LY TU TRONG HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE GIFTED

THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH TRAINING

CLOZE TEST 2

Supervisor: Group Members:

Trần Thị Trúc Ly Nguyễn Thị Vân Ảnh
Trần Ngọc Ngân Huỳnh
Nguyễn Khả Doanh
Lê Hồ Phương Nghi

2019-2020
 CONTENTS
  
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................ 3
1. COMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................... 3
2. SEMANTIC PRECISION ................................................................................. 4
3. PHRASAL VERBS .......................................................................................... 4
4. FIXED PHRASES ............................................................................................ 2
5. LINKERS AND CONNECTORS ..................................................................... 6
6. COLLOCATIONS ............................................................................................ 7
7. IDIOMS ............................................................................................................ 9
TIPS AND STRATEGIES ....................................................................................... 11
EXERCISES ............................................................................................................ 14
TOPIC 1: THE MASS MEDIA .............................................................................. 14
TOPIC 2: CULTURAL IDENTITY ....................................................................... 17
TOPIC 3: ENDANGERED SPECIES .................................................................... 20
TOPIC 4: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ........................................................... 24
TOPIC 5: THE WORLD OF WORK ..................................................................... 28
TOPIC 6: CHOOSING A CAREER ....................................................................... 31
TOPIC 7: LIFELONG LEARNING ....................................................................... 35
ANSWER KEYS ...................................................................................................... 40
RESOURCES ........................................................................................................... 42

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 INTRODUCTION
  

C loze test is an exercise, test, or assessment consisting of a portion of

language with certain items, words, or signs removed, where the participant
is asked to replace the missing language item. Cloze tests require the ability to
understand context and vocabulary in order to identify the correct language or part of
speech that belongs in the blanks. This exercise is commonly administered for the
assessment of native and second language learning and instruction.
The reason why we chose Cloze test is because it accounts for 10% of the total
points in Vietnamese national high school examination. And as a matter of fact, Cloze
test also appears in many of the English Certification tests assigned for English learners
such as IELTS, CAMBRIDGE, SAT... and so on.
Thus, we aim to give an overview of how this form of exercise is constructed,
how to recognize sentence patterns and tones in order to full fill the requirements of
specialized students of gifted classes and for those who want to take the National Exams.

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Complementation
In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to
complete the meaning of a given expression. Complements are often also arguments.
A Cloze test usually includes these types of complementation:
 Modal verbs.
 Conditional sentences.
 Reported speech.
 Preposition.
 Article.
 Relative clause.
 Passive voice.
 Gerund.
 Word form.
(etc.)
In this example, we will need to decide which of the listed options is literally and
grammatically suitable within the passage.
There will be no “collapse” the way some of these people think of it. It is not going
to be like (1) movie “Dawn of the Dead” or whatever where one day suddenly
everything tumbles down and prices skyrocket and everyone begins to riot and the SS
comes marching (2) the streets to kill everyone. There will be no “happening”.
It is far more insidious than that.
You will just notice that every day simple things will become a little more
expensive. Everyone’s homes and apartments will start to get smaller. Your work hours
will get longer, but your pay will decrease. You will see your family and friends less,
and find that (3) time you care less about them. Every day you will find yourself
lowering your standards for everything: Work, food, relationships, etc. Job security will
no longer exist as a concept. People will start hanging on to (4) longer and
longer. Less people will get married, even less will have children. People will engross
themselves in technological distractions and fantasies while never truly experience the
real world.
Whatever dream people used to have about what their lives were going to be will
become for them a distant memory. The only thing left for them will be the reality of
their debt and poverty. And every minute of every day they will be told, “You are stupid,
ugly and weak, but together we are free, (5) and safe”.
That is the collapse. The reduction of the everyday man into a feudal serf,
incapable of feeling love or hate, incapable of seeing the pitiful nature of his situation
for what it is or recognizing his own self-worth.
1. A. the B. a C. some D. that
2. A. up B. down C. at D. toward
3. A. on B. over C. in D. with
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 4. A. clothes B. clothing C. cloth D. cloths
5. A. prosperity B. prosper C. prospers D. prosperous
ANSWER
1. A would be correct if it’s time we are addressing. C is correct because we are
not focusing on the time frame, but rather the scenario. The rest is quite obvious.
2. B is the correct phrasal verb to fill in as march down is the only option that
successfully indicates presence, while the other options only mean “action being
directed towards the streets”.
3. C is chosen because it implies eventuality, and it may or may not be inevitable.
4. As similar as they may be, A and B are different in tone. Clothing is general
while clothes mainly lean toward personal customization.
5. It is obvious that our choice would be an adjective (we are + adj). Therefore,
D is chosen, as it is the only adjective present.

2. Semantic Precision
Before taking the test, assure your vocabulary is sufficient. It is necessary to
distinguish when to use a verb (including irregular verb, gerund, linking verb, action
verb etc.), noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb...
Minding the dissimilarities between each word, as they may seem similar in
meaning but different in usage (depends on the content of the test).
Besides, a word also deals with varieties and changes in meaning of words,
phrases, sentences and texts.
 Tips when learning a new word:
 Find the meanings of the word using dictionaries (it is best to use
Cambridge Dictionary or Oxford Dictionary for varying information about
their versions of interpretation).
 Learn and revise as much as possible.
 After learning, put it into action during conversations or in writings.

3. Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or
a preposition, or both. Typically, their meaning is not obvious from the meanings of the
individual words themselves.
Some phrasal verbs are predictable while others are not. Therefore, when you come
across a phrasal verb, the first thing you should do is to check up the term in a dictionary.
Then learn the term as part of a sentence or phrase.
Once you have learned the phrasal verbs, try not to forget them within a day so
that you can use and identify them in different contexts.
The following are some common phrasal verbs used in Cloze test:
 Ask for  Ask out
 Ask in  Be after

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  Be fed up (with)  Pay off
 Cut off  Pick on
 Call off  Pull through
 Do away with  Put up
 Let off  Sign out
 Let go  Sign in
 Lift up  Take on
 Make up  Take in
 Make over  Turn into
 Make of  Turn around

4. Fixed Phrases
A fixed phrase is a phrase in which the wording cannot be changed without
sounding odd to native speakers, even if the literal meaning is kept same.
For example: “The wagon moved of its own accord”. You cannot say “The
wagon moved of its own ability”. This has the same literal meaning, but the phrasing
is awkward. In order to keep the same meaning, you would have to entirely change the
phrases.
Examples:
 During the day
 At night
 In the meantime
 In the next few + Noun
 For the time being
 A remote chance
 It’s not likely that…
 To quit a job…
 To remember to + Infinitive
 To forget to + Infinitive
 For the most part
 Many years ago
 It’s been a long time since…
 In my opinion…
 Under/given the circumstances…
 I’m taken aback that…
 To get the bill
 At full speed
 To take one’s time + Gerund
 To take responsibility for…
 To get/be accustomed/used to…
 For the sake of…

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  In order to…
 To hurry up and…
 To speed up
 To slow down
 To have money saved up
 To be bored out of one’s mind
 Out in the open
 To be sure/certain of…
 Wide open
 Shut tight
 The fact that…
 To say the least
 To be in trouble (with somebody.)
 Sorry to bother/trouble you, but…
 Would you mind if…?
 To go wrong
 Let’s get going
 To be short/missing a…
 Something is missing (from)
 In the middle of the night

5. Linkers and connectors

A word or set of words that is used to join ideas.
 LINKERS
 Contrast
 In spite of /Despite
 Although /(Even) though
 However /Nevertheless /Still /Yet /Even so/On the contrary/In contrast
 On the one hand/On the other hand.
 In contrast to/Contrary to
 Whereas
 Reason and cause
 Because/As/Since/Seeing that
 Because of/On account of/Owing to/Due to
 Purpose
 In order to/So as to
 In order that / So that
 Consequence
 Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore
 As a consequence of / As a result of
 So

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  Addition
 Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more
 As well as / In addition to / Besides
 Exemplification
 For example / For instance
 Such as

 CONNECTOR
 Contrast
 but / yet
 in spite of / despite
 although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that
 however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the
contrary
 while, whereas
 Reason and cause
 because, as, since, seeing that
 because of, on account of, owing to, due to
 in order to, so as to, to
 Add information
 for example, for instance, such as
 moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to
 apart from, except for
 Succession
 First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First
 Second / Secondly / Then
 Third / Thirdly / After that
 The next stage
 Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least
 Result
 As a result of:
 Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason

6. Collocations
A collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than
would be expected by chance. Collocation refers to a natural combination of words that
are closely affiliated with each other.
There are about seven main types of collocations:
 Adjective + Noun
 Noun + Noun (such as collective nouns)
 Verb + Noun

