushing things gravity acts upon an object,
zero.
as in space.
When force is exerted on a body such that it is at a
The mass of an Weight increases or
certain distance from another then the force is called object is same decreases with higher or
non-contact force, e.g. gravitational force, everywhere. lower gravity.
electrostatic force Mass is a scalar Weight is a vector quantity. It
2. State and Explain Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. quantity. It has has magnitude and direction
Give one example of each. magnitude. towards earth’s center.
R: Newton’s First Law: “If the net force acting on the Mass may be
Weight is measured using a
body is zero, the object will maintain its state of rest or measured using an
spring balance.
ordinary balance.
uniform motion (constant velocity)”.
The SI unit of mass The derived unit of weight is
Fnet = 0, a=0, v = constant is Kg Newton

11
4. Define Momentum. Relate force to change in After explosion parts of the system move away with
momentum. different velocities v1 and v2 in different directions such
R: Linear Momentum: The product of mass and that mv1 + mv2 = 0
velocity of an object is called linear momentum. It is 7. What is friction? What are microscopic basis of
denoted by P. It is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is Kg.ms - friction? What is normal force, how it affects friction?
1
or N s. Mathematically Ṕ = m v́ R: Friction: It is a force that opposes relative motion or
Force and Change in Momentum: attempted motion between system in contact. It is
According to Newton’s 2nd Law a force produces denoted by f. It is a vector quantity and has newton as
acceleration as given; ⃗ F = m a⃗ ………… (i) SI unit.
vf −vi Every surface is rough, even surfaces that appear to be
but we know that a = …………… (ii)
∆t highly polished can actually look quite rough when
putting the value of equation (ii) in equation (i) examined under a microscope. These irregular
Vf −Vi mVf −mVi roughness and intermolecular forces increase the
F=m( ¿ or F=
∆t ∆t force of friction when a body slides over another body.
P f −P i ∆P Normal Force: A contact force perpendicular to the
but P = mv hence F = or F =
∆t ∆t contact surface that prevents two objects from passing
Therefore, the time rate of change of momentum is through one another is called normal force. Normal
equal to the net force acting on the body. force on an object is equal to its weight which
5. Define isolated system. Explain the law of prevents that object from falling freely.
conservation of momentum.
R: Isolated System: An Isolated system is a collection of
particles that can interact with each other but whose 8. Differentiate between static and kinetic friction by
interactions with the environment outside the collect have a giving an example. Find the expression for the
negligible effect on their motions. coefficient of static and kinetic friction.
R: Static Friction: The frictional force that tends to
Law of Conservation of Momentum: This law states, prevent a stationary object from starting to move. It is
“In the absence of an external force the momentum of
denoted by fs.
an isolated system remains constant”. We know that
Kinetic friction: The frictional force that acts against an
∆P
F= if F = 0 object during its motion in opposite direction. It is
∆t
∆P denoted by fk.
then 0= or Pf = Pi
∆t Example: When we push a heavy crate horizontally it
6. Define collision and explosion. Explain change in does not move because static friction prevents it from
momentum in terms of collision and explosion. starting motion. After pushing the crate with strength,
R: Collision: An event during which particles came the crate starts to slide. The force of friction that exists
close to each other and interact by means of forces is now during the motion of the object is called kinetic
called collision. friction.
Explosion: It is an even during which particles of the 1. Static friction is directly proportional to normal
system move apart from each other after a brief, force fs α FN or fs = μsFN …… (i)
intense interaction. 2. Kinetic frictional is also directly proportional to
The total momentum of the system before and after normal force fk α FN fk = μsFN …… (ii)
collision and explosion remains the same. From eq. (i) and (ii) we have
Two colliding bodies of masses m 1 and m2 and fs fk
FN = and FN =
velocities v1 and v2 respectively can be written as m1v1 μs μk
+ m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 where u1 and u2 are velocities of Comparing both of the above we get
the bodies after collision. fs fk fs μs
μs
= μk OR
fk
= μk
Similarly total momentum of the system before
explosion is zero. Pi = 0
12
9. What are advantages and disadvantages of Using this diagram, write Newton’s 2nd Law equations
friction? Also give methods to reduce friction. for both objects, taking care to note the positive y
R: Advantages of Friction: direction:
1. We are able to walk due friction between the soles
of our shoes and the ground.
2. Friction holds the screw and nails in wood/ wall.
3. The lighting of a match stick is another useful Next, combine the equations and eliminate T by
application of friction. solving for T in equation (2) and substituting in for T in
Disadvantages: 1. It slows down moving objects and equation (1).
causes heating of moving parts in machinery.
2. Energy is wasted to overcome friction in machinery.
3. It produces wear and tear in objects.

Finally, solve for the acceleration of the system.

 

Methods of Reducing Friction:

1. Polishing the rough surface reduces the friction and
makes the surfaces smooth.
2. Lubricating surfaces reduces the friction, e.g. grease,
oil, etc.
3. Using ball bearings convert sliding friction into Alternately,
rolling friction and hence reduces frictional force. you could treat
10. What is tension? If two connected bodies of both masses as part of the same system. Now putting
masses m1 and m2 are handing from the ends of a the values in eq (1) we can get
string which is passing over a pulley, find the values
of tension and acceleration in it.
R: Tension: The pulling force exerted by a stretched
rope, string, cable or cord on an attached object is
called a tension force.
Two masses, m1 and m2, are hanging by a massless
string from a frictionless pulley. If m1 is greater than
m2 then the
acceleration and force of
tension will be given as;
11. What is uniform circular motion? What are the
First, identify a
factors on which magnitude of acceleration in
direction as positive.
uniform motion depends?
Since you can easily
R: The motion of a body with uniform speed in a
observe that m1 will
circular path is called uniform circular motion. The
accelerate downward
magnitude of acceleration in uniform motion depends
and m2 will accelerate
on the following two factors;
upward, since m1 > m2,
1. Speed of the body in uniform circular motion, v
call the direction of motion around the pulley and
2. Distance of the body from the center of the circle,r
down toward m1 the positive y direction. Then, you
v2
can create free body diagrams for both object m1 and Mathematically: a=–
r
m2, as shown below:
12. What is centripetal force? Explain how centripetal
force is used in banking of roads and centrifugation?

13
R: A net force that compels a body to move to in a vf −vi
a= = 5ms-2 F= ma , F = 1200 x 5 =6000N and
circular path is called centripetal force. It is always t
directed towards the center against the direction of F = mTruck. F = 9000x5 F = 45,000 N
velocity. Assignment No. 3.5: Ball A having mass 0.05 kg
Banking of Roads: In the absence of force a car will moving to the right at velocity of 0.5 m.s -1 makes an
skid off the road when it moves along a curve. The head-on collision with ball B having mass 0.20 kg that
level of the outer edge of a round track is kept slightly is initially at rest. After the collision ball A moves to the
higher than that of the inner edge known as banking of left at 0.30 m/s. Find the final velocity of the ball B.
road. The net force produced will provide the R: v1=0.5 ms-1 m1 = 0.05 kg v2= 0 m2 = 0.2 kg
necessary centripetal force for safe turning around the u1 = 0.3 ms-1 , u2 = ? As we know that
circular track. m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 putting values
u2= (0.5x0.05+ 0.2x0 – 0.5x0.3)/0.2 = - 0.6ms -1

Centrifugation: Centrifugation is the process where a

mixture is separated through spinning. It is used to
separate skim milk from whole milk, Assignment No. 3.6: A 200 kg cannon at rest contain a
water from your clothes, and blood cells from your 10kg cannon ball. When fired, the cannon ball leaves
blood plasma. the cannon with a speed of 90 m/s. What is the recoil
Assignment No. 3.1: Find the acceleration produced in speed of the cannon?
engine force of 3500N in car of mass 600 kg and truck mv2 10 x 90
R: v2 = v2 = = 4.5 m/s
of mass 2400 kg. M 200
F 3500 Assignment No. 3.7: A 5 kg heavy leather bag is placed
R: a = a= = 5.83 m.s –2 on a horizontal wooden plank. How much force is
m 600
required to set it in motion if the coefficient of friction
3500 between the plank and bag is 0.1.
a= = 1.46 m.s –2
2400 R: m = 5 kg, μ = 0.1 , g =10 m.s–2 f= ?
Assignment No. 3.2: The weight of an astronaut and f = μ mg f = 0.1x10x5 = 5 N
his space suit on the Moon is only 250 N. How much Assignment No. 3.8: Two bodies of mass 3.5kg and
do they weigh on Earth? What is the mass on the 1.5kg are tied to ends of string which passes over a
Moon? On Earth? (gE=9.8 m.s–2, gE=1.6 m.s–2) pulley. Find the acceleration and tension.
w M 250 R: m1 = 3.5kg, m2 = 1.5kg, g = 10 m.s-2
R: wM = 250 N then m = = , m = 171kg
g 1.46 m1−¿m 3.5−1.5
a= 2
¿g a= x10 a = 4 m.s–2
Mass on moon = Mass on Earth = 171 kg m1 +m2 3.5+1.5
Weight on Earth, wE = 171 x 9.8 = 1678 N 2m1 m2 g 2 x 3.5 x 1.5 x 10
Assignment No. 3.3: The fastest recorded speed for a T= T= T = 21 m.s–2
m1 +m 2 3.5+1.5
golf ball hit by a golfer is 75.8 m/s (273 km/h). If mass Assignment No. 3.9: A pilot is flying a small plane at
of golf ball is 46 g, what is the magnitude of its 56.6 m/s in a circular path with a radius of 188.5m.
momentum? The centripetal force needed to maintain the plane’s
R: v = 75.8 m/s and m = 46 g = 0.046 kg put in motion of 1.89x104N. What is the plane’s mass?
P = mv we get P = 75.8 x 0.046 = 3.49N.s R: v = 56.6 m/s , r = 188.5m F= 1.89x104N
Assignment No. 3.4: Calculate the force required to
Fr 1.89 x 104 x 188.5
stop a car of mass 1200 kg and a loaded truck of mass then m= 2 m= = 1112 kg
v 56.6w
9,000 kg in 2 second, if they moving with same velocity
of 10 ms–1.
R: m = 1200 kg, vi = 10ms–1 , vf = 0, t =2 sec
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

