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M. M. College of Nursing Mullana Ambala: Topic: Muscular System

The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system. It defines the muscular system and describes the three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It provides details on the structure, function, and important muscles of the skeletal muscular system, including muscles of the face, neck, back, and extremities. The document also discusses the microscopic anatomy, physiology, and types of smooth and cardiac muscle tissues.

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Bhawna Pandhu
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566 views

M. M. College of Nursing Mullana Ambala: Topic: Muscular System

The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system. It defines the muscular system and describes the three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It provides details on the structure, function, and important muscles of the skeletal muscular system, including muscles of the face, neck, back, and extremities. The document also discusses the microscopic anatomy, physiology, and types of smooth and cardiac muscle tissues.

Uploaded by

Bhawna Pandhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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M. M.

COLLEGE OF NURSING
MULLANA AMBALA

SUBJECT: NURSING EDUCATION

TOPIC: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:


Mrs. Kamal Janet Chaudhary
Lecturer M. Sc Nursing 1st yr
1909719
DEFINITION: -

System: -
A set of things that are connected or that work together.

Muscular system: -
It is a group of muscles that are connected or that work together.

IMPORTANCE OF MUSCLES:

Holding the organs in place


Holding the bones together so that it helps in moving
Helping in chewing food
Open and close eyelids
Pumping blood
Allowing run and play
Helping in smile

PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM:

Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM:

Producing body movements


Stabilizing body position
Storing and moving substances within the body
Generating heat

TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUES:

There are three types of muscles tissues which consists of specialized


contractile cells:
skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles

1 SKELETAL MUSCLE:

Skeletal muscle tissue is striated (alternating light and dark bands)


Skeletal muscle tissues work mainly in a voluntary manner (its activity is
controlled by neuron)
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:

COMPONENTS:
Skeletal muscle cells or muscles fibres are covered by a delicate connective
endomysium.
Group of skeletal muscle fibres are then bounded together by a connective
tissues envelop called perimysium.
The muscle as a whole is covered by a coarse sheath called epimysium.

SIZE, SHAPE AND FIBRE ARRANGEMENT:


skeletal muscle very considerably in shape , size and fibre arrangement.
SIZE- range from extremely small to large masses
SHAPE- variety of shapes such as broad, narrow, long , tapering. It is
cylindrical in shape, short, blunt, triangular, flat or bulky masses.
ARRANGEMENT: variety of arrangements such as parallel to a long axis,
oblique, pinnate, curve, bypennate.

ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLE:
Origin -point of attachment that does not move when muscle contract
Insertion- point of attachment that move when the muscle contract

MUSCLE ACTION:
Most of the movement are produced by the coordinated action of several
muscle, some muscle contract while other relax.
(a) PRIME MOVER (agonists): a muscle or group of muscle that directly
perform a specific movement.
(b) ANTAGONIST: Muscle when contracting directly opposes prime mover
(c) SYNERGIST: muscle that contract at the same time as the prime
mover they facilitate prime mover action to produce an efficient
movement.
(d) FIXATOR: joint stabilizer

MICROSCOPIC APPERANCE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES:


The myofibrils are made up of two sets of protein filaments
 Thick filaments: it is twice the diameter of thin filaments and made
up of myosin which is responsible for the formation of ‘A’ band (dark
band)
 Thin filaments: it is made up of actin, tropomysin and troponin which
are responsible for ‘I’ band (light band).
 In between the ‘A’ and ‘I’ band there is a dark narrow line called ‘Z’
band in which the contractile unit lies called the Sarcomere.
 Sarcotubular system: This is the system which helps the internal
conduction within the muscle fibre. It is made up of T system
(transverse tubular system) and longitudinal sarcoplasmic
reticulum.

IMPORTANT SKELETAL MUSCLE:


(a) Muscle of the face
(b) Muscle of the back
(c) Muscle of the abdominal wall
(d) Muscle of the pelvic floor
(e) Muscle of the respiration.

