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Genbio2 Respiration

Respiration in plants occurs through diffusion via stomata and lenticels in the leaves. Gas exchange happens to facilitate both respiration and photosynthesis, with the rates depending on light intensity. During respiration alone, there is less oxygen inside plant cells than outside. Human respiration has three stages: external respiration which is breathing, internal respiration which is the gas exchange between cells and blood, and cellular respiration where oxygen is used to release energy. The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between blood and air through organs like the nose, throat, lungs and diaphragm. Problems of the respiratory system include infections, cancers and disorders that obstruct air flow.

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33 views

Genbio2 Respiration

Respiration in plants occurs through diffusion via stomata and lenticels in the leaves. Gas exchange happens to facilitate both respiration and photosynthesis, with the rates depending on light intensity. During respiration alone, there is less oxygen inside plant cells than outside. Human respiration has three stages: external respiration which is breathing, internal respiration which is the gas exchange between cells and blood, and cellular respiration where oxygen is used to release energy. The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between blood and air through organs like the nose, throat, lungs and diaphragm. Problems of the respiratory system include infections, cancers and disorders that obstruct air flow.

Uploaded by

Arvie Jane Mendoza DeTorres
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL BIOLOGY2 - JENNER

BRAINSTORM

Respiration in Plants

Plants are less active than animals that is why they require lower energy.
Gaseous exchange occurs mainly in the leaves where there is a large surface
area to volume ratio. It happens by simple diffusion through the stomata and
the lenticels in the leaves. Gaseous exchange happens both in the presence or
absence of light. During photosynthesis, the carbon dioxide in the air space
enters through the stomata and to the spongy layer of the leaf cell. Likewise,
oxygen in the cells go out through the stomata and is release to the
atmosphere. Both respiration and photosynthesis occur during this gas
exchange and the rate of both processes depends on the light intensity. During
the light independent reaction, respiration alone is taking place. There is less
oxygen inside the spongy layer than outside.

Comparing Respiration and Photosynthesis

RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Similarities

Both are metabolic processes

Differences

n A process of catabolism n A process of anabolism

n Occurs in cells containing


n Occurs in all living cells
chloroplast / chlorophyll

n Takes place in absence and


n Requires light
presence of light

n Uses glucose & oxygen n Uses carbon dioxide & water

n Produces CO2 & H2O


n Produces glucose & O2

n Cell loses weight n Cell gains weight

n Chemical energy à heat + ATP n Solar energy à chemical energy

Stomata and Lenticel

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Respiration in Humans

Human respiration is divided into three stages. External respiration is also


known as breathing or ventilation. It is the process of exchange of carbon
dioxide and oxygen between the lungs and the environment. Internal respiration
is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the lymph.
Cellular respiration is when oxygen is used to release stored energy in food or
nutrient molecules.

The organ system that allows for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
for use of our body cells is the respiratory system. This process called
respiration is essential for human survival. The respiratory system:

provides an area for gas exchange between the blood and air;
prepare air for the lungs by warming, moistening, and filtering it; and
produces sounds as air passes through the vocal folds.

Organs of respiration includes the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx,


trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, lungs, pleura, diaphragm,
and mediastinum.

Human Respiratory System

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Pathway of Gas

Breathing starts through either the nasal cavity or oral cavity. The lining of the
nasal cavity helps to filter air.

The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that remains open during breathing but closes
during swallowing to prevent food and drink from entering the larynx.

A cavity is an empty space within the body. The thoracic cavity contains the
lower respiratory organs, the heart, and the thymus gland.

Body cavities and some organs are lined by a special tissue called a serous
membrane. Visceral pleura is a serous membrane that covers the surface of
the lungs. Parietal pleura is a serous membrane that covers the wall of the
cavity.

The trachea is an open tube that delivers air into the bronchi of the lungs.

Bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea. The bronchi continue to
subdivide, becoming more and more narrow.

The bronchi deliver air into the lungs, where gas exchange with the blood
occurs.

Gas exchange occurs between the air in air sacs called alveoli and the blood in
surrounding capillaries.

Mechanics of Breathing

In order to inhale:
The diaphragm contracts and moves down.
Intercostal muscles contract, expanding the rib cage.
This increases the volume of the lungs (they inflate).
This lowers air pressure in the lungs, drawing air inwards.
In order to exhale:
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
Intercostal muscles relax.
Lung volume decreases (the lungs deflate)
Air pressure increases in the lungs, forcing air out.

Non- Respiratory Air Movements

1. Cough – Clears the larynx and lower bronchi.


2. Sneeze – Clears the pharynx and upper nasal passages.
3. Hiccups – Spasm of the diaphragm.
4. Yawn – Very deep inspiration; ventilates all of the alveoli.

Problems Concerning the Respiratory System

1. Mesothelioma is a cancer of the pleura of the lungs.


2. Asthma is an inflammatory disease that can obstruct the airway and cause
spasms of the bronchi.
3. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi.
4. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs resulting from a bacterial or
viral infection.
5. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder where mucous cells produce a dense,
viscous mucus that cannot be transported by the cilia.
6. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs.
7. A pneumothorax is a collapsed lobe of a lung that occurs due to a
puncture wound, broken rib, or gunshot.
8. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, gas that interferes with the
ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen.
9. Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material into the lower respiratory
tract.

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