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  Adverb + Adjective
 Verb + Expression with Preposition
 Verb + Adverb
 Noun+ Verb
We cannot predict the pattern of collocation or make up our own combination of
words. Hence, becoming aware of collocations is a part of vocabulary learning. All
languages have a large number of collocating words. Utilizing dictionaries is
recommended.
Examples:
- (Adverb + Adjective) Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.
Virtually impossible
Blatantly obvious
Great fun
Great deal of
- (Adjective + Noun) The doctor ordered him to have regular exercise.
Best friend
Bad/ good mood
Nasty habit
Old age
- (Noun + Noun) Let's give Mr. John a round of applause.
Brand name
Beauty shop
Speed limit
Sport car
Cheese cake
- (Noun + Verb) The bomb went off when he started the car engine.
Snow fall
Lion roar
Bird sing
- (Verb + Noun) He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.
Get email
Have/ take a shower
Have/Take a break
Have opinion
- (Verbs + Expression with preposition) We had to return home because
we had run out of money.
Wait for
Call off
Suffer from
Believe in
Specialise in
- (Verb + Adverb) She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.
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 Say emphatically
Give up
Take up
Whisper softly

7. Idioms
An idiom is a commonly used expression whose meaning does not relate to the
literal meaning of its individual words.
Example:
“When I entered university, I lived in a small town near Tokyo. That was the first
time I lived alone. I felt it was a feather in my cap. I had nothing but a small bicycle.
But I felt happy every day. I wasn’t afraid to lose my cap because I always live on a
shoestring. I didn’t hot under the collar since everyone help me kindly.”
Some tips for learning idioms:
- Visualize them.
- Translate them.
- Identify the key word that appeals to you.
- Connect them in your real life and see how they are interpreted.
- Study them every day.
Examples:
• A hot potato
• A penny for your thoughts
• Ball is in your court
• Best of both worlds
• Can't judge a book by its cover
• Cry over spilt milk
• Don't put all your eggs in one basket
• Every cloud has a silver lining
• Hit the nail on the head
• It takes two to tango
• Kill two birds with one stone
• Make a long story short
• Not a spark of decency
• On the ball
• Piece of cake
• Sit on the fence
• To hear something straight from the horse's mouth
• The whole nine yards
• Hit the hay
• Green fingers
• Shake like a leaf

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• Shrinking violet

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 TIPS AND STRATEGIES

 Step 1: Skim the paragraph and try to understand the overall meaning
before looking at the options
Remember, it is Cloze Test Passage. Each Reading Comprehension or Passage has its
own consistency and objective. Hence, your first solving strategy should always be to
read the entire passage, at least once. The first line or two should be read normally, but
then you should go over the rest much faster.
Do not rush, read each sentence carefully and try to build a general idea around the
passage and also figure out how it is organized. Once you have a basic idea, you should
be able to easily identify the best option for each blank.
Some quick tips that may prove useful when adopting this strategy are:
 Note the title of the passage. It often gives you a general idea about the main idea
of the text.
 Read the first sentence because this is usually where the main idea of the
paragraph is located.
Underline words that stand out to you as important, which will help you get a
general idea of what is being discussed.
Ignore words that you do not know. Focusing on words that are unfamiliar to
you will slow you down.
 Do not waste time when trying to get the details.
For example, if the passage is about a historical topic. Often, historical passages are
organized chronologically, from the beginning of a time period to the end. Effective
skimming will help you notice this organizational pattern, and this knowledge will most
likely help you find the correct options more quickly. When the gap involves references
a time or date, you can quickly identify the answer.
 Step 2: Pay attention to the Tone and Sentence Pattern
A passage is basically comprised of sentences that are logically connected with a
combination of articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives etc. Treating each option as an
independent sentence might result in a fatal mistake. So, read the passage properly and
try to identify both tone and sentence pattern that is prevalent in the comprehension.
Example:
I used to hate being _____ about my red hair when I was at school.
A. teased B. joked C. loved
Clearly, you can use either ‘teased’ or ‘joked’ in this blank. But the rest of the sentence
is written in a frustrated vein. Therefore, we must try to maintain the tone of the
sentence.

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This is best accomplished by use of the word ‘teased’ as it brings to mind images of
things that may be upsetting, while ‘joked’ reminds us of something funny and
wholesome.
 Step 3: Notice the Word Type
Your answer should be grammatically correct. Check the type of word that would fit in
the blank. Is it a verb, noun, adjective, preposition, an article or adverb? This will
help you choose your answers with more precision. Once you understand the tone of the
passage, you will need to look for the right word type. The best option will be one which
maintains the sentence’s consistency and tone.
Example:
 Noun – I forgot to carry my ____ to school. I therefore had to share with my
friend.
The logical answer here would be a book or tiffin.
 Article – He ate ____ papaya and threw ___ seeds away.
Articles are generally the easiest. Fill in ‘a’ and ‘an’ when information is general
and ‘the’ when regarding anything specific. Here, the answer is ‘the’ or ‘his’ in the first
blank and ‘the’ or ‘its’ in the second.
 Verb – _____ for half an hour left me breathless.
The idea of being breathless connotes something strenuous like ‘exercising’ or
‘running’.
 Step 4: Go with Frequently Used Words/Phrases
Sometimes, you may not be able to decide between two words. In this case, if you see a
word in the options that is more frequently used with the words around the blank, then
pick that option.
Example:
- Can I have a ____ word with you?
A. swift
B. quick
C. prompt
You can clearly see that the three options almost mean the same thing. How do you
decide which one fits the blank?
Sometimes in English, some words are more frequently used in specific combinations.
Examples being: ‘bad habit’, ‘hardly ever’, ‘happy ending’, ‘take a seat’, ‘make
room’, etc. In this case, the words ‘quick’ and ‘word’ are frequently used together.
Therefore ‘quick’ should be your answer in this case.
 Step 5: Eliminate the Obviously Wrong Options
Every now and then, the inspection method works in Cloze test. But it should only be
implemented after Strategies 1 through 3. Check the options listed under the passage
and remove ones which are most definitely wrong or out of context. Most of the times,
there is at least one such option in every question.
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Example:
There are quite a few people in the world who are fat and are _____.
(a) underweight
(b) overweight
(c) physically fit
(d) thin
(e) emaciated
You can remove (a), (c), (d) and (e) as they are clearly the wrong options.
 Step 6: Check the answers and read after Filling Options [Crucial]
If you have followed all the steps in the right manner, reread the entire passage with the
selected options and check if it sounds logically and grammatically correct. It so happens
that sometimes a set of options can be quite nearby.
Example:
My mother waved me goodbye and the bus started (1). The man sitting next (2) to me
was a doctor going (3) to Kannur, to (4) participate in a conference.
The above sounds logically and grammatically correct. Hence, this is one after-
attempting analysis you should never miss.
 Tips
Tips for reading:
- Try predicting the answers before looking at the options. This will help you spot the
correct answer.
- Manage your time. Do not spend too much time on one problem. If you cannot find it,
mark what you think it might be and come back later. Focusing on the easier answers is
a better use of your time.
- Reading English articles, books, essays that appeared in IELTS tests, etc. has always
proved very helpful as candidates get a very decent idea about the word and sentence
construction. This will help them in filling the blanks more easily as they now know
which word should be chosen that would retain the sentence and passage’s tone and
links.
Notes
There are some cases in which a word’s absence does not affect a sentence’s
completeness. Such gaps require a modal verb, emphasis term or an adverb.

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 EXERCISES
TOPIC 1: THE MASS MEDIA
Passage 1:
WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web (WWW), computer-based network of information resources that
combines text and multimedia. The information on the World Wide Web can be accessed
and searched through the Internet, a global computer network. The World Wide Web is
often referred to simply as “the Web.”
The Web started to become a popular resource after 1993 when the first widely
distributed browser provided a convenient way to access a variety of information on the
Internet. The Web uses (1) _______, which means that information can be displayed in a
wide variety of formats. Users can read text, view pictures, watch animation, listen to
sounds, and even explore interactive virtual environments on the Web. A user can (2)
_______ seamlessly from a document or Web page stored on the computer to a document
or Web page stored on another computer.
The Web offers a place where companies, universities and other institutions, and
individuals can display information about their products, services, facilities, or research, or
their private lives. Only a small percentage of information on the (3) _______ is restricted
to subscribers or other authorized users. The majority of Web pages are available to
everyone who can access a computer that connects to the Internet. The Web has become a
(4) _______ for many companies selling products or services, and a forum for people to
exchange opinions and information. Museums, libraries, government agencies, and schools
post information on the Web to make it (5) _______ to others.
1. A. yahoo B. Media Player C. information D. multimedia
2. A. go B. move C. fly D. run
3. A. Computer B. Network C. System D. Web
4. A. school B. hospital C. marketplace D. company
5. A. available B. good C. free D. valuable
Passage 2:

A MODERN ROMANCE
I "met" Christie early one Friday evening in an Internet chat room. She was
American, and I was completely charmed by her. We began emailing each other
immediately. The first few days of our correspondence were wonderful, and although it
felt (1)____ we already knew each other, there were still a lot of things to find out. As the
days became weeks, I realised I was falling in love with her. Soon we found that we were
spending a fortune on phone bills, and so we decided that we had to meet. She was at
college and couldn't (2)_____to come to England, so I flew out to New York. It was
incredibly romantic. As I walked into the Arrivals Building at Kennedy Airport our eyes
met, and even though we had never exchanged photographs we immediately recognized
each other. We just talked and talked for a week. Our relationship felt perfect, but we both
knew that if it was going to (3)_____, one of us would need to accept the idea of moving
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to the other side of the world. In the end, we tearfully decided that it was not possible and
we (4)______. We still write and talk on the phone from time to time, and I think (5)______
Christie as one of my dearest friends.
1. A. in case B. as though C. such that D. if only
2. A. afford B. spare C. spend D. account
3. A. operate B. run C. work D. perform
4. A. broke up B. cut down C. put off D. went out
5. A. on B. to C. for D. of