14
1. 1580 kg car is travelling with a speed of 15m/s. and starts to move at constant velocity of only 200 N.
What is the magnitude of the horizontal net force What are the co-efficient of static and kinetic
that is required to bring the car to a halt in a distance friction?
of 50m? Given Data:
Given: Normal Force, FN = 500 N Static Friction, f S = 230 N and
Mass, m = 1580 kg Initial speed, vi = 15 m/s Kinetic Friction, fK = 200N , μS =?, μK =?
Distance, S = 50 m Final speed, v f = 0 m/s Sol: First to find out co-efficient of static friction
Required: F = ? fs 230
μS = , μS = so μS = 0.46
Sol: The value of a can be determined form 3 rd fN 500
equation of motion as; Now to find out co-efficient of Kinetic friction
2 aS = vf2 – vi2 , 2×a×50 = 02 – 15 2 fk 200
μK = , μK = so μS = 0.40
100 a = – 225 Or a = – 2.25 m/s2 fN 500
Now putting the values in Newton’s 2nd Law Hence, { μS = 0.46, μS = 0.40}
F = 1580 × – 2.25 , F = 3555 N F = 3.5×103N
5. Two bodies of masses 3 kg and 5 kg are tired to
string which is passed over a pulley. If the
2. A bullet of mass 10g is fired with a rifle. The bullet
takes 0.003 s to move through barrel and leaves with
a velocity of 300 m/s. What is the force exerted on pulley has no friction, find the acceleration of the
the bullet by the rifle? bodies and tension in the string.
Given: Mass, mb = 10g = 0.01kg Given Data: m1 = 3 kg m2 = 5 kg
2
time, t= 0.003 sec v = 300 m/s F=? g = 9.8 m/s a=? T=?
Sol: The force exerted by rifle on bullet is given as; m1−m2
Sol: a = g putting values we have
∆P mvf −mvf m1+m 2
F= , F= putting values 3−5
t t a= x 9.8 a=
−2
x 9.8
0.01× 300−0.01 ×0 3 3+5 8
F= , F= = 1000
0.003 0.003
N a = ̶ 0.25 x 9.8 a = 2.45 m/s2
3. A 2200 kg vehicle travelling at 94 km/h (26m/s) can 2m 1 m2
Similarly, for Tension, T = g
be stopped in 21 s by gently applying the brakes. It m1+m 2
can be stopped in 3.8 s if the driver slams on the 2× 3× 5 30
T= x 9.8 T= x 9.8
brakes. What average force is exerted on the vehicle 3+5 8
in both of these stops? T = 3.75x9.8 T = 36.75 N
Given: Mass, m = 2200 kg, vi= 26 m/s (94kph) 6. Determine the magnitude of the centripetal force
Time, t1 =21s, t2 = 3.8s vf = 0 F=? exerted by the rim of a car’s wheel on a 45 kg tire.
Sol: If brakes are gently applied then The tire has a 0.4 m radius and is rotating at a speed
vf −vi of 30 m/s.
F1 =ma1, F1 = m putting values
t Given Data: mass, m = 45 kg radius, r = 0.4 m
0−26 −57200 Speed, v = 30 m/s Fc = ?
F1 = 2200 × , F1 = = −¿ 2723 N
21 21 Sol: Using formula for Centripetal force
vf −vi mv 2
F2 = ma2 , F2 =m putting values Fc = putting values we have
t r
0−26 −57200 45 ×30 ×30
F2 = 2200x , F2 = =−¿ 15053 N Fc = FC = 84375 N
3.8 3.8 0.48
Hence, {F1 = −¿2.7x103N , F2 = −¿1.5x104 N} F C = 8.44 x 104 N
4. You want to move a 500-N crate across a level 7. A motorcyclist is moving along a circular wooden
floor. To start the crate moving, you have to pull with track of a circus (death well) of radius 5m at a speed
a 230N horizontal force. Once the crate breaks loose of 10 ms-1. If the total mass of motorcycle and the
15
rider is 150 kg find the magnitude of the centripetal R: Long spanner increases moment arm of force (r)
force acting on him? which increases torque even with small force.
Given Data: radius, r = 5m speed, v = 10 m/s Therefore it is easy to loosen a tight rusty nut with
mass, m = 150 kg FC = ? longer spanner.
Sol: Using formula for Centripetal force 5. The gravitational force acting on a satellite is
mv 2 always directed towards the center of the earth.
Fc = putting values we have
r Does this force exert torque on satellite?
150 x 10 x 10 R: No, The gravitational force is always directed
FC = FC = 3000N
5 towards center of the earth whereas centrifugal force
8. A car of mass 1000 kg is running on a circular is equal and opposite in direction. Hence, net force as
motor way interchange near Swabi with a velocity of well as torque is zero.
80 ms-1 the radius of the circular motor way 6. Can we have situations in which an object is not in
interchange in 800m. How much centripetal force is equilibrium, even though the net force on it is zero?
required? Give two examples.
Given Data: mass, m = 1000 kg v = 80 m/s R: Yes, we can have situations of non-equilibrium in
radius, r = 800 m FC = ? the presence of a net force
mv 2
Sol: Fc = putting the values
r because both net force and net torque must be zero
1000 x 80 x 80 for complete equilibrium.
FC = FC = 8000N
800 Example No. 1:
Two equal forces acting on a
UNIT – 4 Turning Effect of Force rod fixed at its center in
opposite direction are not in
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
equilibrium even Fnet = 0
1. Can the rectangular component of the vector be Example No. 2:
greater than the vector itself? Explain. When two equal
R: No, the rectangular component of the vector can and opposite forces
never be greater than the vector itself because in are applied on a
rectangular component the actual force is multiplied rim, it moves
with sinϴ and cosϴ whose values are not more than 1. inspite of the fact that net force is ZERO.
2. Explain why door handles are not put near hinges? 7. Why do tight rope walkers carry a long, narrow
R: Putting door handles (force impact) away from rod?
hinges (axis of rotation) increases moment arm and R: A tight rope walker is always in unstable equilibrium
hence increases torque. It makes easy to open the because the center of mass can shift to one and the
door with little force. walker may fall due to gravity. To stay in balance rope
3. Can a small force ever exert a greater torque than walker must have to produce a counter-torque by
a larger force? Explain. keeping the rod on the other side. Hence, rope walkers
R: Yes, it is possible to exert greater torque with small carry a long rod.
force because magnitude of torque is; 8. Why do wearing high heeled shoes sometimes
 = r F sinϴ Examples: cause lower back pain?
1) If F=10N and r = 5m, ϴ = 90 then  = 10x5x1 = 50
o
R: Wearing high heeled shoes cause strain
Nm because sin90o = 1 (Force/Area) in the thighs and muscles increases
2) If F=5N and r= 5m but ϴ=30o sin 30o = 0.5 curvature of the spine and causes back pain.
then  = 50x0.5=25Nm Hence, it is clear from 9. Why is it more difficult to lean backwards? Explain.
the given examples that a small force can produce R: It is more difficult to lean backwards because the
greater torque than larger force. center of gravity of the body lowers and unstable
4. Why it is better to use a long spanner rather than a equilibrium establishes and makes it difficult to come
short one to loosen a rusty nut? back to original position.
16
10. Can a single force applied to a body change both 3. Define moment of force. Give its mathematical
its translational and rotational motion? Explain. description and elaborate the factors on which it
R: Yes, if applied outside the center of mass, it will not depends?
only cause translational motion, but will generate a R: Moment of Force (Torque):
torque, causing rotation as well. Take an example of ”Turning effect produced in a body about a fixed point
football kickoff. The kicker's foot causes the ball to fly due to applied force is called torque or moment of
through the air, and rotate end-over-end. force”. Mathematically
11. Two forces produce the same torque. Does it Torque = Force applied x Perpendicular distance from
follow that they have the same magnitude? Explain. the axis of rotation {  = F x d }
Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let
go of the rope. Factors affecting moment of force (Torque):
1. Applied Force: Torque increases with increase in
R: No, two different forces acting at different distances applied force keeping other factors constant
may still produce the same torque because torque is a 2. Moment Arm: Increasing moment arm increases
product of both force (F) and distance (r). torque keeping others constant
3. Angle between F and d: Torque is maximum when
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS angle between force and moment arm is 90 o and
1. What are force diagrams? Define like and unlike decreases with decreasing angle till 0o where it
parallel forces with example. becomes zero.
R: Force Diagrams: A force diagram is simply a diagram 4. What is resolution of forces? Explain with an
showing all the forces acting on an object. example how forces can be resolved into rectangular
Parallel Forces: Two forces lie in the same plane and components.
have lines of action that never intersect each other. It R: The process of splitting a force (vector) into two or
can in same or opposite direction. more forces (vector) is called resolution of forces
Like Forces: Two forces acting on a body in the same (vectors). The components which are mutually
direction are called like forces, e.g. two forces F 1 and F2 perpendicular obtained after resolution of a force are
acting on vehicle along the road Eastward are said to called rectangular components. These analytical
be like forces. methods are more concise, accurate and precise than
Unlike Forces: Two forces acting on a body in the graphical methods. For example a force F is acting in a
opposite direction are called unlike forces, e.g. two Cartesian plan with certain angle ϴ then this force can
forces F1 and F2 acting on vehicle along the road in East be resolved into its rectangular components as given;
and West directions respectively are said to be unlike Draw perpendiculars
forces. from point P on x-axis
2. Explain the addition of forces, in connection with and y-axis which meet
head to tail rule. the both axes at points Q
R: The process of obtaining a single force which and S respectively.
produces the same effect as produced by number of Hence, PQ represents
forces acting together is called Addition of Forces. component of force
Forces as vector quantities are added by head to tail along y-axis, Fy and SQ
rule. According to head to tail rule the head of first represents component of force along x-axis, F x which
force (vector) is joined with tail of the second force are the rectangular component of vector F. By head to
(vector) and head of second force (vector) with tail of tail rule of addition of vectors we know that ⃗ F=⃗ F x+
third force (vector) and so on. The resultant force Fy
⃗
(vector) is obtained by joining the tail of the first to the 5. What is couple? Explain with examples.
head of the last force (vector). R: “Two equal and opposite parallel forces acting
along different lines on a body constitute a couple”. A
couple does not produce any translation, but only
rotation.
17
Examples: 1) Forces that two hands apply to turn a Center of Gravity: “The point at which the whole
steering wheel are often a couple. 2) Forces applied on weight of the body appears to act is called center of
pedals of bicycle are a couple. 3) Winding a spring of a gravity”.
toy car, etc. The CM and CG of regular objects are the geometric
centers of those objects, e.g. sphere, circle, cube,
triangular or rectangular objects

