Introduction to

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Can machines
think ?
About Intelligence:
• 1 Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience and to adapt to,
shape, and select environments.

• 2 We call ourselves Homo sapiens - man the wise - because our

intelligence is so important to us, which gives a special place for us
among life forms.

• For thousands of years, we have tried to understand how we think;

that is, how a mere handful of matter can perceive, understand,
predict, and manipulate a world far larger and more complicated
than itself.

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341646
2 Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by peter Norvig
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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
About Intelligence:

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• When we try to understand artificial intelligence….we come with
questions such as,

* What is intelligence?

* How can one measure intelligence?

* How does the brain work?

• But, we have to come with question about the intelligent machine

that behaves like a person , showing intelligent behaviour .

• AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering.

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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• In 1955, John McCarthy, one of the pioneers of AI, was the first to
define the term artificial intelligence, roughly as follows:
“ The goal of AI is to develop machines that behave as though
they were intelligent.”
• In the Encyclopedia Britannica , “ AI is the ability of digital
computers or computer controlled robots to solve problems that
are normally associated with the higher intellectual processing
capabilities of humans . . .
• By Elaine Rich, Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make
computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better.

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• A particular strength of human intelligence is adaptivity. We are
capable of adjusting to various environmental conditions and
change our behavior accordingly through learning.

• Several definitions were proposed based on thought processes &

reasoning and behaviour. For e.g.:

 “[The automation of] activities that we associate with human

thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978)

 The art of creating machines that perform functions that require

intelligence when performed by people.” (Kurzweil,1990)
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About Braitenberg vehicles:
• A Braitenberg vehicle is an agent that can autonomously move
around based on its sensor inputs.

* Vehicle 2a : More light right → right

wheel turns faster → turns towards the
left, away from the light.

* Vehicle 2b: More light le → right wheel

turns faster → turns towards the le ,
closer to the light.

* In a complex environment with several

sources of stimulus, Braitenberg vehicles
will exhibit complex and dynamic behavior.

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
 Introduction to AI
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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
Brain Science & Problem Solving :
• With research of intelligent systems we can try to understand how
human brain works and then imitate / simulate it on computer.

• While trying to find a optimal solution for a problem, the approach

of solving problem is secondary and first and foremost is the
optimal intelligent solution to the problem.

• AI doesn’t employ a fixed method.

• AI also offers a broad palette of effective solutions for widely

varying applications.

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 Just as in medicine, there is no
universal method for all application
areas of AI, rather a great number of
possible solutions for the great
number of various everyday
problems, big and small.

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
Brain Science & Problem Solving :
• Cognitive science is devoted to research into human thinking at a
somewhat higher level.

• Similarly to brain science, this field furnishes practical AI with many

important ideas. On the other hand, algorithms and
implementations lead to further important conclusions about how
human reasoning functions.

• The term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines

(or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans
associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem
solving“.

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AI is exciting, but we have not said what it is.. :
• Definitions of AI are laid out along 2 dimensions..

Concerned with
Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally thought processes and
reasoning

Acting Humanly Acting Rationally

Concerned with
behaviour

measure measure
success in against an ideal
terms of fidelity performance
to human measure, called
performance rationality

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
Four approaches for AI:
• A human-centered approach must be in part an empirical science,
involving observations and hypotheses about human behavior.
• A rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and
engineering.
1) System Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach
A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after
posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written
responses come from a person or from a computer.
The computer would need to possess the following capabilities: NLP,
knowledge representation, automated reasoning, machine learning

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
Four approaches for AI:
2) System Thinking humanly: The Cognitive modelling approach
If we are going to say that a given program thinks like
a human, we must have some way of determining how humans think.
We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds.
3) System Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach
• “Right thinking,” that is, irrefutable reasoning processes. These
laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the
mind; their study initiated the field called logic.
4) System Acting rationally: The rational agent approach
• A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome
or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
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 Introduction to AI
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Deep Blue, Amazon Alexa and NatWest Cora Characteristics

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The Turing Test

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Foundations of AI:
Philosophy

Mathematics

Economics

Neuroscience & Psychology

Computer Engineering

Control Theory & Cybernetics

Linguistics
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History of AI:
1943-1955: The gestation of AI

• Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) proposed a model of artificial

neurons.
• Alan Turing introduced Turing test, ML, genetic algorithms, reinforcement
learning.

1956: The birth of AI

• Dartmouth workshop (McCarthy et al., 1955)

• Idea of duplicating human faculties such as creativity, self-improvement, and
language use.

1952-1969: Early enthusiasm, great expectations

• General Problem Solver, to imitate human problem-solving protocols.

• Geometry Theorem Prover, able to prove theorems that many students of
mathematics would find quite tricky.
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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
History of AI:
1966-1973: A dose of reality

• early systems turned out to fail miserably when tried out on wider selections of
problems and most early programs knew nothing of their subject matter.
• early AI programs solved problems by trying out different combinations of steps
until the solution was found.

1980- present : AI becomes an industry

• The AI industry boomed from a few million dollars in 1980 to billions of dollars in
1988, including hundreds of companies building expert systems, vision systems,
robots, and software and hardware specialized for these purposes.

1969-1979

• Knowledge based systems: the key to power

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
History of AI:
1986-present : The return of neural networks

• the mid-1980s at least four different groups reinvented the back-propagation

learning algorithm first found in 1969 by Bryson and Ho. The algorithm was
applied to many learning problems in computer science and psychology

1995 – present: The emergence of intelligent agents

• AI systems have become so common in Web-based applications , Internet

tools, such as search engines, recommender systems, and Web site
aggregators

2001- present: The availability of large data sets

• a mediocre algorithm with 100 million words of unlabelled training data

outperforms the best known algorithm with 1 million words
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 Introduction to AI
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 Introduction to AI
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Intelligent Agents:
• An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment
through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators.

• Agent behaviour is described by

agent function , which is
mathematical description.
• Agent function for artificial agent
is implemented by an agent
program ,which is concrete
implementation, running on agent
architecture

• An agent’s percept sequence is the complete history of everything

the agent has ever perceived.
• An agent’s behavior is described by the agent function that maps
any given percept sequence to an action.
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Intelligent Agents:

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- B Bhagya Prasad, ECE, SRKREC
Knowledge based systems:
• An agent is a program that implements a mapping from perceptions to
actions.
• For complex applications in which the agent must be able to rely on a large
amount of information and is meant to do a difficult task.

• AI provides a clear path to follow that will greatly simplify the work.

• Separate knowledge from the system or program, which uses the

knowledge to, for example, reach conclusions, answer queries, or come up
with a plan. This system is called the inference mechanism.

• The knowledge is stored in a knowledge base (KB).

• Acquisition of knowledge in the knowledge base is denoted Knowledge

Engineering and is based on various knowledge sources such as human
experts, the knowledge engineer, and databases.
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• Moving toward a separation of knowledge and inference has
several crucial advantages.
• The separation of knowledge and inference can allow inference
systems to be implemented in a largely application-independent
way
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The State Of The Art:

Autonomous
Robotic Speech
planning and
Vehicles Recognition
Scheduling

Logistics
Game Playing Spam Fighting
Planning

Machine Translation
Robotics
etc.,

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Major Sub-Fields of AI:

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References:
1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence-Wolfgang Ertel, Springer
2. Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach- Stuart Russell and Peter
Norvig
3. Google Images
4. Wikipedia

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