Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

Important 1 Mark Questions and Answers

Sub : Physics Class : II PUC

1. What do you mean by conservation of electric charge?

Ans: Conservation of charge means ‘the total charge of an isolated system remains
unchanged with time’.
2. What do you mean by quantization of electric charge?
Ans: Quantization of charge means ‘the total charge of a body is always integral multiple
of a basic quantum of charge e’. ( i.e. = ± ).
3. What is the SI unit of charge?
Ans: coulomb (C).
4. What is the lowest value of charge a body can possess?
Ans: = ± e = ± 1.6 × 10 .
5. State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
Ans: “The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them and acts along the line joining the two charges”.
6. How does the force between two charges change if dielectric is inserted between them?
Ans: Force decreases (Electrostatic force is inversely varies with dielectric constant of
medium).
7. Define SI unit of charge or define 1 coulomb.
Ans: If two equal & identical charges kept 1 m apart in free space repel each other with a
force of 9 × 10 , then the each charge is said to be 1 coulomb.
8. Define electric field.
Ans: “Electric field at a point in space is defined as the force that would be experienced by
unit positive charge placed at that point”.
If ‘F’ is the force experience by test positive charge ‘q’ at any point in space then, electric
field at that point is given by, =

9. What is the SI unit of electric field?

Ans:
10. What is an electric dipole?
Ans: A pair of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance is called
electric dipole.
11. Define electric dipole moment?
Ans: The product of the magnitude of either of charge of the dipole and separation
between the two charges is called electric dipole moment.
Magnitude of electric dipole moment, p = q2a ,
Where, q –magnitude of either charge and 2a –separation between charges.
12. State Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics.
Ans: “The total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to 1 times the total
charge enclosed by the surface”.
13. What is the electric flux through the Gaussian surface enclosing an electric dipole?
Ans: Zero By Gauss s law, = = =0 .

14. Define electric potential at a point in an electric field.

Ans: The amount of work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that
point against the electric field (without acceleration) is called electric potential at that
point.

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Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

15. Mention the SI unit of electric potential.

Ans: The SI unit of electric potential is volt (V).
16. What are equipotential surfaces?
Ans: An equipotential surface is that surface at every point of which, the electric potential
is the same or constant.
17. What is electrostatic shielding?
Ans: The cavity inside a conductor is shielded from outside electrical influence, so that
electric field inside the cavity is always zero. This is known as electrostatic shielding.
18. Define dielectric constant of medium.
Ans: ‘The ratio of capacitance of capacitor with the dielectric medium between its plates
to the capacitance of same capacitor with air/vacuum between its plates’ is called
dielectric constant of the medium . =
19. Define dielectric strength of the medium.
Ans: The maximum electric field that a dielectric medium can withstand without
break-down (of its insulating property) is called its dielectric strength.
20. How does the capacitance of parallel capacitor vary with the separation between its
plates?
Ans: Capacitor varies inversely with the distance between its plates ∝ .
21. How does the capacitance of a parallel plate air capacitor vary when a dielectric medium
introduced between its plates?
Ans: Capacitance increases ∵ ∝ .
22. What is Van de Graff generator? OR Mention the application of Van de Graff generator.
Ans: Van de Graff generator is a device used for building up high potential differences
of the order of a few million volts.
23. State Ohm’s law.
Ans: The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across the ends of the conductor, provided the temperature and other
physical conditions remain same.
24. What is electrical resistance of a conductor?
Ans: The opposition offered by the material of a conductor to the flow of electric current
through it is called resistance.
25. Define resistivity (specific resistance) of a conductor. Mention the S.I. unit of resistivity.
Ans: Resistivity of the material of conductor is the ‘resistance of conductor having unit
length and unit area of cross section’1.
26. Mention the S.I. unit of resistivity.
Ans: SI unit of resistivity is ohm-meter [ Ω - m ].
27. Define current density?
Ans: Current density is defined as electric current (I) per unit area (A) taken normal to the
direction of current. =
28. What is the SI unit of current density?
Ans: ampere/meter2 (A/m2)
29. How the resistance (or resistivity) of a conductor does vary with increase in temperature?
Ans: Resistance (or resistivity) of a conductor increases with increase in temperature.
30. Define drift velocity of conduction electrons?
Ans: The average velocity with which conduction electrons in a conductor gets drifted
against applied electric field is called drift velocity.
31. Give the SI unit of electron mobility.
Ans: m2V–1s–1