Whereas CM or CG of irregular objects can be

6. Define equilibrium. Explain its types and state the determined in the following way;
two conditions of equilibrium. 1. Hang the object from a fixed point with a plumb line
R: Equilibrium: “The state of rest or uniform motion of at different position on the objects
a body when different forces cancel each other effects 2. Draw lines along the plumb line
is called equilibrium”. OR 3. The point at which all lines intersect is CM/CG
“The state of a body in which both translational and Difference between CM and CG: For many objects,
rotational motion do not change due to balancing of these two points are in exactly the same place. But
different forces acting on it” they are only the same when the gravitational field is
Types of Equilibrium: Static Equilibrium: The state of uniform across an object.
rest of a body when the sum of forces and torques 9. Explain the stability of the objects with reference
acting on it are zero is called static equilibrium, e.g. a to its position of center of mass.
book placed on a table R: Stability is a measure of how hard it is to displace an
Dynamic Equilibrium: The state of the body in uniform object or system from equilibrium. The position of
motion when the sum of forces and torques acting on mass of a body affects whether or not it topples over
it are zero is called dynamic equilibrium, e.g. motion of easily. It has three aspects;
paratrooper and CD 1. When CM rises if the object is displaced and it
Conditions of Equilibrium: regains its position back then the equilibrium is said to
First Condition: For a body in equilibrium, the vector be stable equilibrium.
sum of all forces acting on a body must be ZERO. Σ⃗ F= 2. If CM falls when the object is displaced and it does
0 not regain its position and moves away from its
Second Condition: For a body in equilibrium, the vector previous position then the equilibrium is said to be
sum of all torques acting on a body must be ZERO. Σ unstable equilibrium.
⃗ =0
❑ 3. If the CM does not rise or fall when an object is
7. State and Explain principle of moments with displaced but move away from its previous position
examples. then it is in neutral equilibrium.
R: Principle of Moment: “For a body in equilibrium, the Assignment No. 4.1: Two forces are applied one force
sum of clockwise moments must be equal to the sum is 25N [20o with x-axis] and the other force is 10N [60 o
of anti-clockwise moments taken about the same with x-axis], find the net resultant force.
pivot”. For instance, if we suspend a weight 3 N at 0.2 R: Using head to tail rule F = 30N
m from the pivot of a rod, it exerts the same torque as Assignment No. 4.2: While tilling your garden, your
1 N at 0.6 m from the same pivot and the rod will be in exert a force on the handles of the tiller that has
equilibrium. Ƭ clockwise = Ƭ anti-clockwise components Fx = 85N and Fy = 13N. The x-axis is
Σ Ƭ = 3N x 0.2 m – 1 N x 0.6 m = 0 horizontal and the y-axis and the y-axis points up.
8. What is center of mass and center of gravity? What are the magnitude and direction of the force?
Explain how CM and CG can be determined? Is there R: Fx=85 N , Fy = 13N , F = F2x + F 2y
√
any difference between CM and CG? Fy
R: Center of Mass: “The point on a body about which F = √ 852 +132 = 86 N ϴ = tan-1 = 8.7o
Fx
its mass is equally distributed in all directions is called
Assignment No. 4.3: 20 Nm torque is required to open
center of mass”.
a soda bottle. A boy with a bottle opener applies a

18
force perpendicularly at 0.1m. What is the magnitude
of force required?
20
R: Ƭ = 20Nm r = 0.1m F = = 200N
0.1

4. Two kids weighing 300N and 350N are sitting at the

Assignment No. 4.4: With a beam two masses m 1 ends of 6m long seesaw. The seesaw is pivoted at its
and m2 are suspended at distance 0.4m and 0.5m center. Where would a third kid sit so that the
respectively from suspension point. Ignoring the seesaw is in equilibrium in the horizontal position?
weight of the balance, if m2 = 1.6 kg, what is the The weight of the third kids is 250N. (ignore weight of
mass, m1? seesaw)
Given: w1= 350N w2 = 300N w3 = 250N
R: r1 = 0.4m , r2 = 0.5m , m2 = 1.6kg, m1 = ? d1 = 3m (one end) d2 = 3m (other end)
1.6 x 0.5 Required: distance of third kid, d3 = ?
Ƭ1 = Ƭ2 or m1gr1=m2gr2 or m1= =1.75kg
0.4 Solution: Ƭ Clockwise = Ƭ Anticlockwise where Ƭ = w d
w1d1 = w2d2 + w3d3 putting the values
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
350N x 3m = 300N x 3m + 250N x d3
1. To open a door force of 15 N is applied at 30 o to 1050Nm – 900 Nm = 250 d3 OR d3 = 0.6 m
the horizontal; find the horizontal and vertical 5. Two children push on opposite sides of a door
components of force. during play. Both push horizontally and perpendicular
Given: Force, F = 15 N Angle, ϴ = 30o to the door. One child pushes with a force of 20 N at
Required: Fx = ? Fy = ? a distance of 0.60m from the hinges, and the second
Solution: Fx = F cos ϴ or Fx= 15N x cos30o child pushed at a distance of 0.50m. What force must
Fx = 15N x 0.866 or Fx = 13N the second child exert to keep the door from moving?
Fy = F sin ϴ putting values Fy = 15N xsin30o (Assume friction is negligible)
Fy = 15N x 0.5 or Fy = 7.5 N Given: F1 = 20N d1 = 0.6m d2 = 0.5m
2. A bolt on a car engine needs to be tightened with a Required: F2 = ?
torque of 40 Nm. You use a 25 cm long wrench and Solution: According to principle of moment
pull on the end of the wrench perpendicularly. How Ƭ Clockwise = Ƭ Anticlockwise
much force do you have to exert? F1d1 = F2d2 putting values 20x0.6 = F2x0.5
Given: Torque, Ƭ= 40Nm Angle, ϴ = 90o 12
F2 = F2 = 12 x 2 F2 = 24N
Moment Arm, d=25cm or d = 0.25m 0.5
Required: F = ? when sin 90o=1 6. A construction crane lifts building material of mass
1500kg by moving its crane arm, calculate moment of
Solution: Ƭ = Fd Sin ϴ or F = Ƭ/d force when moment arm is 20m. After lifting the
40 crane arm, which reduces moment arm to 12m,
F= F = 160 N
o .25 calculate moment.
3. Sana, whose mass is 43kg, sits 1.8m from the Given: m = 1500kg d1 = 20m d2 = 12m
center of a seesaw. Faiz, whose mass is 52kg, wants
to balance Sana. How far from the center of the Required: Ƭ1 = ? Ƭ2 = ?
seesaw should Faiz sit? Solution: Ƭ1 = mgd1 , Ƭ1= 1500x9.8x20
Given: mS = 43 kg dS = 1.8m Ƭ1 = 294000 Nm
mF = 52kg Required: dF = ? Ƭ2 = mgd2 Ƭ2= 1500x9.8x12 Ƭ2 =176400Nm
Solution: According principle of moment
Ƭ Clockwise = Ƭ Anticlockwise where Ƭ = w d sin ϴ
mS g d S = mF g d F
43x9.8x1.8 = 52x9.8xdF
dF = 774/52 and dF = 1.5m
19
 quantities constant, increasing mass of the earth will
increase the weight of the body.
6. Why lighter and heavier objects fall at the same
UNIT – 5 GRAVITATION rate toward the earth?
R: Lighter and heavier objects fall at the same rate
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS toward the earth in the absence of air resistance
1. If there is an attractive force between all objects, because the gravitational acceleration for lighter and
why don’t we feel ourselves gravitating toward heavier objects is always the same, i.e. 9.81 m.s -2 (near
nearby massive buildings? earth’s surface)