Passage 3:
ART ON TV
Why is it that television so consistently fails when it comes to programs about the
visual arts? Painting and sculpture should be (1)____ subjects for the camera, which has
the ability to show a whole work of art, then move in close to examine the details. Yet I
can think of only two series on television that managed to (2)____ both the pleasure and
complexity of looking at them: Kenneth Clark's Civilisation, and Robert Hughes's Shock
of the New.
A good example of what goes wrong can be seen in Robert Hughes's eight-part
survey of American art, American Visions. The final programme was shown last night,
when Hughes finished the odyssey he began with the Pilgrim Fathers with a face-to-face
encounter with Jeff Koons. Hughes is a critic you trust, he has a personality that commands
attention, and he has been given nearly eight hours in which to (3)____ British audiences
to a school of art that even the Royal Academy and Tate Gallery have totally ignored. But
after the first few programs, I began to feel uneasy as I watched him interview an actor
dressed up to look like a Pilgrim, or an Afro-American descendant of Thomas Jefferson. I
had expected the series to (4)____ on great works of art. What I got instead was one about
the way American history and culture are (5)____ in its art and architecture.
1. A. natural B. due C. right D. apparent
2. A. convey B. inflict C. cast D. emit
3. A. acquaint B. disclose C. reveal D. introduce
4. A. target B. focus C. aim D. cover
5. A. borne B. conferred C. reflected D. hinted

Passage 4:
WIKIPEDIA
The online encyclopedia Wikipedia challenges our preconceptions about factual
information. Before Wikipedia, it was taken as read that encyclopedias were written by
paid experts. In other (1) ______, before Wikipedia, the “reader” of an encyclopedia had
no control over the content. Wikipedia has changed all that, as anyone is allowed to edit
and add content. The idea has certainly caught on and, for millions of people, Wikipedia
(2) ______ a vital need.

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 Wikipedia’s founders insist that, on the whole, the information on the site is no less
accurate than more traditional encyclopaedias. Despite this, critics have (3) ______ the site
for its inaccuracies. Articles on the site have certainly asserted things which are not in fact
true. In 2005, an article in the academic journal Nature compared 42 articles in Wikipedia
with articles on the same topics in Encyclopedia Britannica. The authors of the article found
that Wikipedia had an average of 4 errors per article, while Encyclopedia Britannica had
an average of 3. For hundreds of years, if someone wanted to know about a fact, understand
an idea, or expand their general knowledge, they would consult an encyclopedia However,
although these have received wide media (4) ______, they essentially exaggerate the
problem. Most people have little (5) ______ how many inaccuracies there are in traditional
printed encyclopaedias too.
1. A. speech B. ways C. words D. terms
2. A. says B. responds C. tells D. answers
3. A. pronounced B. renounced C. denounced D. announced
4. A. treatment B. coverage C. handling D. usage
5. A. inkling B. hint C. hunch D. gist

Passage 5:
Nowadays, the computer is everywhere. It runs our lives even people who don’t
own or operate computers are exposed to computer terminology. You book a holiday or
theatre or cinema seats or you pass through the supermarket (1) _______, and somebody
starts pressing keys. Instantly a screen and a machine record your movements as a spender.
Whether you pay by car or cheque, your bank or building society is also part of your life
as saver or spender. There (2) ______ a computer watches over your money. Where did it
all begin, this modern way of accounting so different from that of the poor clerks Dickens
(3) ______ about sitting on high stools from early morning till late at night? Well, in Britain
if you take a train or a bus and travel across to the Southwest, you may find yourself looking
at the answer. A few miles outside Salisbury (4) ______ a broken ring of large stones
known as Stonehenge. The ring is well over 4,000 years old.
Experts have suggested that one use of the hinge was to make calculations, probably
to (5) ______ with astronomy. If true the Stonehenge can claim to be Britain’s oldest
computer – Stonehenge rules, you might well say.
1. A. lookouts B. sendoffs C. knockouts D. checkouts
2. A. again B. however C. more D. over
3. A. described B. wrote C. told D. reported
4. A. stands B. runs C.grows D. forms
5. A. have B. make C. do D. refer

Passage 6:
THE BIRTH OF YOUTUBE
In 2005, Chad Hurley and Steve Chen, two software designers from Silicon Valley
in California, were invited to a dinner party. Several people had brought their video

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cameras to the party and these people were complaining about how difficult it was to share
home videos online. That was when Chad and Steve came up (1) ______the idea for
YouTube, the site which makes it easy to upload home videos onto the Internet. They
formed a company, borrowed some money and (2) ______ themselves up in business.
It turned out that millions of people already had short home video clips that they
thought it (3) ______ be fun to share with other enthusiasts around the world. Launched in
December 2005, YouTube soon contained more than a million short video clips. People
were uploading 8000 clips a day, and watching three million a day. They had mostly heard
about the site through word (4) ______mouth, email and hyperlink, and eighty percent of
the clips had been made by amateurs.
So why was YouTube such an immediate success? Researchers found out that, on
average, people were spending fifteen minutes on the site during each visit, which was
enough time to view several short funny clips. In (5) ______ words, they were using
YouTube to give them a little break from their work or study.
1. A. to B. with C. upon D. over
2. A. set B. build C. get D. wake
3. A. can B. would C. must D. should
4. A. out B. from C. to D. of
5. A. many B. every C. order D. neither

TOPIC 2: CULTURAL IDENTITY

Passage 1:
Why is culture important and how does it answer the question “What is cultural
identity?”? Culture is the underlying foundation of traditions and beliefs that help a person
relate to the world around then. It is the basis for any superstitions they may have. It is the
aversion to (1) ________ types of meat, or which days you can work on. Culture gives us
a (2) ________ starting point when beginning to search for our roots. Knowing (3)
________a person comes from will help to define how they look at their family obligations
as well as how they celebrate important milestones in life.
Culture is extremely important if a tribe or ethnic group intends to continue living
in the same fashion as their ancestors. The aboriginal tribes of New Zealand, Australia, and
other countries across the world often struggle to keep their traditions alive. Conquering
nations try to assimilate indigenous people into mainstream society urging them to give up
their centuries-old traditions. Most adamantly refuse, while the ones who agree to become
more modernized, often struggle as time passes.
As a person has given up their cultural identity, they no longer can identify
themselves with the things that were (4) ________ the most important things in their lives.
They lose direction. As time (5) ________ by and they continue to forget about their past
and their natural traditions, their identity becomes less and less pronounced.
1. A. especial B. special C. specific D. typical
2. A. definitive B. definite C. definition D. definitively
3. A. by which B. how C. when D. where
17
 4. A. at once B. once C. one time D. for once
5. A. goes B. flies C. passes D. walks

Passage 2:
THE DEATH OF LANGUAGES
The news that Bo, a language from the Andaman islands, has finally died out, will be
greeted with a weary shrug by professional linguists. There are many critically endangered
languages among the 7,000 or so that still exist, and they are vanishing at a rate of one
every couple of weeks. Language death is, sadly, not all that unusual. The death of
languages has been repeated many times in history. Localized disasters such as great floods
or warfare have (1)______ a part, but in the modern era the increased international
movement of people has greatly (2)______ the destruction. Local languages may be
overpowered by a metropolitan language, thus increasing the pressure to neglect ancestral
tongues, in favor of the new one, (3)______ is seen as the key to prospering in the dominant
culture. Children may be forbidden to use their mother tongue in the classroom, as has
occurred (4)______ many groups, including the Welsh and Aboriginal Australians. The
death of a language is not only a tragedy for those directly affected, (5)______ also an
irretrievable cultural loss for the world. Through languages, each culture expresses a
unique world view. This would be a tragic loss not just for the people and cultures involved,
but for cognitive science as well. Thus, any effort to preserve linguistic variety implies a
deep respect for the positive values of other cultures.
1. A. done B. made C. adopted D. played
2. A. hurried B. accelerated C. speeded D. urged
3. A. which B. what C. this D. that
4. A. about B. with C. to D. for
5. A. however B. but C. in contrast D. moreover

Passage 3:
THE MAGIC OF MANGA
Every year, people in Japan (1) ______ millions of yen on a form of entertainment
called manga. Today, the popular industry has become a multi-billion dollar global market.
So what exactly is it? Manga is the Japanese word for comics, but the cartoons aren't like
the cartoons you are probably used to seeing. Instead, the have their own very special style
that involves a combination of a tradition Japanese art form and foreign styles of drawing.
So how did manga begin?
As long (2) ______ as the twelfth century Japanese artists wave creating funny and
satirical paintings. Manga simply follow this tradition. Modern manga, however, really
began (3) ______ century when an extremely talented artist called Osamy Tezuka become
known. Tezuka started out as a doctor, but while he was studying, his career as an artist
really took off. In the 1940s, he created an action-adventure drama inspired by Robert
Louis Stevenson’s book Treasure Island. He called his version New Treasure Island and
it was an instant hit. 400,000 copies were sold and it was the start of a manga craze. (4)