Important 1 mark Questions and Answer 2Page

Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

32. Define mobility of conduction electrons.

Ans: Mobility of free electrons is the drift velocity acquired per unit applied electric
field.
33. Define relaxation time.
Ans: The average time that elapses between two successive collisions of conducting
electrons in the conductor is called relaxation time.
34. Write the colour code for a carbon resistor of value = 25000 ± 5% Ω.
Ans: = 25000 ± 5% Ω = 25 × 10 ± 5% Ω
∴ Colour code: Red-Green-Orange-Gold
35. Write value of resistance marked with colours: Orange-Blue-Yellow-silver.
Ans: = 36 × 10 ± 10% Ω
36. Define internal resistance of a cell.
Ans: The opposition offered by the material of the cell to flow of electric current
through it is called internal resistance of cell.
37. State Kirchhoff’s junction rule of an electrical network?
Ans: Kirchhoff’s junction rule: ‘The sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the
sum of currents leaving the junction of an electrical network’.
38. State Kirchhoff’s loop rule of an electrical network?
Ans: Kirchhoff’s loop rule: ‘In a closed loop the algebraic sum of the changes in
potential consisting cells and resistances is zero’.
39. Give the principle on which ‘meter bridge’ works.
Ans: Meter Bridge works on the principle of ‘balancing of Wheatstone Network'.
40. Mention the balancing condition of Wheatstone network.
Ans: The balancing condition of Wheatstone network is,

= where, R , R , R and R − Resistances of Wheatstone′ s network.

41. Mention the expression for magnetic force experienced by the charge moving in the
magnetic field.
Ans: Magnetic force, = ×
Where, q – charge, – velocity of the charge and – magnetic field
42. When does the magnetic force on a charged particle in moving in magnetic field is zero?
Ans: Force is zero, when the charge is moving parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic
field =0 180
43. When will the magnetic force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is maximum?
Ans: The magnetic force on moving charge is maximum, when the charge is moving
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
44. Mention the expression for magnetic force on a conductor carrying current in the external
magnetic field.
Ans: = ×
Where, I – current, l – length of conductor and – magnetic field.
45. What is the path followed by the charged particle moving perpendicular to the uniform
magnetic field?
Ans: Circular path
46. What is the trajectory of charged particle moving at angle 60 to the direction of external
magnetic field?
Ans: Helix (Helical path for angle other than 00, 900 and 1800 b/w )

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Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

47. What is cyclotron? OR Mention the application of cyclotron.

Ans: Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate the charged particles to very high energies.
48. State Ampere’s circuital law.
Ans: ‘The line integral of magnetic field around a closed path/boundary ∮ ∙ is equal
to the times the total current (I) through the surface that enclosed by the
path/boundary’. ∮ ∙ =
49. What is solenoid?
Ans: Solenoid is a long insulated copper wire wound closely in the form of helix.
50. What is toroid?
Ans: Toroid is a hollow circular ring on which large number of turns of insulated copper
wire is closely wound (Toroid is a ring shaped closed solenoid).
51. What is the nature of force between two parallel conductor carrying current in same
direction.
Ans: Attractive force. (Repulsive if the currents in conductors is in opposite direction)
52. Mention the expression for magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
Ans: Magnetic dipole moment, = . If N turns in the coil, = .
Where, I – current in the loop and A – area of current loop
53. What is the resistance of an ideal ammeter?
Ans: Zero
54. What is the resistance of an ideal voltmeter?
Ans: Infinity
55. How the magnetic field lines are differs from the electric field lines?
Ans: The magnetic field lines form closed loop whereas the electric field lines begin from a
positive charge and end on the negative charge.
56. State Gauss’s law in magnetism.
Ans: ‘The total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero’.
57. What is the significance of Gauss’s law in magnetism?
Ans: The significance of Gauss’s law is, ‘magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature’ OR
‘isolated magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature’.
58. Define the term 'Declination' of earth’s magnetic element.
Ans: It is the angle between geographic meridian and magnetic meridian of the earth.
59. Define the term 'Inclination' of earth magnetic element.
Ans: It is the angle between the earth’s total magnetic field and the horizontal in the
magnetic meridian at that place.
60. Define the term 'horizontal component of earth's magnetic field' at a place.
Ans: It is the component of earth's total magnetic field along the horizontal in the
magnetic meridian.
61. At which place the magnetic declination of earth is maximum.
Ans: Declination is maximum at poles (minimum at magnetic equator).
62. Where is magnetic dip zero on the earth?
Ans: Magnetic dip is zero at magnetic equator of earth.
63. Where is magnetic dip maximum on the earth?
Ans: Dip is maximum at magnetic poles. (Maximum dip=900).
64. Define magnetization.
Ans: Magnetisation of a sample is the net magnetic moment per unit volume.
Magnetisation, =
65. Mention the SI unit of magnetization.
Ans: The SI unit of magnetization is Am–1.
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Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