R: We do not feel ourselves gravitating toward nearby 7. The value of ‘g’ changes with location on earth,
massive buildings because, according to law of however, we take same value of ‘g’ as 9.8 m/s 2 for
universal gravitation, product of these masses has to ordinary calculations. Why?
be multiplied by a very small constant G which makes R: The value of ‘g’ is same all over the earth because
it so small that we cannot feel the force, e.g. earth is not a perfect sphere. It has a greater value at
F = 6.67x10-11x102x104/1 F = 6.67x10-5 poles (9.83 m/s2) than at equator (9.78 m/s2). However
2. Does the sun exert a larger force on the Earth than the difference is not so sharp hence an average value
that exerted on the sun by the Earth? Explain. of ‘g’ is taken as 9.8 m/s2.
R: No, both sun and earth exert the same force which 8. Moon is attracted by the earth, why it does not fall
is given by law of universal gravitation, i.e. F = G on earth?
MsMe R: Moon does not fall on earth because it is moving
F ≈ 3.66 x 1022N with a fast speed to avoid the force of attraction and
r2
Hence, both forces are same in magnitude but hence moves in an orbit.
opposite in direction which also obeys Newton’s 3 rd 9. Why for same height larger and smaller satellites
Law of motion. must have same orbital speed?
3. What is the importance of gravitational constant R: The orbital speed of satellites can be calculated by
‘G’? Why is it difficult to calculate? the equation; v = √ 2 gR or
R: Gravitation constant is very important for the V=
√ GMe
calculation of gravitation between two bodies which is r
same throughout the universe. However, it is difficult It is evident from the above equations that orbital
to calculate it both theoretically and empirically speed does not depend on mass of the satellite. Both
because gravitational force is a weak force as will have the same orbital speed.
compared to all other fundamental forces.
4. If Earth somehow expanded to a larger radius, with COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS
no change in mass, how would your weight be 1. State and explain the law of Universal Gravitation.
affected? How would it be affected if Earth instead Also show that the law obeys Newton’s third law of
shrunk? motion.
R: The weight of a person on earth is inversely R: Law of Universal Gravitation: “Everybody in the
proportional to radius of earth (its distance from the universe attracts every other body with a force which
Earth). Increasing the radius will decrease the weight if is directly proportional to the product of their masses
earth expands and decreasing radius will increase the and inversely proportional to the square of the
weight if earth shrinks. distance between their centers”. Mathematically for
5. What would happen to your weight on earth if the two bodies of m1 and m2 separated by a distance of r;
mass of the earth doubled, but it radius stayed the 1
same? Fg α m1 x m2 ……..(i) and Fg α ……..(ii)
r2
R: Weight on earth is equal to gravitational force
between a body and the earth. According to law of m1 m2
universal gravitation keeping all other Combining both equations we get Fg = G
r2
20
G is known as gravitational constant and its value is Hence, it is evident from equation (iii) that the value of
found to 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 ‘g’ does not depend upon mass of the body but
We can notice that the gravitational force for both depends on value of rE. This value rE varies as we
bodies, m1 and m2 is given by; change location, so our weight also varies. This
F12 is force exerted by body of m1 on body of mass m2 variation in rE is due to mountains and trenches on the
and F21 is force exerted by body of mass m 2 on body of surface of the Earth which affects the weight of an
mass m1 hence; F12 = – F21 object accordingly.
These forces are equal and opposite and therefore 4. How is the value of ‘g’ changing by going to higher
obey Newton’s Third Law of Motion. altitude? Write a relevant formula.
2. Determine the MASS of EARTH by applying law of R: The value of ‘g’ at a given place depends upon the
gravitation. distance from the center of earth. Let ‘g h’ be the value
R: Let an object of mass mo is placed on the surface of of acceleration due to gravity at a height ‘h’ from the
the Earth. The mass of the Earth is m E and the distance surface of the earth. We can modify equation g = G
of object from center of the Earth is r E. Fg can be given mE
by as given by;
r 2E
momE
Fg = G …….(i) Fg = w = mog ………(ii) mE …….(i) but from g = G mE we have Gm =
r 2E gh = G
¿¿ r 2E
E

momE grE2 ………(ii) putting in eq.(i) we get

Comparing eq(i) and (ii) we get mog = G
r 2E
g r 2E
mE gr 2E gh = G 2 ……..(iii)
and g=G 2 re-arranging mE = (r E +h) .
rE G
It is evident from eq.-(iii) that as we move from the
G = 6.67x10-11Nm2/kg2, g =9.8ms-2, rE = 6.4x106m
center of the Earth the value of ‘g’ decreases.
Putting values in above equation we have
5. Derive the formula for the orbital speed of an
mE = 6x1024 kg
artificial satellite.
3. What is gravitational field and gravitational field
R: “In circular orbit a satellite has a constant
strength? Show that the weight of an object changes
tangential speed called orbital velocity”.
with location.
Consider a satellite of mass m S revolving in a circular
R: Gravitational Field: “The space surrounding a body
orbit with velocity v from earth of mass m E. Let r be
in which another body experiences a force of
the distance between the center of earth and the
gravitational attraction is called gravitational field”.
center of satellite as given by;
Gravitational field can be described by the
mE mS 2
gravitational field strength, abbreviated as g. The Fg = G 2 ….……(i) and FC = m v …………(ii)
r E
ℜ
gravitational field strength at a point is the
gravitational force per unit mass exerted on a mass The centripetal force is provided by gravitational force,
placed at that point. g = Fg /m therefore FC = Fg putting the values
Weight is the magnitude of the force due to gravity, mS v 2 mE mS
we have =G or
which equals mass times free-fall acceleration. r r2
Consider a body of mass m O on the surface of Earth of Gm E
v2 = …..(iii) taking square root of the equation we
mass mE and radius rE then gravitational force is given r
by;
G mE
Fg = G
momE
r 2E
……..(i) but Fg = w = mOg …….(ii)
get v =
√ r
…….(iv) if r = rE + h then eq.(iv) can be

G mE
From the above equations we have

G
momE
= mOg OR g=G
mE
…….(iii)
written as v =
√ r E+ h
r 2E r 2E where h is the height of the satellite from the surface
of the earth and rE is the radius of earth.

21
 mMe
Sol: As we know that w = FG & mg=G
r2
Me
g=G or (R+h)2 = GMe /g
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (R+h) 2
1. Pluto’s moon Charon is unusually large considering
Pluto’s size, giving them the character of a double (R+h)2 = 6.67x10-11x6x1024/4.9
planet. Their masses are 1.25x1022kg and 1.9x1021kg, (R+h)2 = 8.1 x 1013 Taking square root
and their average distance from one another is 6.4x106 + h = 9x106 or h = 9x106 – 6.4x106
1.96x104km. What is the gravitational force between h = 2.6x106m
them? 5. Assume that a satellite orbits Earth 225 km above
Given: m1 = 1.25x1022kg , m2 = 1.9x1021kg, its surface. Given that the mass of Earth is 6x10 24 kg
r = 1.96x104km = 1.96x107m Required: Fg = ? and the radius of Earth is 6.4x106m, what is the
Solution: According to law of universal gravitation, satellite’s orbit speed?
m1 m2 Given: h = 225km = 0.225x106m M=6x1024kg
Fg = G putting the values Re= 6.4x106m Required: v = ?
r ❑2
GMe
Fg=6.67x10-11
1.25 x 1022 x 1.9 x 10 21
(1.96 x 10¿¿ 7)2¿
, Fg = 4.1x1018N Sol: we know that v =
√ R+ h
putting values

6.67 x 10−11 x 6 x 1024

2. The mass of Mars is 6.4x1023kg and having radius
3.4x106m. Calculate the gravitational field strength
(g) on Mars surface.
v=
√ 6
6.67 x 10 +0.225 x 10
6
or v =

40.02 x 1013
Given: m = 6.4x1023kg r = 3.4x106m
Required: gravitational field strength, g = ?
√ 6.9 x 106
v = √ 5.8 x 107 or v = 7.7 x103 m/s
m
Solution: Gravitational field strength, g = G 6. The distance from center of earth to center of
r
6.4 x 1023 moon is 3.8x108m. Mass of earth is 6x1024kg. What is
-11
Putting values g = 6.67x10 x the orbital speed of moon?
( 3.4 x 106 ) 2
Given: r=3.8x108m Me=6x1024kg
g = 6.3 m/s 2 OR g = 6.3 N/kg
Required: v = ?
3. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the only
GMe
moon in the solar system known to have a
substantial atmosphere. Find the acceleration due to
Sol: As r=R+h, therefore v =
√ r
putting values

6.67 x 10−11 x 6 x 1024

gravity on Titan’s surface, given that its mass is
1.35x1023 Mg and its radius is 2570km.
Given: M= 1.35x1023kg r=2570km = 2.57x106m
v=
√ 3.8 x 108
v = 1025 m/s or
v = √ 10.5 x 105

v = 1.02 x 103 m/s

Required: gT = ? (G=6.67x10-11Nm2/kg2) 7. The Hubble space telescope orbits Earth with an
Sol: We know that weight of a body of mass m will orbital speed 7.6x103m/s. Calculate its altitude above
equal the gravitational force applied by Titan on it. Earth’s Surface.
Hence, w = FG or Given: Me= 6x1024kg, v = 7.6 x 103 m/s
mM M Required: h = ?
mg = G or g=G putting values
r2 r2 GMe
-11 23
g = 6.67x10 x 1.35x10 / (2.57x10 )
g = 6.67x10-11 x 1.35x1023/ 6.60x1012
6 2 Sol: v =
√
R+ h
squaring and putting values

6.67 x 10−11 x 6 x 1024

g = 9x1012/6.60x1012 or g = 1.35 m/s2 (7.6x103)2 =
6.4 x 10 6+ h
4. At which altitude above Earth’s surface would the 6.4x106 + h = 6.9x106 or h = 0.55x106 , h=500km
gravitational acceleration be 4.9m/s2? Assignment No. 5.1: The mass of earth is 6x10 24kg and
Given: g = 4.9m/s2 Me = 6x1024kg that of the moon is 7.4x10 22kg. If the distance between
G = 6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2 Re = 6.4x106m
Required: h=?
22
the earth and the moon is 3.84x10 5km, calculate the
force exerted by the earth on the moon
m1 ms 6 x 1024 x 7.4 x 10 22
.R: F =G F = 6.67x10-11( 8 2 )
r2 (3.84 x 10 ) .
F = 2x1020N
Assignment No. 5.2: If the radius of the moon is
1.74x106m and acceleration due to gravity on its
surface is 1.6 m.s–2. Calculate the mass of moon.
gr2 1.6 x (1.74 x 106 ).2
R: m = m= = 7.2x1022 kg
G 6.67 x 10 −11