18
______ Tezuka made the children’s series Astro Boy that’s still popular today. He’s also
credited with inventing the film version of manga which became known around the world
after (5) ______ such as Pokemon. Today’s manga is without doubt the most popular form
of entertain in Japan.
1. A. produce B. make C. spend D. have
2. A. ago B. back C. before D. long
3. A. in B. last C. at D. on
4. A. Soon B. Later C. Last D. Now
5. A. flops B. producers C. blockbusters D. critics

Passage 4:
CAIRO
Cairo, despite its contrasts, is similar to any huge concrete jungle with its high-rise
tower blocks and evidence of urban development. Now it is the capital of Egypt and the
largest city in the Arab world. Its metropolitan area, with a population of over 20 million,
is the largest in Africa, the Arab world, and the Middle East, and the 15th-largest in the
world. It is a melting pot of people from all over Africa and, in parts, resembles a huge
marketplace with little (1) ______ to move, as street vendors and customers haggle over
the price of goods. Cairo, however, is by no means a cheap city to visit, and
accommodation, while not costing the (2) ______. can be expensive. This is especially true
if you want to stay in one of the hotels along the banks of the River Nile where there are
long (3)______ of unspoilt beauty. Sightseeing in Cairo is relatively easy and cheap, as
admission to most sites is well within the average tourist’s budget. All visitors to Cairo
take pleasure in experiencing the city and its sounds, and this is best done on foot. Avoid
cars, as this city of almost 16 million suffers from chronic traffic congestion and the
inevitable (4) ______ which motor vehicles help to produce. For a trip to the Pyramid, it is
better to catch a bus, provided you can (5) ______ the crowded and noisy conditions, as
taxis can be expensive.
1. A. place B. area C. metres D. space
2. A. earth B. world C. globe D. money
3. A. layers B. area C. stretches D. line
4. A. dirt B. smog C. cloud D. exhaust
5. A. give up B. put up with C. put up D. take in

Passage 5:
In Japan, politeness and good manners are very important and business meetings are
very formal because etiquette makes things run smoothly, and being courteous will make
your stay much more enjoyable... Business cards are also important and they (1) _____
these at the beginning of a meeting. They always look at them carefully, so you should do
the same as they might think you're rude if you don't. Show your respect by giving and
receiving the cards with both hands. Don’t write on them, don’t flick them, just keep them
on top of the table and confirm you are pronouncing the name correctly. A lot of

19
communication is non-verbal. They are very good listeners and may ask a lot of questions
to (2)_____ they understand everything.
In a conversation they wait longer before they reply than westerners do, so it's
important (3)_____ speak in those long pauses but to wait for their reply. In their culture
it's rude to ask direct questions or to say 'No' or 'I disagree'. In business it takes a long time
to (4) _____ a decision because they have to ask everyone in the company. When they say
'Yes' it may mean 'I understand', not 'I agree’, and when they smile it might be because
they don't know (5) _____ to say.
Politeness, however tiring it may be at times, comes from the heart. There is no
replacement for well-intentioned genuine sincerity, and a keen understanding, in Japan at
least, the devil truly is in the detail.
1. A. barter B. change C. exchange D. purchase
2. A. find B. identify C. check D. notice
3. A. not B. not to C. don’t D. to not
4. A. make B. take C. get D. gain
5. A. that B. who C. what D. when

Passage 6:
How can a person offend people just because they cross their legs? In Thailand, it
is rude for a person to show other people the bottom of their feet. This is considered
unclean, and Thais can (1) _____ serious offense at it. Another thing people do in the West
is to touch people on the head especially children. It is very normal to see an old woman
walking up to a young boy and (2) _____ his hair tenderly while saying what a handsome
young man he is.
In Thailand, touching a person’s head is strictly taboo because that is the (3)_____
part of the body, is also considered sacred and the cleanest part of the body and it is where
the (4) _____ is thought to reside in a person. Although very close family members might
touch a child on the head, even this is considered rude after a child grows up.
In the Middle East and some parts of Asia, the left hand is used to wash oneself after
using a toilet. (5) _____, the left hand can never offered to another person or used to eat
with. Food must always be passed with the right hand, and it is considered polite to always
use the right hand for social interactions.
1. A. take B. commit C. give D. cause
2. A. do B. mess up C. tidy up D. spoil
3. A. tallest B. most distant C. highest D. most remote
4. A. brain B. personality C. quality D. soul
5. A. But B. However C. Therefore D. Moreover

TOPIC 3: ENDANGERED SPECIES

Passage 1
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non - governmental
organization for the (1) _____, research, and restoration of the natural environment. The

20
organization was as a charitable trust on September 11, 1961, in Morges, Switzerland,
under the name World Wildlife Fund. It was an initiative of Julian Huxley and Max
Nicholson.
It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million
(2) _____ worldwide, working in more than 90 countries, supporting 100 conservation
and environmental projects around the world. They have invested over $1 billion in more
than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. It is a charity, with (3) _____ 9% of its
funding coming from voluntary. Donations by private individuals and businesses.
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the destruction of our
environment". Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes
that contain most of the world's biological diversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and
oceans and coasts. Among other issues, it is also concerned (4) _____ endangered
species, wildlife, pollution, sustainable use of natural resources, food and climate
change. The organization (5) ____ more than 20 field projects worldwide. In the last
few years, the organization set up offices and operations around the world. The
organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.
1. A. challenge B. keeping C. conservation D. awareness
2. A. supporters B. residents C. inhabitants D. citizens
3. A. generally B. individually C. commercially D. approximately
4. A. on B. by C. with D. upon
5. A. goes B. walks C. reaches D. runs

Passage 2

WHY DO ANIMALS GO EXTINCT?

Different kinds of animals have appeared and disappeared throughout Earth’s

history. At least 571 species are lost since 1750 but likely many more. Some animals go
extinct because the climate (1) _____ they live changes. The climate may become wetter
or drier. It may become warmer or cooler. If the animals cannot change, or adapt, to the
new climate, they die.
Some animals go extinct because they cannot (2) _____ with other animals for
food. Some animals go extinct because they are killed by enemies. New kinds of animals
are always evolving. Evolving means that the animals are changing (3) _____ from
generation to generation. Small differences between parents, children, and
grandchildren slowly add up over many, many generations. Eventually, a different kind
of animal evolves.
Sometimes many of the animals on Earth go extinct at the (4) _____ time.
Scientists call this a mass extinction. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events.
Scientists think there (5) _____ at least five mass extinctions in Earth’s history and we
are in the middle of the 6th extinction. The last mass extinction and also is the most
well-known extinction happened about 65 million years ago. This mass extinction killed
21
off the dinosaurs. Scientists are predicting that half of all our plants and animals will be
extinct by 2100.
1. A. where B. which C. when D. what
2. A. complete B. find C. compete D. exist
3. A. accidentally B. suddenly C. quickly D. slowly
4. A. same B. similar C. different D. various
5. A. has been B. have been C. will be D. are

Passage 3
The cheetah, the world’s fastest land animal, is headed toward extinction, largely
due to unprecedented habitat loss, scientists (1) _____ in a new study. The research
revealed that only 7,100 cheetahs remain globally and that the speedy animal has lost
91 percent of its historic habitat range. Due to human development, cheetahs’ habitat
decreased from a historical range totaling about 13 million square miles (33,056,767
square kilometers) before 1900, to now only covering about 280,000 square miles
(724,514 square km), according to the researchers. In Zimbabwe, where the cheetah
distribution is well-documented, the population has (2) _____ from 1,200 individuals
in 2000 to about 170 individuals in 2016, according to the study. Because of these
dramatic losses, the (3) _____ authors are urging scientists to change the cheetah’s
conservation status from “vulnerable” to “endangered” on the International Union for
Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. Cheetahs are particularly
sensitive to habitat loss because of their large space requirements, said lead study author
Sarah Durant. The threats cheetahs face are largely caused by humans. These threats
include overhunting by people, as well as habitat (4) _____, the exotic-pet trade and
illegal trafficking of cheetah parts, representatives with the WCS said in a statement.
Although there are some conservation measures in place for Cheetahs, such as protected
areas, these cats are one of the world’s most wide-ranging carnivores, and 77 percent of
their habitat falls outside protected areas, according to the study. These geographical
complications make the cheetah difficult to protect, and so scientists are looking for a
more holistic conservation approach. The study’s authors are calling for the cheetah’s
status to be changed to (5) _____ because this listing can lead to greater international
conservation support, according to the WCS statement.
1. A. announced B. declared C. post D. suppressed
2. A. lead B. plunge C. accumulated D. plummeted
3. A. main B study’s C. only D. national
4. A. loss B. dropped C. process D. sense
5. A. complicated B. endangered C. secretive D. vulnerable

Passage 4
An endangered species is an animal or plant that's considered at (1) _____ of
extinction. A species can be listed as endangered at the state, federal, and international