66. Define magnetic susceptibility.

Ans: The ratio of magnetisation (M) and magnetic intensity (H) is called magnetic
susceptibility. =

67. State Curie’s law of paramagnetism.

Ans: ‘The susceptibility of a paramagnetic sample is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature’. ∝ = where, C - Curie’s constant.

68. Define Curie temperature.

Ans: The temperature at which ferromagnetic substance becomes (makes transition
to) paramagnetic is called Curie temperature.
69. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Ans: ‘The magnitude of induced emf is proportional to time rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the circuit’. Induced emf, ∝
70. State Lenz’s law.
Ans: “The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes
the change in magnetic flux that produced it.”
71. What is the significance of Lenz’s law?
Ans: Conservation of energy OR Gives the polarity of induced emf.
72. What is motional emf?
Ans: The emf induced in a conductor moving in the magnetic field is called motional emf.
73. What are eddy currents?
Ans: The circulating currents induced in a bulk conductor due to changing magnetic
flux linked with it are called eddy currents.
74. Write any one use of eddy currents.
Ans: Eddy currents are used in induction furnace, magnetic braking of trains,
speedometers and electric power meters.
75. Define self induction.
Ans: The emf induced a coil due to varying of current through the same coil is called self
induction.
76. What is mutual induction?
Ans: The emf induced in a coil due to varying of electric current through the nearby coil
is called mutual induction.
77. What is an alternating current?
Ans: Current that varies periodically with time is called an alternating current.
78. How is r.m.s voltage of a.c. related to peak value of a.c voltage?
Ans: = =
√ √
79. What is wattless current?
Ans: The AC current through a pure inductor or pure capacitor circuit is called wattless
current. (Because the AC power consumed by pure inductor or capacitor is zero.)
80. What is meant by power factor? Explain
Ans: Power factor of AC circuit is the ratio of true power to the apparent power.
Power factor is given by cos φ, where φ - phase difference between voltage and current.
[Power factor is also given by cos φ = R/Z, where φ - phase difference between voltage
and current, R-resistance and Z-impedance.]
81. What is the power factor of series LCR circuit at resonance?
Ans: Power factor of LCR circuit at resonance is 1.

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Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

82. What is the power factor of a pure resistive circuit, pure inductive circuit and pure
capacitive circuit.
 Power factor of a pure resistive circuit is 1.
 Power factor of a pure inductive circuit is 0.
 Power factor of a pure capacitive circuit is 0.
83. What is a transformer?
Ans: Transformer is a device used to step up or step down ac voltages.
84. What is the principle of transformer?
Ans: Mutual induction.
85. What is displacement current?
Ans: The electric current due to changing electric field/flux is called displacement
current.
86. Mention the expression for displacement current.

Ans: = where, − permittivity of free space and − electric lux.

87. Give the differences between conduction current and displacement current.
Ans: Conduction current is due to flow of charges and is given by, = .
Displacement current is due to time varying electric field in the region and is given by
=
88. Who theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves?
Ans: James Clerk Maxwell
89. Who experimentally produced and detected the electromagnetic waves?
Ans: Hertz
90. Mention the source of electromagnetic waves.
Ans: Accelerating charge is the source of electromagnetic waves.
91. Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum in terms of
permeability of free space and permittivity of free space.