Assignment No. 5.3: An astronaut of mas 65kg is

walking on the surface of the Moon, which has a mean
radius 1.74x106m and a mass of 7.35x1022kg. What is
the weight of the astronaut at Moon? What is the free
fall acceleration at the surface of the moon?
UNIT – 6 Work & Energy
mM CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
R: F = w = G w = 6.67x10–11
r2 1. Can a centripetal force ever do work on an object?
7.35 s 1022 x 65 Explain.
( 1.74 x 106 )2 R: No, it cannot do work because it is always
w perpendicular to the direction of motion. As
w = 105N g= putting values W = Fdcosϴ since90o=0 thus W=Fd cos90o = 0
m
105 2. What happens to the kinetic energy of a bullet
g= g = 1.62m.s–2 when it penetrates into a sand bag?
65
Assignment No. 5.4: Calculate the value of g at R: When a bullet penetrates into a sand bag its KE is
1000km and 35900km above the earth surface. transferred into some other forms of energy
depending on the depth of sand bag.
g r2 9.8 x(6.4 x 106 ) .2
R: g = , g= 3. A meteor enters into earth’s atmosphere and
(r h + h).2 (106 +6.4 x 106 )2
burns. What happens to its kinetic energy?
g= 7.3ms–2
R: When meteor enters into earth’s atmosphere, its
9.8 x(6.4 x 106 )2 kinetic energy is converted into heat energy.
g= , g = 0.22ms–2
(35.9 x 106 +6.4 x 106 )2 4. Two bullets are fired at the same time with the
Assignment No. 5.5: A satellite orbits the earth at same kinetic energy. If one bullet has twice the mass
2,000km above sea level, how fast must the orbiting of the other, which has the greater speed and by
satellite travel to maintain a circular orbit? what factor? Which can do the most work?
m 6 ×10 24
√
R: v = G×
3
v = 6.9x10 m.s
r
–1
√
, v = 6.67 ×10−11 ×
8.4 ×106
R: We know that v =
√ 2 KE
m
, Hence KE is same and if

bullet No. 1 has mass (2m) twice the bullet No. 2, i.e.
v1
m then the ratio of their velocities is given as =
v2
2 KE / 2 m v 1 m
√ 2 KE /m
or
v2
=
√
2m
Therefore, the ratio of bullet No. 1 to bullet No. 2 is 1 :
√ 2 and both do the same WORK.

23
5. Can an object have different amounts of (ii) work is zero when ϴ = 90o and cos90o = 0 then W =
gravitational potential energy if it remains at the FS x 0 and W = 0
same elevation? 2. Define Kinetic energy. Derive the expression used
R: Gravitational potential energy formula is given by for kinetic energy.
mgh. If a body has same mass and height it will have R: Kinetic Energy: “The energy possessed by a body
the same gravitational potential energy. due to its motion is called Kinetic Energy”.
6. Why do roads leading to the top of a mountain Mathematical Proof: Consider a body initially at rest
wind back and forth? (vi = 0). A horizontal force F is applied to it to move
R: Roads leading to the top of a mountain are kept through a displacement S and achieve a final velocity
windy in order to increase friction between tyres and vf = v. Then Kinetic Energy can be given as; W = EK
road and reduce the danger of slipping. = F . S ……. (i)
7. Which would have a greater effect on the kinetic From Newton’s 2nd Law F = ma ; putting in eq.(i)
energy of an object, doubling the mass or doubling EK = ma . S ………(ii)
the velocity? From 3rd equation of motion 2aS = vf2 – vi2

1 2
R: We know that KE = mv hence doubling mass will
2 V 2f −V 2i
and S= ; putting value in eq.(ii) we have
only double the kinetic energy where doubling velocity 2a
will make the kinetic energy four times. 2 2
V f −V i
8. If the speed of a particle triples, by what factor Ek = ma .
2a
does its kinetic energy increase?
V −V 2i
2
V2
R: If the speed of a particle triples, kinetic energy EK = m. f or EK = m. or EK = ½ mv2
increases by 9 times. 2 2
9. The motor of a crane uses power P to lift a steel 3. What is potential energy? Prove that the
beam. By what factor must the motor’s power gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m at
increase to lift the beam twice as high in half the a height h above the surface of earth is given by mgh.
time? R: Potential Energy: “The energy possessed by a body
mgh due to its position or configuration is called potential
R: According to formula of power; P = as given m energy”.
t
and g both are constant for a given body but Mathematical proof: Consider an object of mass m
increasing height twice and time half shall not affect being lifted vertically by a force F to height h. The work
the power of the crane. done by the force F is given as;
W = F . S …….(i) here F=w =mg and S = h
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS putting in eq.(i) we get W = mg. h and W = EPE
1. Define work and explain how work is calculated if so EPE = mgh
force is applied at an angle. 4. State the law of conservation of energy and mass
R: Work: “The dot product of force F and displacement energy conversion relation.
S is called Work”. Or R: Law of Conservation of Energy: “Energy can neither
“Work is said to be done when a force displaces a body be created nor destroyed in any process. It can be
in its own direction”. It is a scalar quantity. It is converted from one to another but the total amount
denoted by W. Mathematically, W = ⃗ F . ⃗S OR W remains the same”.
= FS cosϴ Mass Energy Relation: Einstein’s mass energy equation
Its SI unit is N.m or Joule. is given by E = mc2 where E is energy in joules, m is
If force is applied at an angle then work is calculated mass of the body in kg and c is the velocity of light;
as; W = FS cosϴ 3x108 m/s. This equation states that mass and energy
(i) work is maximum if ϴ= 0o because cos0o = 1 then are mutually interchangeable.
Wmax= FS

