INTEGRATING MINING INDUSTRIES TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

CELLONA, ANDREW JOHN D.

MNE110 A3

INTRODUCTION
In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly approved a document
entitled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" with the
aim of drawing up a plan of action for people, the planet and posterity, aiming at
strengthening universal peace through a global partnership. The Agenda presents 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and 169 targets, based on the eight Millennium
Development Goals (MDG), launched in 2000, for the fight against poverty (United Nation,
2015)
Mining companies are called to adopt responsible mining by means of safe
extraction methods, utilization of new technology, social interaction, and environment
protection. Mining companies committed to the SDGs will benefit from improved
relationships with governments and communities, as well as better access to financial
resources. Those that fail to engage meaningfully with the SDGs will put their operations at
risk in the short and long term.( Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment, n.d.)
Answering to the call and challenge of the United Nations set of Sustainable
Development Goals, discussed on this paper are the practices, initiatives, plans and
proposals of the mining industries congruent to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) of UN.
DISCUSSION
SDG 1: No Poverty
Mining areas are usually located in communities away from commercial centers
since the activity depends on the availability of the mineral in nature, which leads the
villages to form around industries (Carney and Gushulak, 2016). The activity generates jobs
for the residents, moving a chain of suppliers to provide the industries, generating income
for the population, thus contributing to the reduction of poverty.
In addition to the generation of direct and indirect jobs, another form of cooperation
is through the payment of taxes, fees, and royalties (Takano et al., 2016). The government
must invest the amounts raised in communities, improving the population's life quality
through campaigns aiming at poverty eradication through the creation of opportunities
inside and outside mining companies
A study developed in Peru showed that mining districts have a higher average per
capita consumption of goods and products and lower poverty rates than similar districts. It
can be explained by the presence of more educated immigrants who are attracted to the
activity in the mines and by the jobs offered to the community natives, both in industries
and in services related to mining (Loayza and Rigolini, 2016).
Thus, mining can contribute with resources for reducing poverty, promoting direct
and indirect jobs, offering fair wages, prioritizing regional trade, increasing tax collection,
generating funds for public coffers and, expanding strategies to combat poverty in all its
dimensions.
SDG 2: Zero Hunger
Where mining companies operate in traditionally agricultural areas, the impact of
mining on water, land and biodiversity resources can be a concern to farmers and local
communities and can become a potential source of social conflict. Mining companies may
also operate in areas with chronic malnutrition, especially among children. Companies can
manage their impacts on natural resources, through limiting the amount of land they use
and enabling access by communities to lands they manage which may provide important
sources of food. They can also collaborate with development agencies to help eliminate
hunger, or to provide essential micronutrients for food supplements.
In Brazil, mining companies must mitigate the negative impacts on soil and water, as
established in the environmental licensing process. Law 9,985 brings, in its article 2, the
obligation of recovering degraded areas and the restoration of an ecosystem, or a wild
population, as close as possible to its original condition (Brasil, 2000). One of the recovery
forms is the environmental compensation, which allows the restoration happened after the
exhaustion of resources or even the replacement of a nearby area, in the same watershed, if
the place where the exploitation occurs cannot be recovered.
The activity can contribute with knowledge on how mining can affect areas where
agriculture is developed elaborating programs to fight hunger, promoting the integration
between agriculture and mining through partnerships of this sector with agribusiness. One
of the practical ways to achieve this goal is the economic and technological support for the
implementation of community gardens. Thus, industries contribute to population generating
opportunities for alternative sources of income meeting food needs.
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
The promotion of well-being for all is intrinsically linked to the mitigation of the
negative impacts caused by the activity. Among the impacts that affect the neighbouring
communities’ welfare, it can be mentioned: ground vibration, topography alteration,
deforestation, changing the region microclimate, fauna escaping, air pollution, noise
pollution.
Besides the discomfort caused to residents of the mine region, some impacts can hit
the employees more directly. It is necessary to use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to
ensure the physical integrity of workers. It must be performed rigorous inspection by
managers on the use of PPE in order to guarantee protection against accidents and diseases
resulting from work (Lira et al., 2012).
Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, in response, and in line with commitment
to SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing, BHP implemented a new Mental Health Framework
in 2015. The framework aims to ensure there is awareness, support and proactive
management of mental health issues across the company. It contains four key focus areas:
Culture: building a strong mental health and wellbeing culture in all regions and
levels of the company – one that also reduces the stigma associated with mental illness.
Capacity: enhancing the ability of management and other employees to identify and
respond to mental health problems. Prevention: preventing mental ill-health by addressing
risk factors and giving people the skills to build resilience and positive mental health.
Recovery: Ensuring employees have access to resources and support when they return to
work following illness
The framework is supported by a mental wellness working group and local
implementation plans tailored to specific regions. Importantly, the plans recognise that
people receive information in different ways, particularly across different cultures.
Mining industries can contribute also to prevent occupational diseases related to the
activity, integrating health in EIA projects, ensuring access to information, which can
promote disease control and better living conditions for the population.
SDG 4: Quality Education
Opposition to mining often stems from a perceived lack of economic benefit to those
who bear a disproportionate share of the adverse impacts. But without effective education,
the ability of local communities to capitalise on economic opportunities (as employees or
service providers) is limited. And where local capacity is limited, the need to recruit
employees from further afield can create tensions within local communities. Mining can
contribute to quality education by working with the host government to help increase local
capacity and through technical, vocational and educational training programmes for the
current and future workforce. Such investments can also strengthen relationships with host
communities.
The mining industries promote training courses for their employees according to the
function. Additionally, the miners offer opportunities, through education, so that the
workers are able to discover and develop different abilities. Most of the mining company’s
promotes sponsorship through scholarships and undergraduate and postgraduate
programs, not just to staff but community members, too. The establishment of partnerships
between universities and technical colleges ensures the training of young people to enter
the labour
market. Offering internships for technical, undergraduate and graduate levels, the miners
can support scientific research and dissemination of knowledge in the area.
Another way to promote education at all levels is providing support for the
maintenance of children in school, to give extra teaching/pedagogical material, and to assist
the community in maintaining and renovating school buildings. Industries can create ways
to encourage the permanence of employees’ children in school, promoting awards,
bonuses, and benefits for those with a constant presence and high school performance
(good grades). Thus, the first step towards achieving this goal is to prepare educational
material appropriate to the community's language that arouses its interest.
SDG 5: Gender Equality
Mining activity seems to be still essentially male. Women work mostly in cleaning
services. To contribute to this goal, it is necessary to promote female inclusion,
guaranteeing fair wages to both genders and working conditions that allow greater access of
women to the mining activity.
 In 2007 Codelco was the first large-scale mining company to adhere to the national
equality program of Chile’s National Department of Women (SERNAM). When President
Bachelet officially opened the Gabriela Mistral mine, it boasted a record 25% female
employees. In 2011 the company began pilot programmes to promote women’s
participation in mining. Codelco’s commitment to promoting gender equality has resulted in
a steady increase in female representation in its workforce over the past few years. The
current figure is nine per cent, 0.9 per cent above the national average for the mining sector
and up from six per cent in 2003.
Thus, combating discrimination and harassment, encouraging the participation of
women in leadership positions, providing appropriate PPE to women's needs, and paying
fair wages are some of the measures that must be taken by miners to ensure women's
inclusion in mining.
SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Preventing contamination of surface an groundwater is an inherent challenge to
mining activity. The constant monitoring of surrounding waters is fundamental to ensure
the quality of water resources (Arhin et al., 2016).
In the late 1990s, AREVA and Cameco, two uranium mining companies active in
Canada’s northern Saskatchewan province, took a leap of faith. They committed to long-
term independent environmental monitoring. AREVA and Cameco financed participatory
water testing for areas and contaminants that were of concern to communities, in addition
to testing already conducted by the company in accordance with industry best practice. To
Russell Powder, a community representative from Uranium City, the most important aspect
of the program is that he could go out and collect the samples himself. “Being there and
knowing they’re being honestly taken” is key, he said. Since 2000, CanNorth, an
independent environmental agency owned by members of one of the local nations, has
supervised the monitoring program. CanNorth deploys its own scientists along with citizen
monitors–local residents who assist in the testing process.
