a.

TITLE PAGE
a.1. Definition
The title page of a thesis or essay is the work's first page. It lists the title of the work and the name
of the author. In the case of an academic paper, the title page also lists class information (such as
the course name and number), identification information (such as the student number), the date,
name of the professor, and name of the institution. The title page is not numbered.
a.2. Importance
The title page summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest
possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.
The title is without doubt the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually read first.
a.3. Observations
It is usually in a formal appearance. No color schemes or unnecessary placement of pictures. Most
importantly, it tells the reader of the topic as well as the authors/researchers that made it possible.

b. APPROVAL SHEET
b.1. Definition
This is to prove that the authors passed the requirements needed for the book or research. This is
signed by the individual advisers or people that requires approval. Additionally, it also states the
grade obtained by the researchers.
b.2. Importance
It shows the validity of the research. This also shows the support given by the respective advisers.
This solidifies the rationality of the body of work.
b.3. Observations
This is where the official signature of the advisers are seen. Subsequently, it is also along with the
adviser’s official statement that the researchers’ work is fulfilled. This is just mainly the proposal
of the researchers for the acceptance and approval of the research study.

c. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
c.1. Definition
The acknowledgement section of a thesis is where you can thank everyone who has helped you in
your research. It is typically located at the beginning of your thesis, right after the contents page,
and shouldn't really be more than one or two pages long. It is similar to a dedication, except for
the
fact that it is formal.
c.2. Importance
Acknowledgements enable you to thank all those who have helped in carrying out the research.
Careful thought needs to be given concerning those whose help should be acknowledged and in
what order. The general advice is to express your appreciation in a formal manner.
c.3. Observations
It usually states a statement of appreciation and gratitude to those who become such a big
contribution to the research study along with the researchers. Names are sometimes written
especially those who lent financial aids. The style of writing is mainly just in a concise manner
and
avoids strong emotive language.
d. DEDICATION
d.1. Definition
This part is, basically, a source to offer warmest gratefulness of the writer towards any other
person
for whom he wishes to pay honor. This is quite a personal matter, and dedications are often made
to family members, spouses, friends, or community groups. Dedication page always comes on the
front of the book or thesis.
d.2. Importance
It shows the inspiration of the researchers upon conducting the study. It becomes a way of
honoring
the certain groups or people. Most importantly, it also expresses a huge gratitude just like the
Acknowledgement.
d.3. Observations
It is usually written briefly than the Acknowledgements. It typically answers the question “For
whom?” It mainly possesses the gesture of honoring but it doesn’t take away the gesture of
gratefulness in writing the Dedication.

e. ABSTRACT
e.1. Definition
The abstract generally provides a broad overview and is never more than a page. It describes the
essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the research question posed, its significance, the
methodology, and the main results or findings.
e.2. Importance
The abstract is important as it is the first thing that your reader will see and they are likely to start
forming an opinion of your research project based on your abstract. An abstract is written after
you
have finished writing up your research project as it summarizes what your project contains. It also
briefly provides the reader with the most important information from the entire text.
e.2. Observations
This has to come to describe the quality of being loyal or devoted to a cause, ideal, or purpose.
Nowadays, people are commonly spoken of as having a dedication to his or her family or work.
However, this is usually all about personal inclusion.

f. TABLE OF CONTENTS
f.1. Definition
The table of contents is essentially a topic outline of the thesis. It includes all such elements as the
pages of the preliminary body, the titles of the chapters, parts or sections. It is compiled by listing
the headings in the thesis down to whichever level you choose.
f.2. Importance
A table of contents is important to orient the reader. It gives them a roadmap to research paper.
Breaking up writing into manageable chunks (sections, parts, chapters) makes it easier to digest for
 readers.
f.3. Observations
 It is usually on a page at the beginning of a piece of academic writing, which outlines the chapters
or sections names with their corresponding page numbers. It is mainly on a chronological order.
Subheadings are also included if applicable/available.
g. LIST OF TABLES

g.1. Definition
A List of Tables is a reference tool that allows your readers to quickly and easily navigate to data
in your thesis or dissertation. The list is located on a new page to continuation of the table of
contents. The construction of the list is similar to creating a Table of Contents.
g.2. Importance
Effective data presentation in research papers requires understanding your reader and the elements
that comprise a table. Tables have several elements, including the legend, column titles, and body.
As with academic writing, it is also just as important to structure tables so that readers can easily
understand them.
g.3. Observations
It is similar to the Table of Contents when it comes to purpose. It is just another shortcut device
for
readers. All tabled data is stated and it is definitely a luxury to save time and effort.

h. LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS

h.1. Definition
The list of figures and graphs identifies the titles and locations
of visuals (figures, drawings, photos,
maps) in administrative or research documents. Figures concentrate information in unusual ways
and show critical details, configurations, and evidence. Readers use the list of figures to locate
visual
information.
h.2. Importance
The List of Figures allows readers to quickly and easily navigate to those pages containing charts
and images that are of interest to them.  It is essential if your text is long enough to feature
a table of
contents and it includes a lot of tables and/or figures. It will definitely save the readers much time.
h.3. Observations
Again, it is similar to the Table of Contents and List of Tables. It comprises the data which are in
figurative and graphical form. It sometimes includes a preview of the visual but usually it doesn’t.

i. LIST OF APPENDICES
i.1. Definition
This is a section at the end of a dissertation that contains supplementary information.
An appendix may contain figures, tables, raw data, and other additional information. These data
support the arguments of your dissertation but do not belong in the main body.
i.2. Importance
Appendices are always supplementary to the research paper.  As such, your study must be
able
 to stand alone without the appendices, and the paper must contain all information including
tables, diagrams, and results necessary to understand the research problem. The key point to
remember when including an appendix is that the information is non-essential; if it were
removed, the reader would still be able to comprehend the significance, validity, and
implications of your research. Appendices also provides relevant information or data that is
more easily understood or analyzed in a self-contained section of the paper.

i.3. Observations
It is usually summarized in the paper where it is relevant to the content. It is also arranged
sequentially by the order they were first referenced in the text. It is another easy way of conserving
time for the readers.

CHAPTER 1

a. INTRODUCTION
a.1. Definition
The introduction is the opportunity to show readers and reviewers why your research topic is
worth
reading about and why your paper warrants their attention. The introduction serves multiple
purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces your topic and aims, and gives an
overview of the paper.
a.2. Importance
The introduction serves the purpose of leading the reader from a general subject area to a
particular
field of research. It establishes the context of the research being conducted by summarizing
current
understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the
form of the hypothesis, question, or research problem, briefly explaining your rationale,
methodological approach, highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal, and
describing
the remaining structure of the paper.
a.3. Observations
The introduction is usually just the opportunity to show readers and reviewers why
the research topic is worth reading about and why your paper warrants their attention.
The introduction serves multiple purposes. It presents the background to your study, introduces
your topic and aims, and gives an overview of the paper.

b. RATIONALE
b.1. Definition
A rationale for research is a set of reasons offered by a researcher for conducting
more research into a particular subject. Simply, the rationale of your research is the reason for
conducting the study. The rationale should answer the need for conducting the said research.
b.2. Importance
It is a very important part of your publication as it justifies the significance and novelty of
the study.
That is why it is also referred to as the justification of the study. The purpose of your rationale is
to demonstrate how well you have understood the original text and the ways in which your
creative
 response shows this.
b.3. Observations
It states all the explanations of the researchers about choosing and executing the research
about a distinct topic. So, it answers the question “Why?.” Most importantly, it details the
importance of your study in one.

c. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

c.1. Definition
A problem statement is a concise description of an issue to be addressed or a condition to be
improved upon. It identifies the gap between the current (problem) state and desired (goal) state
of
a process or product. Focusing on the facts, the problem statement should be designed to address
the Five Ws.
c.2. Importance
A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines
the problem addressed
by a study. Writing a statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the purpose of
the research project you will propose. The reader is oriented to the significance of the study and
the research questions or hypotheses to follow.
d.3. Observations
It usually outlines the description of the issue, and sometimes includes a vision. It also
briefly
addresses the question, “What is the problem that the research will address. It gives the
readers
a lead on what to expect.

d. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
d.1. Definition
The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
It introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists.
It
mentions the proponents of the study and also its results.
d.2. Importance
The theoretical framework is how you conceptualize the nature of your research problem, its
basis
and the analysis you will choose to investigate that problem. This framework determines how you
perceive, make sense of, and interpret your data. Having a theory helps you identify the limits to
those generalizations. A theoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a
phenomenon of interest and highlights the need to examine how those key variables might differ
and under what circumstances.
d.3. Observations
It often mentions previous research and unstudied areas to identify a purpose of the work and
discuss existing knowledge. It also gives a description on how the proposed study can lead to a
helpful investigation or gaps in previous research. Then, an explanation of its foundation in broad
terms are also written.
e. STUDY FRAMEWORK
e.1. Definition
A study framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It can be applied in
different categories of work where an overall picture is needed. It is used to make conceptual
distinctions and organize ideas.
e.2. Importance
It explains or predicts the way key concepts/variables will come together to inform the
problem/phenomenon. It also gives the study direction/parameters and helps the researcher
organize ideas and clarify concepts. Moreover, it introduces your research and how it will
advance your field of practice. 
e.3. Observations
It usually illustrates what you expect to find through your research. It explains the relevant
variables
for your study and maps out of how they might relate to each other. It sometimes
constructed before
you begin collecting data.

f. HYPOTHESIS
f.1. Definition
A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.
This is a process of discovery to create greater understandings or conclusions. It is not a strict
proof
as in logic or mathematics.

f.2. Importance
It helps to provide link to the underlying theory and specific research question. It helps in data
analysis and measure the validity and reliability of the research. It provides a basis or evidence to
prove the validity of the research.
f.3. Observations
It formulated to at its most effective way possible. It is usually written as an if-then statement. For
example, a study designed to look at the relationship between sleep deprivation and test
performance might have a hypothesis that states, "This study is designed to assess
the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are
not
sleep-deprived."

g. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

g.1. Definition
Scope broadly refers to the extent to which you plan to study/research your topic. The limitations
of the study refers to the shortcomings of the study – things you believe the research lacked or
ways
in which it could have been better. It also states the actual place where the study was
conducted,
duration of the conduct of the study, inclusions of the study (only specific aspect of the
study
 or topic), limit of the number of respondents, and area limit (if applicable).
g.2. Importance
The scope and limitations are very important to the nature of your study.  As your study begins
with your problem statement and purpose statement—outlining the reason and direction for your
study, your study must also indicate its limitations.  In addition to what your study intends to
accomplish, a discussion of what your study intends not to accomplish is of importance and value
as well. 
g.3. Observation
The scope usually explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and
specifies the parameters within the study will be operating. The limitations, meanwhile, states the
things you believe the research lacked or ways in which it could have been better. These are
simply
the background or behind-the-scenes of the research.

h. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

h.1. Definition
The significance of the study is a written statement that explains why your research was needed.
The significance of the study will mainly focus on the question “Who will benefit from the
study?”
It's a justification of the importance of your work and impact it has on your research field.
h.2. Importance
Significance of the study is written so that the reader knows the importance of study. It is the
proof
that the study is really beneficial and worth it for the effort and time. It can be based on the
statement
of the problem wherein you can get ideas on how to write a significance of the study section on
your thesis or research. It illustrates the contribution of the study on the society. It provides
information on how the project or research contributed to the present generation and how to
expand
its related literature.
h.3. Observations
It simply explains to the readers of why the conducted research/study is importance. It will
even specifically state the reasons of the researchers as well as to whom will be benefited of
this study. It could be among the ethnicity, society, nature, or a particular person

i. DEFINITION OF TERMS
i.1. Definition
Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at
the
beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. It defines
technical
terms based on how they are used in the study, specifically in the title. It can be after the
paragraph
that describes the purpose of the study.
i.2. Importance
Definition of key terms will help clarify the purpose and direction of the study being conducted.
 Make sure that in the definition, you focus on what something is, not just what its effects it is used
for. This also aims to provide the readers or future researches with the basic terminologies that are
important to understand the paper.
i.3. Observations
It is typically an alphabetical list of important terms or acronyms, particularly ambiguous terms or
those used in a special way in the research that is defined by the researches. It is beneficial
because
the study will likely include terms that are not widely known outside of your discipline. This will
give the readers a realization to those terms and could potentially widen their knowledge.