24
5. Explain briefly major sources of energy. Such as 1. Determine the work done in each of the following
fossil fuel, wind, solar, biomass, nuclear and thermal cases: a) Kicking a soccer ball forward with a force of
energy. 40N over a distance of 15cm, b) Lifting a 50-kg barbell
R: Some of the important energy resources are; straight up 1.95m.
a. Fossil Fuel: Fossil fuels are the remains of million Required: W = ?
years, i.e. dead plants and animals are now converted a) Given: F = 40N S = 15cm = 0.15m
into gasoline, coal, natural gas, etc. Sol: W = FS cos0o, W = 40x0.15x1 = 6J
b. Biomass: It is produced when the Sun’s solar energy b) Given: m = 50kg h = 1.95m g= 9.8ms-2
is converted into plant matter by the process of Sol: W = F.S cos0o , F=w=mg , S=h
photosynthesis. W = mgh = 50 x 1.95 x 9.8 W = 955.5J
c. Geothermal Energy: The energy obtained from core 2. Calculate the velocity of a 1.2kg falling star
of the Earth to generate electricity. (meteorite) with 5.5 x108 J of energy.
d. Wind Energy: It is a renewable energy using wind to Given: m = 1.2 kg E = 5.5 x 108J
generate electricity and do other useful activities.
Required: velocity, v = ?
Sol: According to Einstein’s equation; E = mc 2
e. Nuclear Energy: This form of energy is obtained Or E = mv2 it can be written as v2 = E/m
from controlled fission reaction of a heavy radioactive 5.5 x 108
element, e.g. Uranium putting value we get v2 = ,
1.2
f. Solar Energy: This renewable energy is directly v = √ 4.58 x 10 8 or v = 2.14x104 m/s
obtained from sunlight through use of photovoltaic
3. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of a
cells.
2000 kg piano. a) resting on the floor b) with respect
g. Hydroelectric: Another renewable form of energy
to the basement floor, 1.9m.
that uses gravitational potential energy of water is
Given: m = 2000 kg a) resting on floor, h = 0
known as hydroelectric generation.
b) h = 1.9 m g= 9.8 ms-2 Required: EPE = ?
6. Define and explain efficiency.
Sol: EPE = mgh a) EPE = 2000x9.8x0 EPE = 0J
R: Efficiency: “The ratio of useful energy or work
b) EPE = mgh = 2000 x 9.8 x 1.9 EPE = 37240 J
output to the total energy or work input is called
4. An elevator weighing 5000N is raised to a height of
efficiency”. It has no unit because it is ratio of two
15.0 m in 10.0 s, how much power is developed?
similar quantities. It is usually expressed in percentage
Given: w= 5000 N, h= 15 m, t= 10 s, g = 9.8ms -2
and it is not possible to have a machine with 100%
Required: Power, P = ?
efficiency. An efficient machine is one which provides
W 5000 x 15 x 9.8
output nearly equal to input, e.g. electric generator Sol: P = W = mgh P=
t 10
with 98% efficiency is more efficient than automobile
735000
engine with 25% efficiency. P= P = 73500 watt or 7.35x104watt
10
7. Define and explain power.
5. What power is required for a ski-hill chair lift that
R: Power: “It is the time rate at which work is done”.
transports 500 people (average mass 65kg) per hour
OR “The time rate of doing work is called power”. It is a
to an increased elevation of 1200m?
scalar quantity. It is mathematically expressed as P =
Given: Average mass, m = 65kg , People = 500
W h = 1200 m g = 9.8 ms-2 t = 1hr = 3600 s
t Required: P=?
Its SI unit is watt which is equivalent to Joule per
W mgh
second. In British system, it is foot-pound per second. Sol: P = W = mgh P=
t t
Whereas 1 horsepower is equal to 746 watts. If a body 32500 x 9.8 x 1200
does more work or expends more energy in unit time, Total mass = 65x500 = 32500, P =
3600
it is said to be more powerful. 8
3.8 x 10
P= P = 1.06x105 watt .
3600
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
25
6. How long will it take a 2750-W motor to lift a 385- 5. Why a small needle sinks in water and huge ships
kg sofa set to a sixth-story window 16.0m? travel easily in water without sinking?
Given: P = 2750 W , m = 385 kg, g =9.8ms -2 R: The sinking of an object in water depends on its
h = 16m Required: t = ? density. The density of a needle is more than that of a
W mgh mgh ship hence a ship does not sink but needle sinks.
Sol: P = or P = or t =
t t P 6. Explain how and why camels have adapted to
385 x 9.8 x 16 allow them to walk more easily in desert conditions.
t= , t = 22 sec
2750 R: The feet of the camel are wide and smooth which
7. How much work can a 2 hp motor do in 1 h? on desert increases its area and decreases pressure
Given: P = 2hp = 2x746W , P = 1492W , t = 1h = 3600 over it. Hence, camel can easily walk in desert without
sec Required: W = ? being stuck in the sand.
W
Sol: P = , W = P t , W=1492x3600 = 5.37x10 6J
t
W = 5.37 x 106J 7. You would have probably experienced your ears
‘popping’ while driving in the mountains. Why ears
‘pop’?
R: The inner ear has air trapped in it and as the
atmospheric pressure changes due to high altitude it
UNIT–7 Properties of Matter causes pressure on your ear drum. Thus ears pop due
to differences in air pressure.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 8. If you filled an airtight balloon at the top of a
1. If you climbed a mountain carrying a mercury mountain, would the balloon expand or contract as
barometer, would the level of the mercury column in you descend the mountain? Explain.
the glass tube of the barometer increase or decrease R: The balloon will contract as the atmospheric
as you climb the mountain? Explain. pressure outside the balloon increases so that the
R: Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. So as inside pressure equals the outside pressure.
we climb a mountain with a mercury barometer, the 9. A rowboat is floating in a swimming pool when the
mercury column in barometer will drop to show lower anchor is dropped over the side. When the anchor is
atmospheric pressure. dropped, will the water level in the swimming pool
2. Walnuts can be broken in the hand by squeezing increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.
two together but not one. Why? R: It depends on the anchor how heavy it is. If the
R: When a force is applied on a single walnut the force density of anchor is more than water then anchor will
is divided on surface of that walnut. But if the same sink and displaces water equal in volume to it so the
force is applied on two walnuts, the force of one water level increases.
walnut is focused on a point of the second walnut. This 10. Which material is more elastic, steel or rubber
decreases area and increases pressure to break walnut and why?
easily. R: Steel is more elastic than rubber because steel
3. Why is the cutting edge of the knife made very comes back to its original shape faster than rubber
thin? when the deforming forces are removed.
R: The cutting edge of the knife is made very thin in
order to decrease the area and increase impact of little COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS
force to cut something with greater pressure.
1. Using kinetic molecular model of mater, explain
4. Why water tanks are constructed at the highest
three states of matter.
level in our houses?
R: Matter has three states which are explained on the
R: Water tanks are constructed at the highest level so
basis of kinetic molecular theory as;
that to increase the pressure of the flow because
Solids:
pressure is given as P = ρgh
Molecules are closely arranged in fixed pattern
Molecules vibrate about their mean position
26
Attractive forces between molecules are strong R: “Any external pressure applied to an enclosed fluid
Liquids: is transmitted unchanged to every point within the
Molecules are close together but not in fixed pattern fluid”.
Molecules are able to move about and change its Classical example of Pascal’s principle at work is the
shape to adopt the shape of the container hydraulic lift, which consists of two cylinders, one of
The attractive forces between molecules are less than cross sectional area A1 and the
the solid
other A2 such that A1>A2. Each cylinder is fitted with a
piston and filled with a suitable fluid usually oil. Both
Gases: pistons are at the same level under normal condition.
Molecules are in constant random motion. There are When forces are applied the pressure on both pistons
large spaces between molecules as compared to can be written simultaneously as;
solids. Forces between molecules are negligible, F1 F2
P1 = and P2 =
except during collision. A1 A2
2. Define and Explain density and pressure. By Pascal’s Principle P2 = P 1 putting values
R: Density: The mass per unit volume of a body is F1 F2 F1
= or F2 = A2 x
called density. It is denoted by ρ (Rho) and can be A1 A 2 A1
m 5. How pressure varies with depth in liquids? Explain.
written mathematically as ρ = R: Pressure varies with depth in liquid because as we
V
It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is kg.m -3. go down the weight of the liquid exerts more pressure
Pressure: It is defined as force per unit area. It is which can be explained as; P = ρ.g.h
F In which ρ is density of liquid and g in gravitational
denoted by P. Mathematically, P = acceleration both has constant values for a given
A
It is scalar quantity and its SI unit is N/m 2 which is condition. Therefore, P is directly proportional to
given a special name, the Pascal (pa) height h. Pαh
3. What is atmospheric pressure? How is it measured For example, if water filled tank has three vertical
by using a mercury barometer? Also describe how holes of different height we will see that water spurts
weather changes with atmospheric pressure. out fastest and furthest from the lowest hole with
R: The pressure that atmosphere exerts is called more depth.
atmospheric pressure. The pressure of the air at a 6. What is meant by buoyant force or up-thrust in
given place varies slightly according to the weather. At fluids?
sea level, the pressure of the atmosphere on average R: When an object is immersed in a fluid, the pressure
is 1.013x105 N/m2 which is taken as standard unit for on the lower surface of the object is higher than the
pressure. pressure on the upper surface. The net upward force
Unit of pressure used in meteorology is the bar (1 bar acing on the object is due to fluid pressure called up-
= 1.00x105) thrust or buoyant force.
An instrument that is commonly used to measure 7. State and explain Archimedes principle.
atmospheric pressure is the mercury barometer. It is a R: Archimedes Principle: “The buoyant force acting on
long tube that is open in one end and closed at the an object fully or partially submerged in a fluid is equal
other is filled with mercury and then is filled with to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object”.
mercury. One the tube is inverted, the mercury does Mathematically, it can written as F B =mfg (weight of
not empty into the bowl due pressure exerted by the displaced fluid)
atmosphere. This pressure pushes the mercury to Everyone has experienced Archimedes principle.
some height ‘h’ above the bowl. Any change in the For example, it is relatively easy to lift someone in a
height ‘h’ of the column of mercury means that the swimming pool. Similarly, when a coin is submerged
atmosphere’s pressure has changed. into water, it sinks because coin is denser than water
4. State Pascal’s principle and explain with example. and has a greater weight than the weight of displaced
water.
27
8. What is elasticity? Explain.
R: Elasticity: “The property of solid material to return
to their original shape and size after removal of
deforming force is called elasticity”. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
For example, when a tennis racket hits a tennis ball the
1. A rectangular glass block of dimensions 30cm by
shape of the ball is distorted or deformed, but it
5cm by 10cm weighs 37.5N. Calculate the least and
regains its original shape when it bounces off the
the greatest pressure it can exert when resting on
tennis racket. Most materials are elastic up to a certain
horizontal table?
limit known as the elastic limit. Beyond the elastic limit
Given: l1 = 5cm = 0.05m , l2 = 30cm = 0.3m,
a material will not return to it is original dimension
l3 = 10cm = 0.1m, w = 37.5N
when the deforming force is removed.
Required: PMax = ? PMin = ?
9. State and explain Hooke’s law.
F w
R: This law states that “within elastic limits the Sol: We know that P = and F=w then P =
A A
extension x is directly proportional to the restoring
w 37.5
force F restoring i.e. F res α – x or PMin = , PMin = , PMin = 1250 Pa
A max 0.1× 0.3
F res = – kx where k is known as force constant w 37.5
having units Nm –1 PMax = , PMax = , PMax = 7500 Pa
A min 0.05× 0.1
10. Define and explain: Stress, Strain and Young’s
PMin = 1250 Pa PMax = 7,500Pa
Modulus
2. What is the height of a water barometer at
R: Stress: The force applied per unit area of cross-
atmospheric pressure?
section to produce deformation is called stress.
Given: P = 1 atm. = 1.013x105 Pa , g = 9.8ms-2,
F ρ = 1000 kg.ms-2 Required: h = ?
Mathematically, Stress =
A P
Force -2
Sol: P = ρgh and h=
ρg
putting values
Stress = Its S.I unit is Nm
Area of cross−section
1.013× 105
Strain: The extension per unit length is called strain. h= , h = 10.33m
1000 ×9.8
extension 3. The small piston of a hydraulic lift has an area of
Mathematically, Strain =
Original Length 0.20 m2. A car weighing 1.20x104N sits on a rack
x
Or Strain = Strain has no unit. mounted on the large piston. The large piston has an
l
area of 0.90 m2. How large a force must be applied to
Young’s Modulus: The strain produced in a stretched
the small piston to support the car?
wire is proportional to the stress within the limits of
Given: A2 = 0.20 m2, F1 = 1.2x104N , A1 = 0.90 m2
proportionality.
Required: F2 = ?
Stress α Strain or Stress= Constant x Strain
F2 A2 A2
This constant of proportionality is called young’s Sol: We know that = and F2 = F1 putting
F 1 A1 A1
F ×l 0.20
modulus which is given as Y =
A× x values we get F2 = x 1.2x104 , F2 = 2.7x103N
0.90
4. The deepest point in the ocean is 11km below sea
level, deeper than Mt. Everest is tall. What is the
pressure in atmosphere at this depth?
Given: h = 11km , g = 9.8 ms-2 Required: P = ?
Sol: P = ρgh putting values
P = 1000x9.8x11000 and P = 1.1x108 Pa

28
5. A block is fully immersed in water. Before the x = 1x10 –2m OR x = 1cm
immersion the block weighed 30N and while
immersed, its apparent weight was found to be 25 N.
Calculate a) Upthrust on block, b) weight of water
displaced, c) volume of water displaced, d) volume of
the block, e) density of the block.
Given: w1 = 30N, w2 = 25N, g = 9.8ms-2