22
level. On the federal level, the endangered species list is managed (2)_____ the
Endangered Species Act.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA or "The Act") was (3) _____ by
Congress in 1973 for protecting imperiled species. The purposes of the ESA are two-
fold: to prevent extinction and to recover species to the point where the law's
protections are not needed. It therefore “protect(s) species and the ecosystems upon
which they depend" through different mechanisms. Under the ESA, the federal
government has the responsibility to protect endangered species (species that are likely
to become extinct throughout all or a large portion of their range), threatened species
(species that are likely to become endangered in the near future), and critical habitat
(areas vital to the survival of endangered or threatened species).
The Endangered Species Act has lists of protected plant and animal species
(4)_____ nationally and worldwide. When a species is given ESA protection, it is said
to be a "listed" species, with "emergency listing" given the highest priority. Many
additional species are evaluated for possible protection under the ESA, and they (5)
_____ called “candidate” species.
1. A. danger B. obstacle C. possibility D. risk
2. A. under B. in C. on D. at
3. A. made B. completed C. done D. enacted
4. A. neither B. not only C. both D. either
5. A. have B. are C. been D. were

Passage 5
Alligators have always been the most dangerous predators of the Florida
Everglades, but their long-held position is now being challenged by a growing
population of Burmese pythons. The Burmese python, a giant snake measuring up to
20 feet (1) ____ and weighing up to 200 pounds, is very popular among exotic pet
owners. However, as the deadly snakes grow, they become more difficult to cage and
handle. To avoid dealing with the snakes, the owners irresponsibly release them into
the wild. Since the Everglades is quite similar to the python's native environment of
Southeast Asia, they survive and (2) ____ without difficulty. The issue with the
Burmese pythons is their choice of meals. They eat alligators and endangered birds,
which (3) ____ strain on an already fragile ecosystem. Recently a 13-foot long Burmese
python was found with a 5-foot alligator bursting from its stomach. The python died
(4) ____ to eat the alligator but a larger one would have easily won the struggle. With
over 30,000 Burmese pythons now living in the Everglades, a solution to stop this
invasive species is necessary. If the pythons are left unchecked, there is a strong
possibility they will wipe out a variety of species (5) ____ for the functioning of the
Everglades ecosystem
1. A. length B. lengthen C. long D. Longer
2. A. prospect B. protect C. prosper D. protest
3. A. makes B. gives C. gets D. creates
23
 4. A. try B. trying C. tried D. trial
5. A. necessary B. necessity C. need D. needed

Passage 6
There is international agreement on the protection of 18 threatened species of
sharks and rays. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
agreed on Sunday to give greater protection for the marine creatures from actions such
as commercial fishing and hunting. Many of the threatened species are hunted for their
meat and fins. Some of the species being protected are the world's fastest shark (the
mako shark), wedge fishes and guitarfishes. Luke Warwick of the Wildlife Conservation
Society said: "Sharks are (1) ____ wildlife....Momentum is clearly building to ensure
that these species, which have been around for 400 million years, continue to be around
for future generations."
CITES is an international treaty (2) ____ in 1973 to protect endangered animals
and plants. It has been signed by 182 different states, plus the European Union. There
was not (3) ____ agreement at the weekend's meeting. The focus of the meeting was on
protecting sharks. The number of sharks killed each year by (4) ____ fishing is estimated
at 100 million. One conservation group said this figure could be as high as 273 million.
Forty countries disagreed that the mako shark was in danger. They argued that there was
not enough evidence to show that the mako was disappearing as a result of fishing. The
global shark (5) ____ market is estimated to be over $1.2 billion.
1. A. rabble B. vulgar C. culpable D. vulnerable
2. A. established B. abolished C. polished D. replenished
3. A. spreadable B. width C. widespread D. widens
4. A. campaign B. notice C. advertising D. commercial
5. A. fin B. gin C. bin D. pin

TOPIC 4: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Passage 1
A scientist said robots will be more (1) ____ than humans by 2029. The scientist's
name is Ray Kurzweil. He works for Google as Director of Engineering. He is one of
the world's (2) ____ experts on artificial intelligence (A.I.). Mr. Kurzweil believes
computers will be able to learn from experiences, just like humans. He also thinks they
will be able to tell jokes and stories, and even flirt. Kurzweil's 2029 prediction is a lot
sooner than many people thought. The scientist said that in 1999, many A.I. experts said
it would be hundreds of years (3) ____ a computer was more intelligent than a human.
He said that it would not be long before computer intelligence is one billion times more
powerful than the human brain.
Mr. Kurzweil joked that many years ago, people thought he was a little crazy for
predicting computers would be as intelligent as humans. His thinking has stayed the
same but everyone else has changed the way they think. He said: "My views are not
24
radical any more. I've actually stayed consistent. It's the rest of the world that's changing
its view." He highlighted examples of (4) ____-tech things we use, see or read about
every day. These things make us believe that computers have intelligence. He said
people think (5) ____ now: "Because the public has seen things like Siri [the iPhone's
voice-recognition technology] where you talk to a computer; they've seen the Google
(12) self-driving cars."
1. A. intelligence B. intelligent C. smarter D. smartness
2. A. loading B. leading C. loader D. leader
3. A. while B. after C. then D. before
4. A. high B. good C. smart D. app
5. A. differently B. difference C. different D. differential

Passage 2
THE ROBOTS ARE DOING THE THINKING
Some robots may take care of the dishes, do your laundry, keep the house clean,
or even go to the store to do your shopping. Robots that use artificial intelligence are
the ones that a lot of people are holding out for. Not only will these robots be able to
take care of (1)__________, but they will be able to learn as well.
There are some types of robots that already use a form of artificial intelligence
called “swarm intelligence”. As a(n) (2)___________ of how this works, scientists
have created underwater robots that will be used to repair coral reefs that have been
damaged. What these robots do is work together to rebuild damaged reefs. As they
(3)__________, each one knows what has been done in one area of a reef and can help
build other areas or build onto something that another robot has done. Working
together, the robots create a new reef that can then be (4)__________ to grow and
thrive on its own.
Amazon, the major electronic commerce company, has recently come
(5)_________ an ingenious idea. Instead of having a package delivered to a customer
via delivery truck, Amazon will send out flying drones that will bring a package to a
person’s house for delivery almost immediately.
1. A.jobs B.chores C.careers D.offices
2. A.model B.copy C.representation D.example
3. A.speak B.write C.share D.communicate.
4. A.left B.gone away C.stayed D.survived
5. A.out B.out in C.out with D.over
Passage 3
Robots are already a part of our lives. Industrial robots widely used in
manufacturing. Military and police organizations use robots to (1) _____ in dangerous
situations. Robots can also be found from vacuuming the floors in your home to
exploring the surface of Mars. Within a few more years a whole host of robotic
adaptations will be running many aspects' of our lives. "I think in the next thirty years,
we are going to see a transformation between the industrial sorts of robots to personal
25
robots," says Brooks from Brooks' company, IRobot, markets floor cleaning robots for
homes. "The advances in robotics make it clear that many household chores will be
easily handled by a robot in the near future," says Bob Christopher, who works for a
robotic technology company that is marketing a toy robot called Pleo. "We have only
one child but I could easily (2) _____ five or six robots in the home as well." Within the
next 10 years one will be able to (3) _____, to lease or purchase a domestic robot that
not only does the household cleaning and prepare and serve his meals, (4) _____ also
can carry him to the bathtub if he cannot walk. Demographic changes, such as a rapidly
aging population and a shrinking workforce, will drive forward the application of new
(5) ___. There is going to be a real pull for increasing the productivity of working age
people. So there is going to be a real push for robotics to help people. In addition it is
likely that in the near future we will see robots- taking on some of the care functions
elderly, or long-term ill people.
1. A. assist B. increase C. make D. create
2. A. hope B. think C. imagine D. look
3. A. afford B. attain C. offer D. affect
4. A. either B. as C. and D. but
5 A. technological B. Technology C. Technique D. Technician
Passage 4
ROBOTS
The popular idea of` a robot is a machine -especially one programmable by a
computer that acts - like and resembles a human being. But the robots which are
increasingly being used for a wide range of tasks do not look human - like (1) ______all.
The robots that work in car factory production lines look something like cranes. The
mobile robots used by army bomb-disposal squads look like wheel barrows on tracks.
And children have likened a mobile robot used in school to teach. Them computer
programming to a giant sweet. Robots (2) _____, however, resemble human beings in
the range of actions that they can carry out. Instead of repeatedly performing just one
action, like an automatic machine, a robot can perform a chain of different actions. Its
movements are controlled either by oil or air pressure or by electric motors, and its brain
is a small computer that directs their movements. Inside the computer's memory are the
instructions for carrying (3) _____a task – picking chocolates from a container and
putting them in the right part of a display box, for example. By changing the programme,
the robot can be made to (4) _____the task, or do something different within the limits
of the activities it is designed (5) _____.
1. A. in B. at C. for D. after
2. A. must B. do C. don’t D. might
3. A. out B. off C. away D. with
4. A. alter B. vary C. differ D. change
5. A.from B. of C. for D. by