For the efficient management of water resources, it is necessary to involve the
government through projects, policies, and actions aimed at maintaining the water balance
in mining areas. Aligning political, economic and social interests related to water is one of
the ways to promote sustainable management and sanitation for all. The participation of
local communities in discussions to improve water management policies, technologies and
control means is essential to achieve this goal (Sena et al., 2016).
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Miners must improve energy efficiency, reducing consumption as much as possible

an improving the maintenance of energy infrastructure wherever they are installed. The
choice for renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and geothermal energy systems,
are options that can reduce disruptions to the mine site and improve energy distribution to
surrounding communities (World Economic Forum, 2016).
Teck is the primary investor in the development of clean battery technology through
ZincNyx Energy Solutions, a Vancouver-based start-up that is working to develop and
commercialise zinc-air flow batteries. For Teck, this represents an opportunity to facilitate
the development of a technology that could have broad implications for the way energy is
generated and used. It could also support broader adoption of low-carbon power sources.
Since 2012, ZincNyx has been developing a modular energy storage system designed to
deliver backup power in the range of 5 to 100 kilowatts over extended periods of time. The
flow battery technology developed by ZincNyx uses zinc as fuel.
A flow battery is a rechargeable fuel cell in which an electrolyte containing one or
more dissolved electroactive elements flows through an electrochemical cell that reversibly
converts chemical energy to electricity (see box, right). The total amount of electricity that
can be generated depends on the size of the storage tanks.
This example highlights two relatively unusual roles that can be played by mining
companies in contributing to the SDGs. The first is the involvement of a mining company as
an investor in a high-risk enterprise. Teck’s backing of ZincNyx has provided a boost to the
venture’s credibility, and helped to attract government funding for further business
development. The second unusual role is the innovative application of a relatively common
mining product (zinc) as a major component of an energy storage medium.
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
The mining activity generates a chain of jobs and income to the industries’
surrounding residents. For the operation of the business, it is necessary may supplies, such
as office provision, cleaning materials, food, uniforms, PPE, fuel, spare parts and
maintenance for equipment, machinery and fleet, among others (Huang et al., 2017).
Industries should, as far as possible, to acquire these items in the local market, bringing
income to the region. Also, they should promote access to full and productive employment,
providing training to employees, ensuring equitable inclusion, and collaborating with the
child labor eradication.
There is a chain of jobs generated by these industries. When they came to the
region, there was an increase in the offer of work, both in the companies themselves and in
other commercial establishments that were installed in the city, to meet the new demand.
In addition to the supply stores, it was installed a lightning pole industry, due to the easier
access to the crushed stone, an input used for the manufacture of poles. This reality can be
applied to other types of mining in other parts of the world (Torpey, 2013; Huang et al.,
2017).
The Sepon mine in Lao PDR supports 26 local businesses in Vilabouly, which have
collectively earned US$3 million in 2014, (US$17 million since 2002). Indirect benefits
through employment, training, business development, and Lao contract partners, have also
contributed hundreds of millions of dollars to the Lao economy.
The payment of fair wages and good working conditions are decisive factors in
achieving this SDG.
SDG 9: Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
The mining industries demand scientific research since the activity requires
specialized techniques in various areas such as geology, mine engineering, among others.
The innovation in the equipment, management, and techniques, improve the productive
processes of these industries and represent an opportunity for the mining companies to
contribute to this goal. Singh (2017) states that the development of research and innovation
in mining can ensure that mineral resources are converted into economically mineralized
reserves with safety and minimal impact on the environment and increase productivity.
Regarding the infrastructure, mining companies can contribute by sharing and
expanding access to essential services such as sanitation works, road construction, railways,
bridges, housing, among others. Besides, they should encourage the acquisition of local
goods and services, ensuring inclusive industrialization and integration with local commerce.
It
could be seen in the visits to the crushed stone mines that the roads were paved by the
industries, improving the infrastructure of the region.
