RT201 Lecture 1: COMPUTER IN  Herman Hollerith (1890)

- Designed a tabulating machine to

MEDICAL IMAGING record census data
 John Atansoff and Clifford
Covered Today: Berry (1939)
- Built the first electronic
 A brief outline computer.
 History of Computers  December 1943
 Computer Generations - The British built the first fully operational
 Computer Architecture working computer called Colossus.
 Computer Language  Harvard University (1944)
 Binary Notation -The first general purpose modern computer.
 Bits, Bytes, Words - ASCC (Automatic SequenceControlled
 Computer Programs Calculator)
 J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchy
 System Software
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
The Role of Computers in Medical Calculator.
Imaging  William Shockley ( 1948)
- Developed the transistor, a switch that alternately
Medical imaging is a vast field allows or does not allow electronic signals.
that deals with the techniques to create - Made the possibility of the development of stored
images of the human body for medical program computer.
purposes.  Eckert and Mauchly
Most of the modern methods of - Developed UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
scanning and imaging are largely based Computer)
on the computer technology. The 1st commercially successful general purpose
stored program electronic digital computer.
HISTORY

Technology around the globe

 The computer was born not for

entertainment or email but out
of a need to solve a serious
numbercrunching crisis
 Abacus
-Earliest calculating tool
 Blaise Pas Cal And Gottfried
Leibiz
- Built mechanical calculators
using pegged wheels that could
perform basic arithmetic
functions.
 Charles Babbage -1942
- Designed an analytical engine
that performed general calculations
automatically.
  Converting Alphabetic characters, decimal
values and logic function to binary values.

 Digital Image are made

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
of discrete picture
Generally speaking, computers can elements (pixel) arrange
be classified into three generations. in a matrix
Each generation lasted for a certain
 The size of the image is
period of time, and each gave us
described by the power
either a new and improved
of two equivalents
computer or an improvement to the
existing computer.

 1st Generation (1938-1958)

-Used vacuum tube devices
 2nd Generation (1958)  256 x 256
-Based on individuality  1024 x 1024
packed transistors.  2048 x 2048
 3rd Generation (1964)  4096 x 4096
-Used integrated circuits
which consist of many
transistors and other
electronic elements fused
into a chip. BIT
 4th Generation (1975)
 A single binary digit such as
-Extension of the 3rd
0 or 1.
generation and
 To encode is to translate
incorporated large scale
ordinary characters to
integration
computer compatible
character – binary digits
COMPUTER LANGUAGE
BYTES
- Computer Language translate what the user
 Bits that are grouped into bunches of eights
input into a series of 1s and 0s
 1 kilobytes =1024 bits
- Different Number Systems
 In radiology departments have measured
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE capacities measured in MB or GB

 HARDWARE - Visible - Physical components -

usually categorized according to which
operation it perform.
 SOFTWARE - Tells the hardware what to do
and how to store data

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

 The number system starts

with 0 to 1.
 WORD

 a sequence of N bits where N = 16, 32, 64

depending on the computer
COMPUTER PROGRAMS • Assembly is the translation of a program written
in symbolic machine oriented instructions into
 A sequence of machine language
instructions, stored in
any medium, that can be COMPILERS AND
interpreted and executed INTERPRETERS
by a computer; called
most frequently a  Computer programs from
program. its high level language
into a form that is suitable
for the assembler or into a
SYSTEM SOFTWARE form that is accepted
directly by a computer.
 Consist of programs that
make easy for the user PROGRAMMING
to operate a computer to LANGUAGE
its best advantage
 High level programming languages allow the
programmer to write instructions a form that
APPLICATION PROGRAMS

 Programs that are written

in higher level language
expressly to carry out
Some user function.

 These are programs that

are written by a software
manufacturer or by the
user themselves to guide
the computer to perform a
specific task

OPERATING SYSTEM

• Series of instruction that

organizes the course of data
through the computer
solution of a particular
problem.

ASSEMBLER

• A computer program that

recognizes symbolic
instructions such as SUB LD and PT and
translate them into binary code.
 approaches human language


COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER allow enough time for the main power to be
restored
 Communication - Describes the transfer of data
from a sender to a receiver across a distance. The
practice of teleradiography involves the transfer of
medical image and patient data. Electrocurrent,
Radio frequency or light
 Input Devices - It converts data in a form that the
computer can use. Mouse, keyboards, foot pedals,
Dictation Microphones and Touch Screen Monitors