Passage 5
26
 Ever since the American computer scientist John McCarthy coined the term
“Artificial Intelligence” in 1955, the public has (1) ____ a future of sentient computers
and robots that think and act like humans. But while such a future may indeed arrive, it
remains, for the moment, a distant prospect. And yet the foreseeable frontier of
computing is no less exciting. We have entered what we at IBM call the Cognitive Era.
Breakthroughs in computing are enhancing our ability to make sense of large bodies of
data, providing guidance in some of the world’s most important decisions, and
potentially revolutionizing entire industries. The term “cognitive computing” refers to
systems that, rather than being (2) ____ programmed, are built to learn from their
experiences. By extracting useful information from unstructured data, these systems (3)
____ the information age, helping their users with a broad range of tasks, from
identifying unique market opportunities to discovering new treatments for diseases to (4)
____ creative solutions for cities, companies, and communities.
The Cognitive Era marks the next stage in the application of science to understand nature
and advance human prosperity. It’s beginning dates to early 2011, when the cognitive
computing system Watson beat two human champions on the game show “Jeopardy!”.
Since then, Watson has gone on to do much more, demonstrating how (5)
____ computing can use big data to tackle some of the most difficult systemic issues
facing humanity.
1. A. imagined B. presumed C.thought D.thinks
2. A. severity B. complicity C. explicitly D. implicitly
3. A. retard B. accelerate C. postpone D. hinder
4. A. determining B. creating C. perpetuating D. crafting
5. A. somatic B. concrete C. corporeal D. cognitive

Passage 6
Former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers recently took exception to current
US Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin’s views on “artificial intelligence” (AI) and
related topics. The difference between the two seems to be, more than anything else, a
matter of priorities and (1)_____. Mnuchin thinks that the problem of particular
technologies called “artificial intelligence taking over American jobs” lies “far in the
future.” And he seems to question the high stock-market (2)_____for “unicorns” –
companies valued at or above $1 billion that have no record of producing revenues that
would justify their supposed worth and no clear plan to do so.
Summers looks at the “impact of technology on jobs” generally, and considers the stock-
market valuation for highly profitable technology companies such as Google and Apple
to be more than fair. The impact of information technology on employment is
undoubtedly a major issue, but it is also not in society’s interest to discourage investment
in high-tech companies. Although great technologies are worth the investment from a
societal point of view, it is not so easy for a company to achieve (3) _____
profitability. (4)______ , a treasury secretary already has enough on his plate to have to
worry about the rise of the machines. In fact, it is (5) ______ unhelpful to stoke fears
27
about robots, and to frame the issue as “artificial intelligence taking American jobs.”
There are far more constructive areas for policymakers to direct their focus. If the
government is properly fulfilling its duty to prevent a demand-shortfall depression,
technological progress in a market economy need not impoverish unskilled workers.
1. A. meanness B. emphasis C. immateriality D. nihilism
2. A. molehill B. valuations C. trifling D. atheism
3. A. disapprove B. repudiation C. sustained D. triviality
4. A. agape B. Dubiously C. Presumably D. inconsequence
5. A. nothingness B. pettiness C. paltriness D. profoundly
TOPIC 5: THE WORLD OF WORK
Passage 1:
Around 200 million people are employed in tourism worldwide, making it the
largest industry in the modern global economy. It is estimated that three-quarters of a
billion people go on holiday each year, and industry planners expect this figure to double
(1) _____ 2020. Some of the biggest beneficiaries are less developed countries, where
it is often their main source of income. (2) _____, along with the economic benefits, this
mass movement of people has resulted in environment. People often forget the damage
caused by carbon emissions from aircraft, (3) _____ contribute directly to global
warming. Deforestation has cleared land in order to build hotels, airports and roads, and
this has destroyed wildlife. In some areas, water shortages are now common because of
the need to fill swimming pools and water golf courses for tourists. By pushing up prices
for goods and services, tourism can also be harmful to people living in tourist
destinations. In response to these (4) _____, some travel operators now offer
environment-friendly holidays. Many of these aim to reduce the negative effects of
tourism by (5) _____ only hotels that have invested equipment to recycle waste and use
energy and water efficiently. Increasingly, tourists are also being reminded to show
respect for customs of the people whose countries they are going to visit, and to support
local businesses, such as restaurants and shops which depend on tourism for their main
income.
1. A. before B. until C. by D. in
2. A. However B. Therefore C. Yet D. In
3. A. what B. which C. whatever D. that
4. A. concerns B. priorities C. scenarios D. issues
5. A. voting B. promoting C. empowering D. permitting

Passage 2:
JOBS FOR LAZY PEOPLE
When flicking (1) ________________ the job pages of a newspaper you tend to
find the same adjectives in any advertisement: ambitious, hard-working, motivated,
dynamic, cooperative. Even if these are traits you are bound to find in every job there
are a few jobs where they might not apply. Sometimes you can even be lazy to do them.

28
 Furniture companies, for example, often hire people (2) ________________job it
is to test new sofas, armchairs, beds and other products. It's their job to sit in chairs or
lie in beds for hours and just try to be comfortable. Sometimes, it's even acceptable to
fall asleep while (3) ______________ "work".
Another job you might try out if you're not that ambitious and hardworking is a
house-sitter. These people get paid just to look after someone else's house and make sure
everything is OK while the owners are on holiday or on a business (4)
________________ . It's rarely the case that you have to deal with problems that come
up, like a leak in a water pipe.
If you like (5) ________________ TV all day, consider being a binge watcher.
Watch your favorite series on a streaming service of your choice and write a report about
it. You don't even have to get out of bed for this job
1. A. up B. between C. over D. through
2. A. whom B. whose C. who D. which
3. A. at B. on C. among D. after
4. A. work B.occasion C. trip D. road
5. A. viewing B. watching C. seeing D. punching
Passage 3:
BAREFOOT DOCTORS
Decades ago, China (1) ________________ the concept of ‘barefoot doctors’.
They were community healthcare workers who successfully improved the health of
China’s villages. Following this example, many African, Asian and Latin American
countries have started (2) ________________programs. The largest of such
community health efforts is India’s National Rural Health Mission. In just over three
years, the programme has mobilized over fifty thousand new community health
workers, each (3) ________________ as ‘Asha’. This is short -for ‘Accredited Social
Health Activist’ and translated into Hindi is the word for hope.
Today technology companies and foundations are also joining the (4)
________________ to support community health workers, Mobile phone companies
are empowering these workers with phones and support systems to obtain up to date
medical information, call ambulances etc. In the coming years, ‘community health
workers can thus help (5) ________________ the spread of many devastating but
curable diseases.
The work of the barefoot doctors effectively reduced healthcare costs in the
People's Republic of China, and provided primary care treatment to the rural farming
population. Moreover, the success of the barefoot doctor model demonstrates that
many diseases in poor countries can be prevented and solved without significant
financial resources or technological transformation.
1. A.gives B. researches C. introduced D. originates
2. A. thousands B. alike C. imitated D. similar
3. A. referred B. known C. perceived D. explains
29
 4. A. business B. membership C. scope D. efforts
5. A. overlook B. curb C. protect D. enrich
Passage 4:
ONE MAN, 52 JOBS
After graduating from college, Sean Aiken knew he would need to find a job soon.
The problem was that he wasn't sure what kind of work he wanted to do.
One night at the dinner table, his father (1) ________________ him to do what he
liked most. His father said he had worked his whole life doing a job he didn’t really
enjoy. Aiken wanted a different future. That night, he promised himself that he would
find something that he was (2) ________________ about.
Aiken set a goal to work a new job each week for a year. That’s 52 (3)
________________ in one year. And he did it! One week, as a dairy farmer, he milked
cows every morning. Then, in another week, he was an astronomer studying the night
sky. Aiken’s favorite job, though, was teaching. He learned he was happiest when he
was helping others.
Aiken also learned that it’s OK to not know what you want to do right away. He
wrote a book about his (4) ________________, and today he tells his story to college
and university students. His message? You’ll find your (5) ________________ job one
day. After all, Aiken found his.
1. A. avoid B. encouraged C. introduced D. enlighten
2. A. passionate B. willing C. indifferent D. care
3. A. references B. things C. occupations D. shows
4. A. wonder B. dreams C. love D.experiences
5. A. alike B. perfect C. great D. good
Passage 5:
WHAT FRESH GRADUATES SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THEIR FIRST JOBS
For recent graduates, internships may become a stepping stone to full-time, paid
employment. Before accepting an offer to work as an intern you should get some
information about the company’s reputation of (1) ________________ their interns and
decide accordingly. The best place to have an internship position is an (2)
________________ that gives you an opportunity to gain real work experience and
develop your skills instead of using you as a cheap worker.
If you aim for a dream job, do not overlook an entry-level (3) ________________
just because it offers mediocre salary. Entry-level employees are more likely to be given
room to grow and learn from their mistakes. They will also be able to (4)
________________ out the job routines and get used to them when they actually get the
position they have been dreaming about.
As your first few jobs might be very demanding yet less (5) ________________,
remember to have fun and enjoy your life. Working overtime may not always be a good
idea to accelerate your career, especially if you have to be more stressed than your