: Speed of electromagnetic wave in free space, =

Where, − permittivity of free space and − permittivity of free space.

92. Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic wave in medium in terms of
permeability and permittivity of the medium.

: Speed of electromagnetic wave in medium, =

√
Where, − permittivity of medium and − permeability of medium.
93. Mention the expression for speed of electromagnetic waves in terms of the magnitude of
electric field and magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave.

Ans: Speed of electromagnetic wave, =

Where, E – Magnitude of electric field, B – Magnitude of magnetic field of EM wave

94. Mention the use of infrared waves.
Ans: IR rays are used in remotes switches of electronic systems of TV, video recorder.
IR rays are used in infrared detectors.
95. Mention the wavelength range of x-rays.
Ans: The range of wave length of x-rays is 0.001 nm to 1 nm.
96. What are the uses of uv rays?
Ans: UV rays are used in welding arcs, LASIK eye surgery, sterilizing water.

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Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

97. What are the uses of microwaves?

Ans: Microwaves are used in microwave ovens, aircraft navigation.
98. Give the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of spherical mirror.
Ans: f = R/2.
99. What is refraction of light?
Ans: The phenomenon of bending of light ray (obliquely incident ray) when it passes from
one medium to another medium of different optical density is known as refraction of light.
100. State Snell’s law of refraction.
Ans: “The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a
constant and is equal to the refractive index of the second medium with respect to first
medium”.
101. When does the Snell’s law of refraction is not valid?
Ans: Snell’s law is not valid for normal incidence (For i = 900).
102. Define critical angle for total internal reflection.
Ans: The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which angle of refraction in rarer
medium is 900 is called critical angle for given pair of media and for given wavelength.
OR The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the refracted ray grazes the
surface separating the two media is called critical angle for given pair of media and for
given wavelength.
103. What is the principle of an optical fibre?
Ans: Total Internal Reflection
104. What is meant by dispersion of light?
The phenomenon of splitting of composite/white light into its constituent colours is
called dispersion of light.
105. Define power of a lens. Mention its unit.
Ans: The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length ( P = 1/f ).
The unit of power of lens is dioptre (D).
106. How does the power of a lens vary with focal length?
Ans: Power of a lens varies inversely with focal length.
107. Define linear magnification produced by a lens. Mention its unit.
Linear magnification is defined as the ratio of the linear size of the image to the linear size
of the object.
Magnification has no units.
108. What is myopia? How to correct it?
Ans: Myopia (short/near sightedness) is an eye defect due to which the image of the
object is formed in front of the retina.
It can be corrected using a concave lens.
109. What is hypermetropia? How to correct it?
Ans: Hypermetropia (long/far sightedness) is an eye defect due to which the image of the
object is formed behind the retina.
It can be corrected using a convex lens.
110. Who proposed the wave theory of light?
Ans: Christian Huygens
111. What is wave front of light?
Ans: Wave front of light is the surface of constant phase.
Or wave front is the locus of all the points in the same state of vibration.
112. What are the coherent sources? Give an example.
Ans: Coherent sources are the sources which emit light waves with the same phase or
constant Phase difference. Ex. Young's double slit, Lloyd's mirror, Fresnel's Biprism.

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113. What is fringe width?

Ans: The distance between two consecutive bright fringes or dark fringes is called fringe
width.
114. Write the condition for constructive interference in terms of phase difference and path
difference.
Ans: Phase difference, = 2nπ
Path difference, δ = nλ
115. Give the condition for destructive interference in terms of phase difference and path
difference.
Ans: Phase difference = (2n+1)π
Path difference = +