It is necessary to improve scientific research to implement technological innovations
in order to build more resilient infrastructures and to improve the industrialization process.
Innovation can advance competitiveness in the sector since it promotes the creation of new
products and processes aiming at minimal impacts on the environment (Rosa et al., 2014).
SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities
Mining industries contributed to this goal by employing people from surrounding
communities paying fair wages and reducing local wage disparities. The creation of policies
to reduce inequality is the role of any industry, including mining, as well as the promotion of
social inclusion through direct employment, and the collaboration with the government to
expand access to infrastructure services for all.
To effectively collaborate in reducing inequalities, mining companies must anticipate
risks by identifying the local population dynamics, before and after the industry's installation
(World Economic Forum, 2016). Some of the possible attitudes to achieve this goal are
promoting the recruitment and training of the marginalized population, working in
partnership with local entrepreneurs and encouraging the allocation of resources, from
mining, to ensure investments for the society.
Some mining companies are in indigenous areas. The industries must include
traditional communities in their activities since these peoples can contribute with
knowledge and habits, which must be valued and respected (Rocha et al., 2015). A study
carried out in Australia has shown that public pressure and the benefits from the local
Aboriginal people have boosted the implementation of indigenous vocational education
programs, increasing the capacity and job supply for these people in the mining industry
(Pearson and Daff, 2013).
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
The impacts arising from the cities and communities’ growth have caused several
environmental and social consequences such as increasing of violence, poverty, and
inequalities, reduction of green areas and fauna, pollution of rivers, among others, which
can be applied to mine areas. The challenge of urbanization is to develop cities in an
environmentally and socially sustainable way.
Mining companies contributed by promoting the development of strategies for
creating resilient urban areas, involving industries, government and community in planning
land use, by implementing conservation plans for cultural heritage and restoring green
spaces. One measure to contribute to reducing environmental impacts, generating
opportunities for social inclusion and improving the conditions of the urban environment is
promoting the recycling and reuse of mining waste.
The installation of mining activity affects the surroundings and nearby towns. After
the mine is depleted, an economic crisis in the region can occur. Therefore, it is part of the
socio-environmental responsibility of the mining companies to expand the possibilities
of assistance to the population after the end of their activities.
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Mining industries through the years improve its waste management through
recycling and reuse techniques to achieve sustainable production and consumption
patterns.
The incorporation of the circular economy concept, based on the principle of waste
reuse within a productive chain, generating economic, social and environmental gains, had
help to change the patterns of production and consumption, to make the mining activities
environmentally sustainable, socially just and economically viable.
Mining industry, in partnership with the government, can promote campaigns to the
community for the teaching of practical actions on domestic waste recycling, for their reuse
and even for commercialization. In this way, they can contribute to raising awareness about
the importance of adopting attitudes to avoid waste, promoting the reuse of materials,
making the production and consumption patterns more sustainable from an economic and
environmental point of view.
SDG 13: Climate Action
Mining companies had contribute to addressing climate change by reducing their
carbon footprint and by engaging in dialogue with stakeholders to enhance adaptive
capacities and integrate climate change measures into policies and strategies. Coal-fired
power generation is a major emitter of carbon dioxide and is a focus of international
attention in tackling climate change. Large-scale commercially viable technological solutions
such as carbon capture and storage will be needed if thermal coal is to have a significant
role in the low-carbon future that governments agreed to in Paris. Mining also has a role in
adapting to climate change by ensuring its surrounding communities (and its own
operations) are resilient to the physical impacts of more extreme weather events.
Faced with rising energy costs and supply constraints across its operations, Gold
Fields, one of the largest gold producers in the world, is improving corporate energy
performance through an Integrated Energy and Carbon Management Strategy, launched in
2014.The strategy, which supports Gold Field’s commitment to SDG 12 (Responsible
Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), has driven energy efficiency
across the company, reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improved energy
security. The quality of company’s reporting in relation to its energy and carbon reduction
efforts has earned it a ‘Level A’ ranking by the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project)
for the past five years, signifying world leadership in disclosure, awareness, management
and action in relation to addressing climate change risks.