30
seniors who earn bigger salaries. Setting the time for exercise and social life will make
your life more balanced and stress free.
1. A. procuring B. searching C. obtain D. finding
2. A. corporation B. group C. occupations D. organization
3. A. position B. place C. location D. standing
4. A. point B. figure C. reach D. speak
5. A. skill B. goal C. rewarding D. good
Passage 6:
EARNING POWER
Everyone wants a job that pays well. Some people stop school early because they
want to start (1) ________________ cash right away. Others spend years and years
studying in school in order to get a better job. Which is best? Actually, studies show that
in most jobs, the higher your (2) ________________, the higher your earning power.
For example, in the United States, high school (3) ________________ can make
about $30,400 a year. The people who do not finish high school (4) ________________
only $23,400 a year. Just having a document that says you finished high school means
an extra $7,000!
If you stay in school, you can make more money. A person who goes to college
and gets a bachelor’s degree can make an average of $52,200. With a master’s degree,
he or she can make about $62,000. And studies show that if a person gets a PhD, he or
she can make $89,000 or more a year. For examples, an accountant has an average
salaries of $69,000, and a dentist can earn up to $159,000.
Of course, people with different occupations have different salaries. We can learn
an (5) ________________ lesson from this information. If you want to work and make
more money, spend more time in school.
1. A. getting B. searching C. earning D. finding
2. A. ability B. education C. occupation D. position
3. A. pass B. degree C. finisher D. graduates
4. A. average B. get C. reach D. manage
5. A. main B. unimportant C. important D. normal
TOPIC 6: CHOOSING A CAREER
Passage 1:
COLLEGE START-UPS
Most college students see their time at university as the first step in their career
path;(1) ________________, they will go out into the working world and get their job.
But some students have great ideas that simply cannot wait until graduation day. With
many free (2) ________________ and technologies that are available to them, more and
more university students are finding ways to start small businesses while they are still
in school. Let’s take a look at a few enterprising undergraduates and their companies.
As a student at the University of Missouri, Brian Laoruangroch used to sell (3)
________________ cell phones on eBay as a hobby. But when Brian realized how much
31
money he could make by buying, fixing, and reselling phones, he decided to create his
own website to resell the phones. His parents loaned him money, and he received money
from his local (4) ________________ to found a company called Green Mobile, which
now has local retail stores and about 20 employees. Brian said (5) ________________
work and studies was quite challenging, but he didn’t forget to pay attention in class. “I
was learning about important business concepts while I was using them in my own
business,” he said.
1. A. therefore B. afterwards C. however D. after
2. A. materials B. resources C. formations D. bargain
3. A. reuse B. remake C. refurbished D. renew
4. A. agency B. position C. government D. store
5. A. balancing B. disbalancing C. balance D. unbalance
Passage 2:
THE RIGHT JOB FOR YOUR PERSONALITY
Choosing a career is an important life decision, yet many people (1)
________________ on one based on the opinions of friends and family. It’s very
difficult to find something you really enjoy doing, but scientists have (2)
________________ tests to help people come closer to finding their dream job.
Realistic people like to work with things they can see or touch. They are inclined
to solve problems by doing them, rather than thinking or talking about them. They
generally like to work outside and are good with tools, machines, plants, and animals.
Artistic Artists are creative people. They don’t work well with structure and rules, and
thrive instead in environments that allow communication and a free flow of ideas. They
enjoy tasks that allow them to express themselves and mix with people.
One of the most widely-(3) ________________ tests is the Holland Code.
Psychologist John Holland worked for more than 50 years to develop his theories about
personality and career choice. He created a set of six (4) ________________ types to
help people understand what careers might be best for them. Dr. Holland believed that
people work best in environments that match their personalities, and the key to finding
a satisfying career is to match your (5) ________________ interests with an occupation.
1. A. set B. pick C. choose D. settle
2. A. promoted B. created C. devised D. brought
3. A. reused B. used C. took D. known
4. A. personality B. personally C. personal D. person
5. A. beginning B. fundamental C. developing D. creating
Passage 3:
CAREER ADVISERS
If students are about to start a job, career advisers have useful information that may
help them make the (1) ________________ into the working world smoother. They
should get used to taking responsibility if something goes wrong in their job. By taking
responsibility, they will have the opportunity to learn how to put things right and they
32
can (2) ________________ making the same mistakes in the future. Students need better
careers advice that will help them define their skills and attributes – and understand how
these match different career options. Students also need help finding out which skills
they’ll need to break into certain industries – particularly in sectors that aren’t good at
diversifying their recruitment, or when they have no family or social network of contacts
to call on for help and advice.
In general, apprentices are assigned to a senior member of staff to spend some time
shadowing them and getting (3) ________________ grips with the basics of the job. If
apprentices are given the opportunity to get involved early on, they should take it, as
this will help them learn faster and (4) ________________ their confidence. The best
thing for apprentices is that they have the opportunity to earn while they learn, and most
apprentices are required to (5) ________________ college for part of the time.
1. A. transition B. turn C. change D. transform
2. A. avoid B. keep C. not D. try
3. A. out B. in C. to D. up
4. A. personalize B. growing C. increase D. improve
5. A. participate B. attend C. joining D. stay
Passage 4:
TAKING A BIG JUMP
Moving (1) ________________ to tertiary education from secondary school is
considered a big jump. However, many students take to university life like a (2)
________________ to water. Normally, the first week at university is a bit confusing,
even a little stressful, but it does not take long to get used to university life. During the
first week, students have their timetables and other paperwork sorted. After that they
can relax and take in the campus (3) ________________.
When students do not know what they want to do after leaving school, they could
consider some other options, which the advisers can offer. They can find a temporary
job, or take a (4) ________________ year and go travelling; they may work somewhere
abroad, or speak to career advisers who can help them come up with a plan. If none of
these options are (5) ________________, students should go back to school. They can
still be accepted on to A level courses if they have GCSEs. A working group on early
school leaving looked at examples of good practices in Europe and exchanged
experiences in reducing early school leaving. The final report outlines 12 key messages
for policymakers and translates them into practical tools through a checklist of
comprehensive policies and an annex with examples of best practices from several EU
countries.
1. A. straight B. up C. into D. out
2. A. chicken B. duck C. cat D. fish
3. A. direction B. environment C. atmosphere D. aroma
4. A. gap B. new C. blank D. off
5. A. successfully B. succeed C. successful D. success
33
Passage 5:
SUCCESS IN JOB INTERVIEWS

Always arrive early. If you do not know (1) ________________ the organization
is located, call for exact directions in advance. Leave some extra time for any traffic,
parking, or unexpected events. If you are running late, call right away and let someone
know. The best time to arrive is approximately 5 - 10 minutes early. Give yourself the
time to read your resume one more time, to catch your breath, and to be ready for the
interview. Once you are at the office, treat everyone you encounter with respect. Be (2)
________________ to everyone as soon as you walk in the door.
Wear a professional business suit. This point should be emphasized enough. First
(3) ________________ are extremely important in the interview process. Women
should not wearing too much jewelry or make up. Men should (4) ________________
flashy suits or wearing too much perfume. It is also important that you feel comfortable.
While a suit is the standard interview attire in a business environment, if you think it is
an informal environment, call before and ask (5) ________________, you can never be
overdressed if you are wearing a tailored suit. Come to the interview with some
intelligent questions for the interviewer that demonstrate your knowledge of the
company as well as your serious intent. Interviewers always ask if you have any
questions, and no matter what, you should have one or two ready.
1. A. who B. whom C. where D. which
2. A. pleasure B. pleasant C. please D. pleasantly
3. A. attendances B. attentions C. impressions D. pressures
4. A. avoid B. suggest C. enjoy D. mind
5. A. when B. Regardless C. Moreover D. Therefore
Passage 6:
CAREER PREPARATION
Most people need some preparation before they are ready for the workforce, and
planning should begin long before it is time to start a career. Many high school students
don't yet know what they want to do. High school is a great time to start thinking about
careers. Settling on just one occupation in high school isn't necessary, but they should
know how to (1) ________________ careers and put time into investigating them and
learning about their skills and interests.
Understanding what you enjoy what you are good at is the first step in exploring
careers. It is important to think about what you like to do because work will (2)
________________ be a big part of your life. Once you have thought about the subjects
and activities you like best, the next step is to look for careers that (3)
________________ those interests to use. If you love sports, for example, you might
consider a career as a gym teacher, or coach.
If job shadowing give you (4) ________________ of what an occupation is like,
imagine how helpful getting experience could be. Students can begin getting career-
34
related experiences in high school through internships, employment, and other activities.
Completing an internship is an excellent (5) ________________ to get experience.
Internships are temporary, supervised assignments designed to give student practical job
training.
1. A. who B. whom C. where D. explore
2. A. intentionally B. eventually C. abnormally D. gradually
3. A. make B. turn C. put D. set
4. A. sense B. taste C. feels D. scence
5. A. way B. methods C. manner D. A and B
TOPIC 7: LIFELONG LEARNING
Passage 1:
Most people (1)______ learning with formal education at school, college,
university etc. We are all told, from an early age, that we should ‘get a good
education’.Generally speaking it is true that a formal education and the resulting
qualifications are important. Education may (2)_______ our potential to find better,
more satisfying jobs, earn more and, perhaps, become more successful in our chosen
career. However, ‘schooling’ is only one type of learning. There are many other
opportunities to further your knowledge and develop the skills you need throughout life.
Knowledge can be acquired and skill-sets developed anywhere – learning is
(3)_________ and happens all the time. However, lifelong learning is about creating and
maintaining a positive attitude to learning both for personal and professional
development. Lifelong learners are motivated to learn and develop because they want
to: it is a deliberate and voluntary act. Lifelong learning can (4)_______ our
understanding of the world around us, provide us with more and better opportunities and
improve our quality of life.
The bottom line is that, whatever your life path, there are a number of sometimes
unanticipated benefits to continual personal and (5)_______ development. Whatever
your age, it's never too late to start. Successfully changing career path in mid-life and
spending time informally developing expertise is more common than ever, especially
during rapidly changing market conditions.
1. A. accredit B. mess C. associate D. reckon
2. A. minimize B. maximize C. personalize D. rationalize
3. A. adaptable B. reliable C. preferable D. unavoidable
4. A. entertain B. enhance C. enchant D. entrust
5. A. professional B. inexpert C. incompetent D. substandard

Passage 2:
MASTER YOUR LEARNING
Lifelong learning requires self-motivation. You need to feel positive about
learning and about your ability to learn. If you struggle to see the point of learning what
you are learning, you are unlikely to do well.