Required: F = ? w = ? Vw = ? Vb = ? ρb = ?
Sol: F = w1 – w2 or F = 30 – 25 , F = 5N
a) Upthrust F = w = 5N b) ww = 5N
w
To find Vw we must find first mass as (m = ) putting
g UNIT–8 Thermal Properties of Matter
5 m 0.5 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
values m= = 0.5kg then Vw = =
10 ρ 1000
1. Ordinary electric fan increases the kinetic energy of
c) Vw = 5 x 10-4 m3 d) Vb= 5 x 10-4 m3
the air molecules, causes by fan blades pushing them,
30 m
mass of block, mb= = 0.3 kg Now ρ = putting means the air temperature increases slightly rather
10 V
than cool the air? Why use it?
0.3 -3 R: Yes, ordinary electric fan increases the kinetic
values e) ρ = −4 = 6,000 kg.m
5 x 10 energy of air molecules but the actual purpose of fan
a) 5N, b) 5N, c) 5 x 10- 4m3 d) 5 x 10- 4m3 is to produce a breeze due to which a perspired person
e) 6,000 kg.m3 feels coolness.
6. When a weight of 30N is hung from a wire of 2. Why are small gaps left behind the girders
original length 2.0 m, its new length becomes 2.20m. mounted in walls?
Calculate the force constant for the wire, if the elastic R: Small gaps are left behind the girders mounted in
limit is not exceeded? walls to compensate for the expansion of the girders
Given: w = 30N , l1 = 2 m, l2 = 2.2 m during the hot summer and contraction during cold
Required: Force Constant, K = ? winter.
Sol: First to find e = l2 – l1 = 2.2 – 2, ∆l = 0.2m 3. Why you should not put a closed glass jar into a
F 30 campfire? What could happen if you tossed an empty
Now F = k e and k = putting values k =
e 0.2 glass jar, with the lid on tight, into a fire?
k = 150 N/m R: When an empty glass jar with the tight lid is tossed
7. An 80 cm long, 1 mm diameter steel guitar string into a fire, the difference in temperature on jar will
must be tightened to a tension of 2000N by turning increase the internal tensions in the glass sufficient for
the tuning screws. By how much is the string the glass to crack and fall apart. Therefore, a closed
stretched? glass jar should not be put into a campfire.
Given: l = 80cm = 0.8m , d = 1mm = 10 –3 m 4. Explain why it is advisable to add water to an
F = 2000 N Y= 2x1011 Pa overheated automobile engine only slowly, and only
Required: String stretched, x = ? with engine running?
FL F .L R: When water is added rapidly to an overheated
Sol: As we know that Y = or x = .... (i)
Ax A .Y engine, some of its parts will rapidly expand which can
10−3 result a cracked engine block or radiator, due to the
First to calculate Area, A = π.r2 = 3.14x ( )
2
2
thermal stress. Therefore, it is advisable to add water
slowly to that engine.
A = 8x10-7 Putting values in eq. (ii) we get
5. Explain why burns caused by steam at 100 oC on the
2000 ×0.8 16 ×102
x= 11 −7 , x = = 1x10 –2m skin are often more severe than burns caused by
( 2× 10 ) (8× 10 ) 16 ×104
water at 100oC.

29
R: Water requires a great amount of heat to change its Heat is thermal energy being transferred because of a
state from liquid to gas (steam) at 100 oC therefore difference in temperature.
steam contains more heat than water liquid at 100 oC.
Hence, steam burns skin more severe than water at
this temperature. 2. How do we measure temperature? Explain liquid in
glass thermometer.
R: Temperature measurement, also known as
thermometry, describes the process of measuring a
6. Explain why cities like Karachi situated by the current local temperature for immediate or later
ocean tend to have less extreme temperatures than evaluation.
inland cities at the same latitude? A thermometer is an instrument for measuring. One
R: Ocean absorbs heat when the air is warm and type of thermometer is a narrow, graduated and
releases heat when the air is cool therefore cities like concealed glass tube containing mercury or alcohol
Karachi tend to have less extreme temperatures than which extends along the tube as it expands. The fluid
inland cities at the same latitude. in the capillary tube expands when the bulb is heated.
7. An iron rim which is fixed around a wooden wheel 3. What are various temperature scales? Derive
is heated before its fixture. Explain why? mathematical expression to convert between various
R: The iron rim is slightly smaller in diameter than the scales of temperature.
wheels. On heating the rim expands and can easily fix R: There are three scales of temperature which are
on the wheel. When the rim cools, it contracts and commonly used.
fixes firmly. A. Centigrade or Celsius Scale:
8. Why is ice at 0oC a better coolant of soft drinks In this scale of temperature, the ice point marked at
than water at 0oC? 0oC and the steam fixed point is marked as 100 oC at
R: At 0oC water has internal energy than ice. standard pressure. The interval between these two
Therefore, ice is used because it absorbs more heat fixed points is divided into 100 equal parts (divisions).
than water in soft drinks to reach thermal equilibrium B. Fahrenheit Scale: In this scale of temperature, the
and the soft drinks get cooled. ice point marked at 32oF and the steam fixed point is
9. Why we feel cool after perspiration? marked as 212oF at standard pressure. The interval
R: Excess of water evaporates during perspiration between these two fixed points is divided into 180
which absorbs heat from our body and we feel cool. equal parts (divisions).
C. Kelvin or Absolute Scale:
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS In this scale of temperature, the ice point marked at
1. Explain the terms internal energy and 273K and the steam fixed point is marked as 373K at
temperature. Use kinetic theory to distinguish standard pressure. The interval between these two
between heat internal energy and temperature. fixed points is divided into 100 equal parts (divisions).
R: Internal Energy: Internal energy is defined as the 4. What is meant by linear thermal expansion and
energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy volume thermal expansion of solids?
associated with the random, disordered motion of the R: Linear Thermal Expansion: The increase in length of
atoms of the substance. a substance due to rise in temperature is called linear
Temperature: The intensity of heat present in a thermal expansion. Suppose L is the length of a
substance or the degree of internal energy present in a substance at certain temperature To then expansion
body is called temperature. after increase in temperature ∆T is
According Kinetic Theory, Temperature is the average LT = L (1 + α ∆T)
kinetic energy of the particles of a body. All particles Volume Thermal Expansion of Solids:
are vibrating, and this is kinetic energy. The increase in volume of a substance due to rise in
Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and temperature is called volume thermal
potential energy stored in a system.

30
expansion. A metal block having volume V at T o is R: Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy
given after change in temperature ∆T released or absorbed when a solid is changing to liquid
VT = V ( 1 + ϒ ∆T) at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known
5. What is thermal expansion of liquids? Why we as the latent heat of fusion. The latent heat of fusion
have real and apparent thermal expansion in liquids? of water is 334.0 kJ/Kg. Its SI unit is J kg-1.
Illustrate with the help of an experiment. Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat
R: The increase in the volume of a liquid due to the energy released or absorbed when a mass of a
thermal effect of heating is called thermal expansion substance from the liquid state is converted into the
of liquids. In expansion of liquids, not only liquid but gaseous state without any rise in temperature at its
also the vessel containing liquid expands. Therefore, boiling point is known as the latent heat of
we have real and apparent thermal expansion in vaporization.
liquids. Real thermal expansion is independent of
temperature whereas in apparent thermal expansion
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
both liquid and container expand.
Let a vessel has water up to level A. It heat is applied, 1. Perform the temperature conversions a)
the vessel will first expand which will produce an Temperature difference in the body. The surface
illusion that the water has fallen illustrated by two temperature of the body is normally about 7 oC lower
levels, i.e. AB. The liquid will also start expanding than the internal temperature. Express this
rapidly on further heating and reach up to a level C. So temperature difference in kelvins and in Fahrenheit
the measurement of BC gives the real expansion of the degrees. B) Blood storage. Blood storage at 4.0 oC
liquid only. lasts safely for about 3 weeks, whereas blood stored
6. Define heat capacity and specific heat capacity of a at –160oC lasts for 5 years. Express both
substance. Explain the importance of high specific temperatures on the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales.
heat capacity of water. Given: Body Temperature: 37oC = 310K, Surface T:
R: Heat Capacity: The quantity of heat energy to raise 30oC= 303K
the temperature of a substance of mass m by 1 K is Required: TK= ?, TF = ?
∆Q Sol: K = 310 – 303 = 7 K, TF = 98.6o F,
called heat capacity. Cm = Its unit is JK-1 9
∆T FC = X C + 32 TF = 86o F TF= 12.6F
Specific Heat Capacity: The quantity of heat energy to 5
raise the temperature of unit mass (1.0 kg) of a T1 = 4oC =273+4 =277K T2=-160+273=113K
substance by 1 K is called specific heat capacity of that 9
TF = Tc + 32 putting values we have T 1 = 39.2F and
5
∆Q
substance. C = T2 = -256F
m ∆T
7 K, 12.6 F, 277K, 113 K, 39.2 F, - 256F
Its SI unit is J kg-1 K-1
2. Consider a metre-stick composed of platinum (the
Importance of high specific heat capacity of water: 1)
coefficient of linear expansion for platinum α =
High value of SHC of water, i.e. 4190 J kg -1 K-1 keeps the
8.8x10 –6K –1). By what amount does the length of this
climate of the coastal areas moderate. Monsoon in
metre-stick change if the temperature increases by
Pakistan is also due to the different in temperature
1.0 K?
between the land and the surrounding sea.
Given: α = 8.8x10 –6 K –1 l = 1m ∆T = 1K
2) It is used as a coolant in radiator pipes of the
Required: ∆l = ?
vehicles to remove heat energy from their parts.
Sol: As we know ∆l = α l.∆T putting values
–6
∆l = 8.8x10 x1x1 ∆l = 8.8x10–6 m