116. What is diffraction of light?

Ans: The phenomenon of bending of light around the sharp edges or corners of obstacles
and entering into the region of its geometrical shadow.
117. Mention the methods of increasing resolving power of microscope.
Ans: RP of microscope can be increased by
 By using light of short wavelength.
 By using medium of higher refractive index between the object and microscope (oil
immersion microscope).
118. Mention the methods of increasing resolving power of telescope.
Ans: RP of telescope can be increased by using objective of larger diameter.
119. Name the phenomenon which illustrates the transverse nature of light.
Ans: Polarisation of light.
120. What is plane polarised light?
Ans: A plane polarised light is one in which the electric vibrations are confined to
single plane.
121. State Malus’ law.
Ans: ‘The intensity of polarised light passing through the analyser is proportional to the
square of the cosine of angle between pass axes of polariser and the analyser’.
122. Write the expression of Malus’ law for the polarisation of light.
Ans: The intensity of light through analyser is, I = I0 cos2
Where, I0 is the intensity of the polarized light after passing through polariser.
θ – angle between the pass axes of polariser and analyser.
123. What is polarising angle or Brewster's angle?
Ans: The angle of incidence for which the reflected light is completely plane polarised is
called polarising angle or Brewster's angle ( θp).
124. State Brewster’s law.
Ans: The refractive index of reflecting medium is equal to the tangent of the polarising
angle.
i.e. R.I, n = tan θp, where θp - polarising angle/Brewster’s angle.
125. What is photoelectric effect?
Ans: The phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface when a light of
suitable frequency incident on the metal surface is called Photoelectric effect.
126. Define threshold frequency.
Ans: Threshold frequency of a metal surface is the minimum frequency of incident
radiation below which there is no photo emission.
127. Define electron volt (eV).
Ans: One electron volt (1 eV) is the energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated
through a potential difference of one volt.

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128. Define photoelectric work function.

Ans: Work function of a metal surface is the minimum energy required to liberate an
electron from the metal surface.
129. Define stopping potential.
Ans: The minimum negative (retarding) potential Vo given to the collector plate (A) for
which the photocurrent stops (or becomes zero) is called the stopping potential.
130. What are matter waves? OR What are de Broglie waves?
Ans: The waves associated with a material particle in motion are called matter waves or
de-Broglie waves.
131. Write the expression for ‘de Broglie’ wavelength.
Ans: The wavelength of de Broglie waves/ matter waves is given by,

= =

Where, h – Plank’s constant, p = mv - momentum of moving particle.

132. Who experimentally confirmed the wave nature of electrons for the first time?
Ans: Davisson and Germer confirmed the wave nature of electron.
133. What is the conclusion/outcome of Davisson-Germer experiment?
Ans: It confirms the wave nature of electrons.
134. Name the spectral series of hydrogen which lies in uv region of electromagnetic spectrum.
Ans: Lyman series
135. Name the spectral series of hydrogen which lies in visible region of electromagnetic
spectrum.
Ans: Balmer series
136. What are isotopes? Give an example.
Ans: Nuclei having same atomic number but different mass number are called Isotopes.
Ex.: Hydrogen has three isotopes, H, Hand H (Proton, deuterium and tritium)
137. What are isobars? Give an example.
Ans: Nuclei having same mass number but different atomic number are called isobars.
Ex: H and He
138. Give the relation between the nuclear radius R and its mass number A?
Ans: The size of the atomic nucleus is given by, =
Where, R-Radius of nucleus, R0 - 1.2 x 10–15 m an empirical constant,
A-mass number.
139. What is binding energy?
Ans: The amount energy required to break up the nucleus into its constituent nucleons is
called binding energy.
Eb = ΔMc2
Where, ΔM - mass defect and c- velocity of light.
140. What is specific binding energy (binding energy per nucleon) of a nucleus?
Ans: Binding energy per nucleon (Ebn) is the ratio of the binding energy (Eb) of a nucleus
to the number of the nucleons (A) in that nucleus.
E ∆Mc
Binding energy per nucleon, E = =
A A
141. What is the significance of the binding energy per nucleon?
Ans: Binding energy per nucleon is the measure of stability of the nucleus. More is the
binding energy per nucleon more is the stability of the nucleus.
142. What is ‘mass defect’?
Ans: The difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleons forming a nucleus
with the rest mass of the nucleus is called mass defect.

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143. Define atomic mass unit.