 CPU (Central Processing Unit) - In a computer is

the primary element that allows the computer to
manipulate data and carry out software data.
 Memory - Distinguished from storage by its
function. Memory is more active and Storage is
more archival Variations of ROM
 RAM (Random Access Memory) - is a hardware
device that allows information to be stored and  PROM - A blank chip that a
retrieved on a computer. user can write programs to
 ROM (Read- Only Memory) -The memory from  EPROM - Same as PROM but
which we can only read but cannot write on it. This the contents can be erasable.
type of memory is non-volatile.  EEPROM - Can be
 Storage - It is an archival form of memory. Bit – reprogrammed with the use of
describes the smallest unit of measure, a binary special electronic devices.
digit 1or 0. Byte –bits that are combined into 8
groups, which represents one character, digit or
other value.
 Secondary Storage - CD’ s (Compact Disc), DVD’ s
( Digital Versatile Disc), Blu-ray Disc , Hard Disc,
Flash Drives
 Output Devices - Consist of devices that translate
computer information into a form that humans can
understand.
 Monitor - It is considered to be the most crucial
output devices of a computer.
 Printer - It is an electronic external output devices
of computer used to print digital information on
paper as hard copy.
 UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) - Provides a
temporary source of replacement battery power if
main power supply is lost. They are connected in
series between the socket and the workstation to
APPLICATION TO MEDICAL IMAGING

Computer in radiology departments are typically used to

store, transmit and read imaging examination

They also play an important part in digital imaging and

digital image is rectangular in format and made up of
small squares called pixels

DICOM

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

PACS

Picture Archiving and Communication System

RT201 Lecture 2: INFORMATION but…
MANAGEMENT
 IM definition is
Objectives constantly evolving as
the technology, ideas,
 Define Information Management (IM) and business needs
 Introduction change
 Development  It encompasses a cycle of:
1. Gathering data (what are the data needed)
What is information management?
2. Analyzing (how are the data useful)
 The process of collecting, storing, managing and 3. Categorizing (which data is to be given priority)
maintaining information in all its forms. 4. Contextualizing (putting meaning and words to
 It can be in the form of physical data (such as the categorized data)
papers, documents and books), or digital data assets. 5. Archiving (keeping tabs to the data)
 Moreover, IM also focuses on how that information 6. Deleting (in some cases only, to support
is shared and delivered to various recipients, business needs)
including such as an organization’s website,  Means a data has a life cycle: it is only useful for a
computers, servers, applications and/or mobile period of time but at some point it will no longer be
services. valuable

IM is…
IM uses general management and data management
Making sure that the right people have the right concepts as well…
information at the right time.
 General management
But before that DATA needs to be: 1. Planning
2. Controlling
 Processed
3. Execution
 Contextualized
 Data management (development and implementation
 Tagged
of tools and policies that allow data to progress from
 Analyzed
stage to stage during its lifecycle) as shown in
History Management previous slide.

1. In 1970s IM began to emerge from data

management as virtual media began to overtake IM four main components
physical media such as punch cards (biometrics),
magnetic tapes (ATM cards), paper (Docs
format sent via email), & etc.
2. In 80s PCs started to replace mainframes as the
primary computing platform
3. 90s networked systems came to prominence.
Network systems (computers that are linked
together so they can closely share information,
in the office, hospital, school, business etc.)
IM four main components What are the benefits of information management?

1. People: 1. Reduce costs,

2. Reduce uncertainty or risks;
 Not only have those involved in IM but also the 3. Add value to existing products or services,
creators and users of data and information 4. Create new value through new information-
 (Managers, leaders, users) based products or services
2. Policies and processes:

 The rules that determine who has access to what,

steps for how to store and secure information
and timeframes for archiving or deleting

3. Technology:

 The physical items (computers, filing cabinets,

etc.) that store data and information, and any Laboratory, radiology reports will be sent in software via
software used mobile application

4. Data and information: Advancement in

technology with the use of
 What the rest of the components use IM will greatly help the
 (As for healthcare, patient data, charts, census population especially now
etc.) with the pandemics,
patients will not necessarily
Developments and future trends of IM
be in the hospital every
 Big data will continue to drive growth in, and time thus will produce
changes to IM as the concept becomes more contactless check-ups and
mainstream treatments
 Example is the promise of AI (artificial
intelligence) which has been floating around in
decades. References:
 Advances in computing power and software have
finally brought AI within reach https://www.tlu.ee/~sirvir/Information%20and
 In IM realm, AI can produce these possible impacts: %20Knowledge%20Management/Development%20of
 Analytics Augmentation (data preparation will %20IKM/development_of_information_management.ht
be more automated) ml
 Intelligent devices (driverless cars, auto-piloted https://namaa-il.com/solutions/ehim/
drones, smart machines, robot radtechs)
 Intelligent agents (cortana of windows, siri of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pMl0bHxEck
apple, alexa of google)
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/20012/informati
on-management-im

https://www.smartsheet.com/information-management