CHAPTER 2

a. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

a.1. Definition
A review of related literature (RRL) is a detailed review of existing literature related to the topic
of
a thesis or dissertation. In an RRL, you talk about knowledge and findings from existing literature
relevant to your topic.
a.2. Importance
The Review of Related Literature gives readers an understanding of the scholarly research on your
topic. It also helps to avoid unintentional duplication of well established findings. Additionally, it
might help to know how your study adds to the existing literature.
a.3. Observations
It improves the point of your research. These will serve as evidences that the research has a
benefit. The research will gain some validity and reliability if the review is detailed
immensely.

CHAPTER 3

a. RESEARCH LOCALE
a.1. Definition
This discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the place where the study is
conducted. Only important features which have the bearing on the present study are included.
a.2. Importance
The research locale is vital in this process because you need to make decisions on what specific
subject you are researching and what location you are going to be conducting it in. Planning your
study is the most important part of the whole research process. You need to carefully devise a
number of questions and aims that you are attempting to discover.
a.3. Observations
It typically the area of the commencement of the research. The researchers usually regards the
atmosphere to be comfortable for the respondents. This will define the researchers of how they
are on how they’re strategy of planning and their style of execution.

b. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

b.1. Definition
 Respondents are those persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have
taken part in the study. They are simply the focus of the study to whatever topic or problem
is issued. In most qualitative research, the aim is to give voice to the individuals
or respondents who
decide to participate in the study.
b.2. Importance
The respondents of a qualitative study have special roles in that not only are their answers in
aggregate important to the study, but also their respective voices are essential to
the study's evolution and findings. Respondents are derived from the sample that is constructed
for
a qualitative study. The more people that participate, the better the study is. Having a large
number
of participants reduces the risk of accidently having extreme, or biased, groups – such
as having all
adults or all children in a study that should have equal numbers of adults and children.
b.3. Observations
It could be anybody who has somewhat knowledge on the topic of the research that is being
conducted. They are the ones responsible for the data that is being stated especially if it was
done through surveys and interviews. Without the presence of these respondents, the
researchers would have no physical references.

c. DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

c.1. Definition
Data-collection instruments are used to collect information on substantially identical items from
10
or more respondents. It could be tests, questionnaires, inventories, interview schedules or guides,
rating scales, and survey plans or any other forms. Simply, these are instruments that are used to
collect data from participants of the study. 
c.2. Importance
The instrument you choose to collect the data will depend on the type of data you plan
on collecting (qualitative or quantitative) and how you plan to collect it. Without these
instruments,
data could be presumed invalid or without proof. These will generally help you to avoid surfing
through web to collect data which could also be outdated or not updated.
c.3. Observations
It usually dictates the data you want to acquire. It is done on a professional strategy. Before
conducting Data Gathering Instruments like test, questionnaires, and interviews, the
researchers involve a long planning to successfully execute the instrument being used.

d. VALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

d.1. Definition
Validity of a research instrument assesses the extent to which the instrument measures what it is
designed to measure. It is the degree to which the results are truthful. It indicate how well a
method,
technique or test measures something.
d.2. Importance
It will consider the effect of the instrument if it was a success or not. Reliability is about the
 consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. It's important to
consider reliability and validity of the instrument when you are creating your research design,
planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research.
d.3. Observations
It will examine the success rate of the instrument. It is usually stated by the researchers of
why they considered/preferred this instrument. Simply, this is an assessment of the
reliability
of the researcher’s data gathering instrument.

e. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

e.1. Definition
The data gathering procedure is defined as the process of collecting, measuring and analyzing
accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. A researcher can evaluate their
hypothesis on the basis of collected data. There are a variety of methods of data
collection in qualitative research, including observations, textual or visual analysis (eg from
books
or videos) and interviews (individual or group). 
e.2. Importance
By collecting data and information based on metrics, factors, or variables, it does not only
become
far easier for us to make informed decisions, but doing so is also imperative to ensure that our
businesses and systems do not have to take the hit. In most cases, data collection is the primary
and
most important step for research, irrespective of the field of research. The approach of data
collection is different for different fields of study, depending on the required information.
e.3. Observations
There are various techniques the researchers manage to collect data used in the dissertation.
These are based on the strategic planning of the researchers which also varies to the
required
data. It is usually done with actual respondents but the internet became another alternative.

f. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

f.1. Definition
Statistical treatment of data is when you apply some form of statistical method to a data set to
transform it from a group of meaningless numbers into meaningful output. Statistical treatment of
data greatly depends on the kind of experiment and the desired result from the experiment.
For example, in a survey regarding the election of a Mayor, parameters like age, gender,
occupation, etc. would be important in influencing the person's decision to vote for a particular
candidate.
f.2. Importance
Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form.
Raw data collection is only one aspect of any experiment; the organization of data is
equally important so that appropriate conclusions can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment
of
data is all about.
f.3. Observations
 It is somewhat transformation process of data that you’ve collected. It is making the usual
information to a vital factor for the study. These will organize the ideas and data that the
researchers have provided.

CHAPTER 4

a. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS, ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION

a.1. Definition
The justification phase of the research. It is the presentation of the results and explanation of
the results. This conclude of how the research turned out if it is a success or a failure.
a.2. Importance
The presentation is important so that the efficacy of the conducted study is evaluated. It is
also important to the readers for their understanding and for the valuable information that is
being stated by the researchers. The results, analysis and discussion of the researchers would
also become a factor for change, politically, physically, mentally, and other aspects.
a.3. Observations
It is usually written in an informative way. Visuals such as graphs, pictures, tables are being
used to organize the details and data. The goal of this is mainly just to present the findings
of
the researchers.

CHAPTER 5

a. SUMMARY
a.1. Definition
A summary is a brief statement or restatement of main points, especially as a conclusion to a
work:
a summary of a chapter. A brief is a detailed outline, by heads and subheads, of a discourse
(usually
legal) to be completed: a brief for an argument. A research summary typically preserves the
structure/ sections of the article it focuses on.
a.2. Importance
Like an abstract in a published research article, the purpose of an article summary is to
give the reader a brief overview of the study. Good summaries are valuable because they keep
busy
readers informed without demanding more time than necessary to get the information they need.
A
good summary tells readers enough about a topic that they can decide whether they need to read
more.
a.3. Observations
It states the main points from different sections. It will remind the readers of the whole
research study. It is also usually the recap and brief page which could be essential for those
who became frazzled while understanding the entire research.

b. CONCLUSION
b.1. Definition
 The conclusion of a research paper is where you wrap up your ideas and leave the reader with a
strong final impression. It has several key goals: Restate the research problem addressed in the
paper. Summarize your overall arguments or findings.
b.2. Importance
A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding
the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. A conclusion does not introduce new
ideas;
instead, it should clarify the intent and importance of the paper.
b.3. Observations
It is where the clarification of the points of the researchers are stated. It also the main part
which the results of the research are stated to conclude the success or the failure of the
conducted study. It also usually states the significance of why the research was necessary.

c. RECOMMENDATIONS
c.1. Definition
Recommendations are based on the results of your research and indicate the specific measures or
directions that can be taken. For example, a clinical study might have implications for
cancer research and might recommend against the use of a particular hazardous substance.
Recommendations are simply the added suggestions that you want people to follow when
performing future studies.
c.2. Importance
These will mainly give insights and some valuable statements which could entice. You can always
mention the benefits of further studies in your field. Talk about how future studies could be used
to correct problems with the current research you have completed. You can also explain a need to
fill in certain gaps that you might not be able to get covered right now for any reason. You can
always use a timeline to help readers understand when potential developments could come about
over time.
c.3. Observations
It is the advice or suggestion of the researches which are still based on the result of study. It
is also usually written in a persuasive style. The researchers’ main goal is just to share
valuable information for the readers about their study.