35
 Effective learning requires that you (1)_______ information through reading,
listening, observing, practising, experimenting and experience. Information is all around
you: the trick is to acquire relevant and meaningful information and develop this into
knowledge and skills.
Learning is successful when we can search for a personal meaning in the
information we’re acquiring. We find it hard to remember facts without understanding
them or being able to put them into context. Human beings are (2)_______ bad at
retaining information. You cannot and will not remember all that you read, hear and
experience. You can help to trigger recollection in a variety of ways. For example, you
can take notes, practice, discuss and experiment with new ideas and skills to help you
learn and develop.
You should regularly examine your knowledge to help (3)_______ in your mind
what you have learned. You should always try to keep an open-mind, question your
understanding and be open to new information.Talking to others and seeing their point
of view can be a (4)_______ way of examining your own perception and understanding
of a subject.
Finally, you should reflect on your learning. Think about how and why you learned,
including how you felt about a particular topic or situation, before and after you
developed your knowledge. Learn from your mistakes as well as from your successes
and always try to (5) ________ positive.
1. A.decline B. inquire C. admire D. acquire
2. A. assembly B. notoriously C. directly D. scarcely
3. A. reinforce B. reduce C. degrade D. reject
4. A. stressful B. powerful C. plentiful D. graceful
5. A. hinder B. improve C. remain D. endure

Passage 3:
The theories of lifelong education and of life-span development may have been the
most important theoretical (1) ________ to adult education in recent years. We now
know that not only children can learn. In a man's life-span there is no division between
a period of learning and application of what has been learned earlier. Learning and
application are interwoven, both continue and both reinforce each other. However, the
way adults learn is different from the way learn.
Education of children is compulsory, formal and (2)________. Adult learning is
voluntary and intentional. The aim of adult education is the independent self-directed
learner. Adults tend to resist a learning process which is (3)_______ with their self-
concept as autonomous individuals and does not correspond to their needs and interests.
What children learn in school should be useful to them later in life. Child learning
is subject-centered. Adult learning is learner-centered. Adults focus on direct
application. Given their daily obligations in job, profession, family and community they
learn to cope with the pressures and problems of life they are (4)_______ . In

36
consequence the adult educator's concern is not only and not even primarily the logical
development of a subject matter but the needs and interests of the learners.
New learnings take on meaning as adults are able to relate them to their life
experience. Experienced adult educators, therefore, build into the design of their
learning experiences provision for the learners to plan and rehearse how they are going
to apply their learnings in their day-to-day lives or duties and (5) _______ training with
transfer and application.
1. A.solutions B. contributions C. revolutions D. constructions
2. A. theorized B. polarized C. standardized D. synchronized
3. A. apposite B. incongruent C. relevant D. pertinent
4. A. making B. needing C. opposing D. facing
5. A. combine B. distribute C. circulate D. allocate

Passage 4:
HOW TO KEEP LEARNING
We are born with an (1)_______ desire to learn new concepts, not just the ones
expected of human development, but those that bring us happiness, satiate our curiosity
and even those which have no measurable benefit at all. But somewhere along the way,
we stop learning more than is required of us. We begin to ignore those challenges that
don’t fit our current skill sets. Instead, we look for ones that show off our strengths and
hide our weaknesses. We become fixed in our ways. That fixed mindset allows us a free
pass to give up at the first sign of (2) _______ . Knowing that our best growth happens
in times of struggle is the basis of having a student or growth mindset.
A growth mindset is the idea that when meeting a challenge, we respond not with
“I can’t do this,” but rather, “How can I learn to do this?” Carol Dweck, Ph.D., one of
the pioneers of fixed-versus-growth mindset research, says that (3) _______ praise can
promote a fixed mindset in children. A growing body of research shows that
neurologically, growth mindsets stabilize existing neural pathways and even construct
new ones, (4)______ connections between information and response to happen faster
and more reliably. Lifelong learning programs in retirement communities are becoming
increasingly popular as research finds correlations between learning new skills that
require mental and physical focus—mastering a new card game, for example—and
preventing the onset of dementia and other neurological diseases. (5)______ to a student
mindset by allowing your curiosity to grow and lead you in new directions.
1. A. scarce B. uncommon C. innate D. bizarre
2. A. struggle B. effort C. application D. submission
3. A. unrelated B. unskilled C. undefined D. unwarranted
4. A. claiming B. allowing C. teaching D. consulting
5. A. Consume B. Create C. Commit D. Connect

Passage 5:

37
 LEARNING FOR LIFE: LEARNING AFTER SCHOOL AND
UNIVERSITY
When we talk about learning, we’re often talking about school or university or a
workplace training (1)________ . But to be a lifelong learner is to understand how to
learn by yourself, outside of an institution, after that stage of life is over, without any
teacher to show you the way. Learning for life, is about learning how to teach ourselves.
To continue learning after school or university we need to (2)_____ remind
ourselves to be curious about the world around us, to renew that childish nature of asking
questions at the wrong time in awkward moments. Children tend to always ask: “Why?”
These trivial questions are really important, because they build their perception of the
world around. Without the capacity to learn, automation might make us redundant. So
there’s a need for a renewed focus on (3) ________ skills, and the most transferable
skill of all is the ability to teach yourself whatever skill you need to transfer. Here is
something deeply (4)_____ about becoming well-rounded. The more we know, the
easier it is to (5) ________ on that project that Susan Sontag called: “building a self”:
of becoming all that we can be and growing to our full potential. Part of that process is
learning to learn for ourselves. Someone who can learn new things about the world
without having to rely on others is well-placed to develop their own character, their own
identity and their own ideas.
1. A. endowment B. seminar C. payment D. compensation
2. A. mindfully B. likely C. partly D. constantly
3. A. transferable B. unusable C. treatable D. irritable
4. A. displeasing B. fulfilling C. unpleasant D. admirable
5. A. decide B. drag C.embark D. cotton

Passage 6:
Continuing education programs are an excellent way to keep learning once you
graduate from college. You may not have time to sit in a (1)_____ classroom on a
weekly schedule like you did in the past, but there are many other ways to continue
learning on your own time. This can be as simple as signing up for online (2) _________
in a subject area where you are interested in further developing your skills. In addition
to tutoring, communities often offer continuing education programs through a local
library or community center. Depending on what you’re looking to learn, there may be
volunteer opportunities you can participate in to keep your mind active and your skill
set (3)________.
Professional development opportunities differ from continuing education
programs because these consist of chances at your place of work to interact with other
departments and gain new skills. Many companies offer programs (4) _______ to
bringing different parts of the company together to collaborate on projects that benefit
the organization as a whole. These types of opportunities give you a unique chance to
network with individuals outside of your department and to get your name (5) _______
among other areas of the business. You may be new to your position, but professional
38
development programs can provide a chance to showcase what you are capable of and
your willingness to take on new tasks.
1. A. literal B. physical C. manual D. casual
2. A. diving B. performing C. baking D. tutoring
3. A. released B. engaged C. permitted D. liberated
4. A. specific B. mean C. see D. turn
5. A. written B. through C. known D. said

39
 ANSWER KEYS

1. THE MASS MEDIA

Passage 1 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.A
Passage 2 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D
Passage 3 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C
Passage 4 1.C 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A
Passage 5 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C
Passage 6 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.C

2. CULTURAL IDENTITY
Passage 1 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A
Passage 2 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B
Passage 3 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C
Passage 4 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.B
Passage 5 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C
Passage 6 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.C

3. ENDANGERED SPECIES
Passage 1 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.D
Passage 2 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B
Passage 3 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B
Passage 4 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B
Passage 5 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A
Passage 6 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A

4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Passage 1 1.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A
Passage 2 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.C
Passage 3 1.A 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B
Passage 4 1.B 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C
Passage 5 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D
Passage 6 1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.D

5. THE WORLD OF WORK

Passage 1 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B
Passage 2 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B
Passage 3 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.B
Passage 4 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B
Passage 5 1.A 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C

40
Passage 6 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C

6. CHOOSING A CAREER
Passage 1 1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.A
Passage 2 1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B
Passage 3 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B
Passage 4 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.C
Passage 5 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B
Passage 6 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.D

7. LIFELONG LEARNING
Passage 1 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A
Passage 2 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C
Passage 3 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.A
Passage 4 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C
Passage 5 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
Passage 6 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C

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42
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