SDG 14: Life Below Water
 It is necessary to understand the dependence of local communities on the use of
marine and coastal resources, assisting them in the management of the fishing activity to
meet this goal (Silva et al., 2013). The protection of aquatic ecosystems ensures the
maintenance of the population's livelihoods in these places.
Investments in deep-sea mining have grown due to the scarcity of resources, in some
regions of the planet. New technologies have been developed to improve offshore
extraction techniques. This type of exploration entails impacts such as the transport of toxic
sediments that can affect the marine ecosystems’ balance. In addition, it is a type of mining
that requires higher investments in equipment and technology (Santos et al., 2018).
To contribute to this SDG, miners had carefully assess the impacts of deep-sea
exploration, collaborating with the government to create areas for protection and
conservation of marine reserves, contributing to scientific research and innovation through
the advance of management plans of coastal areas with government and local communities.
They should also collaborate with the development of the fishing activity in a sustainable
way, respecting the closed period1 and disposing properly waste and tailings.
SDG 15: Life on Land
Mining industries can achieve this goal by reducing the negative impacts through
environmental compensation measures. Although it is not possible to recover an area that is
in full activity, there are ways to recoup for the exploitation, recovering other areas, near or
far from the mines. (Brasil, 2001)
Mining industries had compensatory measures to restore degraded environments
and mitigate the loss of biodiversity. The activity's monitoring is a way of guaranteeing the
conservation of the exploited environment, for future re-compositing and conservation of
ecosystem services. This monitoring should be done by industries, by the community, and
by government agencies.
The community participates in this process, accompanying and denouncing the
activity that is outside the standards established by law. For this, it is necessary to inform
and educate the population about the mining, so they can help the public power in the
monitoring.
In addition to environmental compensation and monitoring, miners can contribute
to this SDG by articulating actions with the government to create campaigns to combat
desertification, instructing local communities on the environment and biodiversity's
conservation, avoiding unnecessary deforestation and protecting areas where they are
installed.
SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
The promotion of peace and justice at all levels is necessary for all types of
economic/industrial activity. Mining can achieve this goal in several ways: by combating
corruption and bribery, by disseminating information transparently, by easing conflicts with
the local community, by ensuring inclusive and participatory decision-making between
government/business/community and guaranteeing the Rule of Law.
In order to promote peace and guarantee justice for all, by avoiding corruption at all
levels, miners must have a deep understanding of the regional history, laws, culture, and
religions. They also should conduct its operations by local and international laws, with the
uppermost standards of ethical practice, developing and maintaining appropriate
procedures and protocols regarding the activity (Mcclintock and Bell, 2013).
SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals
The last goal is related to the interaction between countries, through partnerships,
for the implementation of all other SDG, aiming at to achieve a sustainable future in all
dimensions. Mining industries must be committed to environmental issues, caring for
responsible access and management of natural resources, implementing environmentally
sustainable practices and acting with social responsibility (Vintro et al., 2014).
Many of the examples on this paper illustrate how mining companies are
contributing to sustainable development, and how the mining industry has taken action on
SDG-related challenges at the local, national and global levels. Mining companies are among
the most sophisticated and experienced of corporate partners in addressing a range of
sustainable development challenges. There is value in sharing these experiences more
broadly, to demonstrate the art of the possible and thereby encourage further engagement
in partnerships to achieve collaborative progress on the SDGs. (Revitalise the global
partnership for sustainable development, n.d.)
CONCLUSION
Mining companies’ positive contributions to the SDGs include both improvements
toward the SDGs and the corresponding targets, as well as preventing or mitigating negative
impacts on the SDGs and corresponding targets.
To realize the full potential for contributing to the achievement of the goals, mining
companies has continue to work to integrate changes into their core business and, along
with the mining industry as whole, collaboration, partnership and meaningful dialogue with
government, civil society, communities and other stakeholders.
Overall, mining industries may not have yet fully adopted the good practices and
most mining companies still have considerable room for improvement in taking these
strategic steps towards fulfilling their considerable potential to help deliver the SDGs, but
this commitment is a strong proof that mining industries are essential part of the
sustainable development goals and not just a threat to resource sustainability.
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