3. A railway line made of iron is 1200 km long is laid

7. What is meant by the latent heat of fusion and at 25oC. By how much will it contract in winter when
latent heat of vaporization of a substance? the temperature fails to 15oC? By how much will it
expand when the temperature rises to 40oC in
31
summer? (the coefficient of linear expansion for iron R: White clothes are good reflector of sunlight due to
is α = 12x10–6K–1) which absorb less heat. Hence white clothes are
Given: l = 1.2 x 106m T1 = 25oC T2=15oC preferred wearing in summer.
T3 = 40oC α = 12x10–6K–1 2. Why is the freezer compartment kept at the top of
Required: l at T2 = ? l at T3 = ? a refrigerator? Explain briefly.
Sol: ∆l forT2: ∆l = α l.∆T R: Transmission of heat in refrigerator is done through
∆l = 12x10–6x1.2x106x-10 ∆l = 144m circulation of cool air around the food. The freezer is
∆l = α l.∆T ∆l = 12x10 x1.2x106x(–15)
-6
kept at the top of a refrigerator so that cool air being
∆l = 216m heavy can settle down and can take heat energy from
4. The volume of a brass ball is 800 cm3 at 20oC. Find food to bring it out.
out the new volume of the ball if the temperature is 3. A black car standing in the sun warms up more
raised to 52oC. The coefficient of volumetric quickly than any other. Why?
expansion of brass is 57x10–6K–1. R: Black colour is a poor reflector of heat and absorbs
Given: V=800 cm3, ϒ=57x10–6K–1, T1=20oC=293K heat to warms up more quickly than any other.
T2=325K and ∆T = 325 – 293= 32K 4. Why a tile floor feels colder to bare feet than a
Required: ∆V = ? V New = ? carpeted floor?
Sol: ∆V = ϒ V ∆T putting values if ∆T=32K R: Carpet is a good insulator than a tile floor.
∆V = 57x10–6x800x32 ∆V = 1.46 cm3 Therefore, heat cannot flow from feet to carpet.
V New = 800cm3 + 1.46cm3, VNew=801.5cm3 However, heat flows to tile floor hence a tile floor feels
5. What is the specific heat of a metal substance if colder to bare feet.
135kJ of heat is needed to raise 4.1kg of the metal 5. How woolen sweaters keep us warmer in winter?
from 18.0oC to 37.2oC? R: Woolen sweaters consist of fine pores filled with air.
Given: ∆Q = 135x103J, m = 4.1kg, ∆T = 19.2K Both wool and air are bad conductors. Therefore, heat
Required: Specific Heat, C = ? does not transmit from our body to atmosphere and
Sol: ∆Q = Cm∆T or we feel warm.
∆Q 6. In certain places, birds can fly for hours without
C= putting values we get flapping their wings. Explain.
m ∆T
R: Wind flows in streams due to convection of heat in
135 x 103
C= sunny weather hence birds can fly through these
4.1 x 19.2
streams for hours without flapping their wings.
C = 1715 J/Kg.K
7. Good quality thermos bottle is double walled and
6. How much heat is needed to melt 23.50kg silver
evacuated between these walls, and the internal
that is initially at 25oC? (specific heat of silver is 230
surfaces are like mirrors with a silver coating. How
Jkg-1K-1, Latent heat of fusion for silver is L, 8.82x104)
does this configuration combat heat loss from all
Given: m = 23.5kg Lf = 8.82x104J/kg
three transfer methods and keep the bottle’s
C = 230 Jkg-1K-1 ∆T= 0 – 25 = 25oC = 25K
contents your coffee hot?
Required: ∆Q = ?
Sol: ∆Q = Cm∆T putting values we get
∆Q1 = 230 x 23.5 x 25 = 1.35x105 J
∆Q2 = m Lf putting values we get
R: Internal silver coating prevents heat to radiate out,
∆Q2 = 23.5 x 8.82x104 = 1.93x106, now
vacuum between walls stops convection of heat and
∆Q = ∆Q1 + ∆Q2 = 1.93x106 + 0.14x106
outer coat is usually an insulator which does not
∆Q = 2.07x10 6 J
conduct heat and hence drinks inside the thermos are
kept hot.
UNIT– 9 TRANSFER OF HEAT
8. A piece of wood lying in the sun absorbs more heat
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS than a piece of shiny metal. Yet the metal feels hotter
1. Why white clothes are preferred wearing in than the wood when your pick it up. Explain.
summer? Explain briefly.
32
R: Wood absorbs more heat than a shiny metal conductors. Therefore, heat does not transmit from
because shiny metal is a good reflector than wood. But our body to atmosphere and we feel warm
wood is an insulator and hence does not conduct heat. 3) Thermometer: When one gets sick and doctor uses
Whereas metal is a good conductor and conduct heat a mercury thermometer to measure the temperature.
energy when someone picks a hot metal, heat flow The metal tip of the thermometer transfer heat to the
from metal to holder’s body and person feels it hot. mercury from the body and temperature of the body is
9. Some pot handles remain cool during cooking measured.
while others become unpleasantly hot. What 2. Explain thermal conductivity of a substance and its
determines which handles remain cool and which mathematical description.
become hot? R: Thermal Conductivity: The ability of a substance to
R: Pot handles are usually made of good insulators conduct heat energy.
which do not conduct heat and remain cool. While The rate of flow of heat through a medium depends on
conducting handles of pot conduct heat from the pot a number of factors in terms of Fourier’s Law for heat
hence become hot. conduction which are;
10. When sunlight warms the land beside a cool body Q Q
1) α ∆T …… (i) α A …….. (ii)
of water, a breeze begins to blow from the water t t
toward the land. Explain. Q 1
α ………. (iii) combining all equations
R: When sunlight warms the land the hot air expands. t L
Cool breeze from water flows toward the land with hot Q A ∆T Q kA ∆ T
α or =
air due to convection. t L t L
Where k is the thermal conductivity of material
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS 3. Explain convection of heat and its mechanism.
1. Explain conduction of heat and its mechanism. Explain any three of its practical applications.
Describe any three of its practical applications. R: Convection: Convection is the transfer of internal
R: Conduction: It is the flow of internal energy from a energy into or out of an object by the physical
body of higher temperature to body of lower movement of a surrounding fluid that transfers the
temperature by the interaction of the adjacent heat energy along with its mass. Convection occurs
particles (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc.) in the when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler
intervening space. areas in the liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid
It occurs when two bodies of different temperatures or gas takes the place of the warmer areas which have
come in contact. At the place where the two bodies risen higher.
touch, the faster-moving particles of the warmer body Practical Applications of Convection of Heat:
collide with the slower moving particles of the cooler 1) Refrigerator: Transmission of heat in refrigerator is
body. When they collide, the faster particles render done through circulation of cool
some of their energy to the slower particles.
air around the food. The freezer is kept at the top of a
The slower particles acquire more thermal energy and refrigerator so that cool air being heavy can settle
collide with other particles in the cooler body. This down and can take heat energy from food to bring it
process continues until a thermal equilibrium is out.
established between warmer and cooler. 2) Ventilation: Convection currents are used in
Practical Applications: ventilation. The warm and stale air inside the room
1) Cooking pots and pans: Cooking pots and pans are rises and escapes through the opening in the ceiling.
made of metals which are good thermal conductors. 3) Oceanic circulation: Warm water around the
They conduct readily to the food inside and to spread equator circulates towards the poles and the cooler
it evenly. water at the poles moves towards the equator.
2) Woolen Clothes: Woolen clothes consist of fine 4. Explain radiation of heat and its mechanism.
pores filled with air. Both wool and air are bad Explain any three of its practical examples.

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R: Radiation: Heat radiation (as opposed to particle
radiation) is the transfer of heat energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not
rely upon any contact between the heat source and
the heated object. In radiation no mass is exchanged
and no medium is required.
Practical Applications:
1) Texture of the surface: One type radiant barrier
material, ARMA foil, produced by Energy Efficient
Solutions.
2) Thermos Flask: It is a vessel that prevents heat
transfer through radiation, convection and conduction.
The silvering glass is to reflect all radiant heat trying to
enter or leave the vessel.
3) Satellite Protective Coating: The highly reflective
metal foil covering this satellite minimizes
temperature changes.
5. Discuss the greenhouse effect. Explain its
importance and global warming.
R: Greenhouse Effect: It is a natural process that
warms the Earth’s surface. The exchange of incoming
and outgoing radiation that warms the Earth is often
referred to as the greenhouse effect because a
greenhouse works in much the same way.
It is very important for the survival of life on Earth.
Without the Earth’s atmosphere, the Earth’s average
temperature would be well below the freezing
temperature of water and would be difficult for us to
live in.

Global warming is seeing to be a threat to greenhouse NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

effect. Due to human activities in the period from 1880
to 2012 the global average temperature has increased 1. A person’s body is covered with 1.6m 2 of wool
by 0.85o C. clothing. The thickness of the wool is 2.0x103m. The
The production of carbon dioxide by human in burning temperature at the outside surface of the wool is
process is one the big reasons of global warming. 11oC, and the skin temperature is 36oC. How much
Global warming is producing imbalance in the natural heat per second does the person lose due to
processes. conduction? Thermal conductivity of wool is
k = 0.04 Wm-1K-1.
Given: A = 1.6 m2 L=2.0x10-3m T1=11oC=284K
T2= 36oC =309K k = 0.04 Wm-1K-1 t= 1sec
Required: Q/t = ?
Sol: ∆T = T2 – T1 ∆T = 309 – 284 = 25K
Q KA ∆ T Q 0.04 x 1.6 x 25
= putting values =
t L t 2 x 10−3
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Q
= 8x102 W
t
2. The external wall of a brick house has an area of
16m2 and thickness 0.3m. The temperature inside and
outside the house are respectively 20 oC and 0oC.
Calculate the rate of heat loss through the wall.
Thermal conductivity of brick is k = 0.84 Wm-1K-1
Given: A=16m2, T1= 20oC= 293K T2= 0oC =273K
L = 0.3 m k = 0.84 Wm-1K-1
Q
Required: =?
t
Q KA ∆ T
Sol: ∆T=293 –273 =20K, we know that =
t l
Q 0.84 x 16 x 20
putting the values = = 896W
t 0.3
3. Window glass has thermal conductivity of 0.8 Wm-
1 -1
K . Calculate the rate at which heat is conducted
through a window of area 2.0m2 and thickness 4.0
mm. The temperature inside an air-conditioned room
is 20oC. The outdoors temperature is 35oC.
Given: k = 0.8 Wm-1K-1 A = 2m2 L=4x10-3m
T1 = 20oC = 293K T2 = 35oC = 308K
Q
Required: =?
t

Q KA ∆ T
Sol: ∆T = 308 – 293 = 15K and =
t l
Q 0.8 x 2 x 15 Q
Putting values = = 6x103W
t 4 x 10 −3
t

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