Ans: The atomic mass unit (u), defined as 1 12 of the mass of the stable carbon (12C)
atom.
mass of one carbon − 12 atom
Atomic mass unit, 1 u =
12
144. What is radioactivity?
Ans: The phenomenon of spontaneous disintegration of heavy nuclei by emission of
certain radiations is called Radioactivity.
145. State radioactive decay law.
Ans: “The rate of disintegration of radioactive sample is directly proportional to the
number of radioactive nuclei present in the sample at that instant”.
146. Name the SI unit of activity.
Ans: The SI unit of activity is ‘becquerel’ (Bq). [ 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second ]
147. Define half life of radioactive sample.
Ans: Half life is the time during which the half of the radioactive nuclei in the sample is
decayed.
148. Give the relation between half life and mean life of radioactive nuclei.
Ans: T = 0.693 τ
Where, T − half life and τ − mean life.
149. Name the particle emitted along with electron during beta decay.
Ans: Antineutrino
150. Name the particle emitted along with positron during beta decay ( decay).
Ans: Neutrino
151. What is nuclear fission?
Ans: The process of breaking up of a heavy nucleus into two intermediate mass nuclear
fragments with the release the large amount of energy is called nuclear fission.
152. What is nuclear fusion?
Ans: The nuclear process in which two or more light nuclei combine together to form a
single heavy nucleus with release of energy is called nuclear fusion.
153. Name the charge carriers in the semiconductor.
Ans: The charge carriers in a semiconductor are electrons and holes.
154. What is an intrinsic semiconductor? Give an example.
Ans: A semiconductor in its purest form is called intrinsic semiconductor.
Ex. Pure form of Silicon or Germanium.
155. What is an extrinsic semiconductor?
Ans: The extrinsic semiconductor is an impurity added or doped semiconductor, so that
the added impurity atoms enhance its electrical conductivity.
156. What is doping?
Ans: The process of adding suitable impurity to the crystal structure of pure
semiconductor to enhance the electrical conductivity is called doping.
157. What is a hole in the semiconductor?
Ans: The vacancy of an electron in the covalent bond of semiconductor with an effective
positive charge +e is called a hole.
158. Name the dopant added to germanium (or Si) crystal to form a p-type semiconductor.
Ans: Trivalent atoms such as Aluminum, Boron and Indium.
159. Name the dopant added to germanium (or Si) crystal to form an n-type semiconductor.
Ans: Pentavalent atoms such as Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony.

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160. Name the majority charge carriers in p-type semiconductors.

Ans: Holes.
161. Give the circuit symbol of a semiconductor diode.
Ans:

162. When p-n junction is said to be forward biased?

Ans: If the p-region of a p-n junction is connected to the positive terminal and n-region is
connected to the negative terminal of a battery, then the p-n junction is said to be forward
biased.
163. When p-n junction is said to be reverse biased?
Ans: If p-region of a p-n junction is connected to the negative terminal and n-region is
connected to the positive terminal of the battery, then the p-n junction is said to be
reverse biased.
164. What is rectification? What is rectifier?
Ans: The process of conversion of AC into DC is called rectification.
The device that converts AC into DC is called rectifier.
165. What is Zener diode?
Ans: A Zener diode is a heavily doped semiconducting diode designed to operate in
reverse bias breakdown region without being destroyed/get damaged.
166. Mention the use of Zener diode.
Ans: Zener diode is used as Voltage regulator.
167. Name the biasing state of Zener diode that operates as voltage regulator.
Ans: Reverse bias state and works in breakdown region.
168. Give the circuit symbol of a Zener diode.
Ans.

169. What is a photodiode?

Ans: Photodiode is a special purpose p-n junction diode which operates at reverse bias
and its reverse saturation current directly varies with the intensity of incident light.
170. Give the uses of photo diode.
Ans: Photodiodes are used as ‘photo detector to detect optical signals’ and in light
intensity measuring devices.
171. What is light emitting diode (LED)?
Ans: The diode which converts electrical energy into light energy is called light emitting
diode.
172. Mention one applications of LED.
Ans: LEDs are used
 In the display of TV, mobiles, computer monitor, calculator etc.
 as indicators in electrical devices, in remote control for TV’s, CD players.
 in optical fibre communication.
173. What is a semiconducting solar cell?
Ans: Solar cell is a device (semiconducting diode) which converts solar energy (incident photon
energy) into electrical energy.
174. Write the circuit symbol of npn-transistor and pnp-transistor.
Ans:

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Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

175. What is a transistor?

Ans. Transistor is a three terminal and two junction semiconductor device, whose basic
action is amplification.
176. Define input resistance of transistor in CE mode.
Ans: The input resistance ri of the transistor in CE mode is defined as the ratio of change
in base-emitter voltage to the corresponding change in base current at constant collector-
emitter voltage.
∆V
r =
∆I
177. Define ouput resistance of transistor in CE mode.
Ans: Output resistance (ro) is the ratio of the change in collector-emitter voltage to the
corresponding change in collector current at a constant base current.
∆V
r =
∆I
178. Define current gain or current amplification factor of a transistor in CE mode.
Ans. The current gain (β) is defined as the ratio of change in collector current ∆I to the
corresponding change in base current ∆I at constant collector–emitter voltage
V = constant .
∆I
β=
∆I
179. What is an oscillator?
Ans. It is an electronic device which is used to produce sustained electrical oscillations of
constant frequency and amplitude without any external input.
180. Write the logic symbol of NOT gate.
Ans:

181. Write the circuit/logic symbol of OR gate.

Ans:

182. Give the circuit symbol of AND gate.

Ans:

183. Write the circuit symbol NAND gate.

Ans:

184. What is NAND gate?

Ans: NAND gate is logic circuit in which AND gate followed by NOT gate.
185. What is NOR gate?
Ans: NOR gate is a logic circuit in which OR gate followed by NOT gate.
186. Why NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates?
Ans: NAND gate and NOR gate are called Universal gates because any logic gates can be
prepared by suitable combination of these logic gates.
187. What is transducer in communication system?
Ans: Transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another form.
Important 1 mark Questions and Answer 12 P a g e
Prepared by VIJAY KUMAR HS, Lecturer in Physics II PUC Physics

188. What does noise refers to in communication system?

Ans: Noise is the unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of
message signals in a communication system.
189. What is attenuation in the communication process?
Ans: The loss of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium is known as
attenuation.
190. Define modulation in the communication process?
Ans: Modulation is the process of superposing the low frequency message signal
(information signal) on a high frequency carrier wave (radio waves).
191. What is demodulation in the communication process?
Ans: Demodulation is the process of retrieval (or extraction) of information from the
carrier wave at the receiver.
192. What is transmitter in the communication system?
Ans: In a communication system, the transmitter is the electronic device that converts
the message signal produced by the source of information to a form suitable for
transmission through the channel.
193. What is receiver in the communication system?
Ans: The receiver is the electronic device that receives the transmitted signal from the
channel and extracts the original message signal from it. Finally delivers it to the user of
information.
194. What is amplification?
Ans: Amplification is the process of increasing the amplitude (and consequently the
strength) of a signal using an electronic circuit called the amplifier.
195. Give the band width for (i) speech signals (ii) Music signals and (iii) video signals.
Ans:
Signals Band Width
Speech Signals 2800 Hz (frequency range 300 Hz to 3100 Hz)
Music Signals 20 kHz
Video Signals 4.2 MHz

196. What are sky waves?

Ans: Sky waves are the radio waves which propagate from transmitting antenna to
receiving antenna after reflecting from the ionosphere.
197. Give the frequency range of sky waves used in transmission.
Ans: The frequency range of sky waves required for transmission is 3 to 30 MHz.
198. What are space waves?
Ans: A space wave is a radio waves travels in a straight line from transmitting antenna to
the receiving antenna. [Space waves are used for line-of-sight (LOS) communication as
well as satellite communication]
199. Give the frequencies of electromagnetic waves used in space wave propagation.
Ans: The electromagnetic waves of frequencies greater than 40 MHz are used in space
wave propagation.
200. What is amplitude modulation?
Ans: The modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the information signal is called amplitude modulation.
201. Define modulation index of an AM wave in communication.
Ans: Modulation index is the ratio of amplitude of message signal (modulating signal - Am)
to the amplitude of carrier wave (Ac).
μ = Am/Ac
[ Modulation index must be less than one (µ < 1) to avoid distortion of modulated signals]
Important 1 mark Questions and Answer 13 P a g e