MUSCLE OF THE FACE AND NECK:


Muscle of the face:
occipitofronatalis
levetor palperable superioris
Orbicularis oculi
Buccinator
Orbicularies oris(unpaired)
Master
Temporalis
Pterygoid

MUSCLE OF THE NECK:


Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

MUSCLE OF THE THORAX:


Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm

MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL:


Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas

MUSCLES OF THE BACK:


Trapezious
Teres major
Psoas
latissmus dorsi
Quadratus lumborum
sacrospinalis

MUSCLE OF THE PELVIC FLOOR:


Levator ani
Coccygeu

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES:


Trapeziuos
Pactoralis
Serratus anterior
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid
Lattissimus dorsi
Deltoid
Coracobrachialis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Subscapularis
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Supinator
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorium profundus
Flexor digitorium superficialis
Extensor digitorium
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis
Flexor policies brevis
Adductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
Interosseous
Lumbricales

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES:


Iliopsoas (iliacus, psoas major and psoas minor).
Ractus femoris
Gluteal group (maximus, medius, minimus)
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor group (brevis, longus, magnus)
Gracilis
Qudricep femoris group
 Ractus femoris
 Vastus lateralis
 Vastus madialis
 Vastus intermedius
Sartorius
Hamstring group
 Bicep femoris
 Semitendinous
 Semimembranaosus
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Solius
Peromeus longus
Peromeus gravis
Peromeus tertius
Extensor digitorum longus
Lumbricales
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor hallucis

CARDIAC MUSCLE:
It has three properties:
(a) Morphological properties:
 it is found only in heart, forms the buck of the wall of each
chamber
 it is striated involuntary muscle
 it contracts rhythmically and continuously to provide the
pumping action necessary to maintain a relative constant of blood flow
through the internal environment.
(b) Electrical properties:
 Excitability- cardiac muscle is excitable
forms a wave of depolarization in response to stimuli
 Autorhythmicity – heart continues to beat even after all nerve cut
off, because of the presence of pacemaker tissues in the heart.
 Conductivity- property of propagation of cardiac muscles (SAN
spreads to AV node from top to the septum wave of the
depolarization spread rapidly conducting purkinje fibres to all part of
the ventricles).
(c) Mechanical properties:
 contractility
 all or none law- when the stimulus is applied the action potential in
single fibre is ‘all or none’ in character
 Refractory period- cardiac muscle is refractory (non responsive to
subsequent stimuli, the length of time it remain refractory to the
second stimulus).
(c) metabolic properties-
 Blood flow through the myocardium is very high as compared to other
muscles
 Presence of numerous mitochondria( power generating unit)
 High content of myoglobin an oxygen storing muscle pigment
 It works under aerobic condition with accumulation of lactic acid.

SMOOTH MUSCLE:
Smooth muscle is composed of tapered cells with single nuclei. It is
usually activated in voluntarily
There are two types of smooth muscle tissues
 Viscera (single unit) smooth muscle tissues- It is tubular in
arrangement that forms the part of the walls of small artery and
veins (e.g. stomach, intestine, uterus muscle)
 Multi unit smooth muscle tissues- It consists of individual fibre each
on by own motor neuron terminals. It is found in the walls of large
arteries (e.g. lungs, arrector pili muscles that attach to the hair
follicles, muscles of the iris).

MICROSOPIC ANATOMY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE:


 The length of the smooth muscle fibre is of 30 – 200 micrometer long
 It is the thickest in the middle (3-8 micrometer) and tapers at each end.
 the sarcoplasm smaooth muscle fibre contains both thick filament (1:
10) and thin filament (1:15)
 Smooth muscle fibres also lack transverse tubules and have only small
amount of sarcoplasmis reticulum for storage of calcium.

PHYSIOLOGY OF SMOOTH MUSCLES:


Smooth muscles tissues exhibit some important physiological difference from
cardiac and skeletal tissues.
 Contractions of smooth muscle fibre stars more slowly and last much
longer
 Smooth muscles can both shorten and stretch to a greater extent
 An increase in the concentration of the calcium ion of the smooth
muscle fibre initiate contractions
 Smooth muscle tissues can sustained long tone which is important in
the GI tract where the walls maintain a steady pressure on the contents
of the tract which maintain a steady pressure on blood
 It contracts or relax in response to stretching hormones or local factors
change such as pH, oxygen , carbon dioxide, temperature and ion
concentration

SUMMARISATION:
So today we have discussed the topic ‘ Anatomy and Physiology of muscular
system’ which includes definition, importance of the muscles , properties of
the muscular tissues, types of the muscular tissue, description of skeletal
muscle, structure of skeletal muscle, important skeletal muscles, muscles of
face, neck, thorax, abdomen, back, pelvic floor, upper and lower extremities,
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and physiology of smooth muscle.

CONCLUSION:
As human’s age , all muscle tissues decreases in size and power. Muscles
make it possible to stand, sit , speak and blink. even more were it not for
muscles, blood wound not rush through blood vessels, air would not fill
lungs and food would not move through the digestive system. In short,
muscles are the machines of the body, allowing it to work.

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