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APA 7 - Paraphrasing and Citation Examples

The document summarizes key guidelines for citing sources from the 7th edition of the APA manual, including how to cite direct quotations, paraphrases, facts and figures, coined terms, and common knowledge. It provides guidance on paraphrasing, citing secondary sources, citing long paraphrases, necessary repetition of citations, omitting the year in narrative citations, quoting material containing citations, and combining quoting and paraphrasing. The document recommends the APA style blog for additional FAQs about APA 7 citation style.

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2K views

APA 7 - Paraphrasing and Citation Examples

The document summarizes key guidelines for citing sources from the 7th edition of the APA manual, including how to cite direct quotations, paraphrases, facts and figures, coined terms, and common knowledge. It provides guidance on paraphrasing, citing secondary sources, citing long paraphrases, necessary repetition of citations, omitting the year in narrative citations, quoting material containing citations, and combining quoting and paraphrasing. The document recommends the APA style blog for additional FAQs about APA 7 citation style.

Uploaded by

Hypo Zomb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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As the 7th edition APA manual explains, “the works you cite provide key background

information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer critical definitions and data” (p. 253).

What to Cite (APA, 2020, p. 253)


• Direct quotations (include page number)
• Paraphrases (optional to include page number)
• All facts and figures
• A term or phrase coined by the researcher you’re citing
• Anything that’s not common knowledge

Paraphrasing Guidelines (APA, 2020, p. 269)


APA 7 notes that “published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than
directly quoting” (p. 269).
• For writing in psychology, students should use direct quotations only sparingly and
instead mainly synthesize and paraphrase.
• When citing a paraphrase, you may include a page number, when it would help
interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work. E.g.:
o Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old girl who showed
an insecure attachment to her mother; the therapist focused on increasing the
mother’s empathy for her child (pp. 152–153).

Citing Secondary Sources (“as cited in”) (APA, 2020, p. 258)


• Cite primary sources when possible and use secondary sources (“as cited in”) sparingly.
o For example, if you want to cite something from Allport’s diary which is quoted
or paraphrased in Nicholson (2003):
§ Allport wrote that … (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
o Only include the source you read in the references (i.e., Nicholson, not Allport).
• Use this sparingly: Whenever possible, try to access the original source yourself.

Citing a Long Paraphrase (APA, 2020, p. 270)


If a long paraphrase continues for several sentences, cite the source on first mention. It is not
necessary to repeat the citation as long as the context of the writing makes it clear that the
same work continues to be paraphrased.

• Velez et al. (2018) found that for women of color, sexism and racism in the workplace
were associated with poor work and mental health outcomes, including job-related
burnout, turnover intentions, and psychological distress. However, self-esteem, person–
organization fit, and perceived organizational support mediated these effects.
Additionally, they found that stronger womanist attitudes – which acknowledge the
unique challenges faced by women of color in a sexist and racist society – weakened the
association of workplace discrimination with psychological distress.

AUSB Writing Center (Last updated 5/26/2020)


Repeated Citations Necessary to Clarify Sources (APA, 2020, p. 271)
Here the authors have provided citations to representative sources for each new idea in the
text. It is necessary to repeat citations here because different combinations of works support
different ideas.
Common knowledge (here, the idea that working with children can be both rewarding
and challenging) does not require a citation.

• Play therapy has been shown to have great benefits for children with autism (Bromfield,
1989; Josefi & Ryan, 2004). Working with young children can be rewarding but can also
present some challenges. Play therapists can experience many symptoms of impaired
wellness, including emotional exhaustion or reduced ability to empathize with others
(Elwood et al., 2011; Figley, 2002), disruption in personal relationships (Elwood et al.,
2011; Robinson-Keilig, 2014), decreased satisfaction with work (Elwood et al., 2011),
avoidance of particular situations (Figley, 2002; O’Halloran & Linton, 2000), and feelings
of helplessness (Elwood et al., 2011; Figley, 2002; O’Halloran & Linton, 2000).

Repeated Narrative Citations with the year omitted (APA, 2020, p. 265)
The year can be omitted from a citation only when multiple narrative citations to a work appear
within a single paragraph. (The year is always included in parenthetical citations.)

• Koehler (2016) experimentally examined how journalistic coverage influences public


perception of the level of agreement among experts. Koehler provided participants with
quotations from real reviews for movies that critics either loved or loathed. He found
that participants better appreciated the level of expert consensus for highly rated
movies when only positive reviews were provided rather than when both positive and
negative reviews were provided, even when the proportion of positive to negative
reviews was indicated. These findings, in combination with similar research,
demonstrate that providing evidence for both sides when most experts agree may lead
to a false sense of balance (Koehler, 2016; Reginald, 2015).

Quotations that Contain Citations to Other Works (APA, 2020, p. 276)


Try to avoid quoting material that contains citations to other works if possible. Paraphrase
instead, or quote shorter phrases that leave out the part with the citation. Or if necessary:
• When quoting material that contains embedded in-text citations, include the in-text
citations that are inside the quote, but do not include those sources in the References.
• If citations appear at the end of material you want to quote, it is common practice to
end the quotation before the citations and to cite only the work you read.

Remember: You don’t have to choose between quoting and paraphrasing


You can use a combination in one sentence. You can directly quote several short phrases (that
are each, e.g., only 3 or 4 words long) and paraphrase around those.

Another great resource for FAQs about APA 7: The APA style blog https://apastyle.apa.org/blog

AUSB Writing Center (Last updated 5/26/2020)

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