International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-6S, March 2020

Analysis of Black Start of a Microgrid with PV,

DG, and BESS
Akhiya Sanal, Pruthiraj Swain, Ashoka Shyamaprasad


Abstract: Different combinations of operating scenarios for a Stabilizing the microgrid system by maintaining the voltage
microgrid with distributed energy resources and energy storage and frequency through an efficient control system is the main
system is considered to understand the operation of a microgrid. key factor that distinguishes microgrid from the distributed
An operational strategy analysis of a microgrid system consisting
network. Several papers have discussed various control
of photovoltaics, diesel generator, and battery energy storage
system during a black start in islanded mode is considered in this algorithms to maintain the bus voltage to stabilize the
paper. BESS under study consists of a bidirectional converter and microgrid system [3], [7]-[9].
a battery system. BESS is assumed to be active as a solution
provided in all the scenarios. The various capabilities of BESS in
a microgrid system is also discussed. Microgrid system provides
reliable power supply and hence black start capability for such a
system is essential in keeping intact the advantages of a microgrid.
Performing a black start requires a sequential process to be
followed to avoid fluctuations in bus voltage, frequency, and
protecting the fuses/ contactors from blowing. To black start the
system under study, the DC breaker connecting the battery and the
bidirectional converter needs to be closed. Closing the DC breaker
results in high inrush current from batteries at the DC output of
the bidirectional converter. A DC arrangement is envisaged in the Fig. 1.Renewable-based power generation capacity in
battery energy storage system to avoid arcing due to high inrush India [2]
current.
The blackout of the microgrid will have a huge impact on
the system as renewable energy goes unutilized and it affects
Keywords: Battery Energy Storage System, Black Start, Diesel
Generator, Environmental Impact, Microgrid, Photovoltaic, the loads. Restoring the system helps to reduce the
Reliability, Renewables. interruption time and economic loss [10] [11]. The process of
restoring the electric power or distributed system to operate
I. INTRODUCTION without relying on the external electric power system is
called the black start (BS) of microgrid [12]. Performing
With the progression of the economy, energy demand has
black start helps in restoring the system back online to the
increased considerably. Renewable energy such as wind,
photovoltaics (PV), hydroelectric, biomass, etc. forming normal stable operating condition [13] [14]. It also helps in
Distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage maximizing the system reliability and reduces the
systems (ESS) such as batteries, flywheels, pumped hydro, environmental impact. The system must be capable of black
supercapacitor, etc. have seen a widespread distribution [1] start, i.e., the system should have enough startup power
[2]. Fig. 1 shows how renewable energy sources are playing a capacity. Carrying out black start without enough power
crucial role in India at present. Distributed generation has capability leads to fluctuations in bus voltage and frequency
received widespread attention and Microgrid (MG) emerged [13], [15]-[18].
as a result. Different black start restoration sequence for microgrids
The microgrid system consists of low voltage distribution like series and parallel restoration based on the restoration
system with DERs together with an ESS and flexible loads. time and its comparison is discussed in [10], [18]-[20].
This system can be operated by either connected to the grid or Parallel restoration strategy has a complex design and it is
off-grid. Microgrids helps in secure and reliable access to difficult to connect the subsystem to the microgrid as there
power [3] [4]. During a contingency, microgrid disconnects will be high impulse current when the subsystem is
itself from the main grid and operates in an islanded mode connected. But the available method helps in fast restoration
with uninterrupted supply to load using its DERs [5] [6]. of the system [21]-[23]. The serial restoration process has a
simple hardware and software design which takes more time
for restoration [24] [25].
Revised Manuscript Received on March 5, 2020. The general content flow of the document is arranged as
* Correspondence Author
Akhiya Sanal*, R&D Associate Engineer, Power Grids-Grid follows. Section 2 explains the system review where the
Automation, ABB India Limited, Bengaluru, India. Email: microgrid system under study is discussed. Section 3 presents
[email protected] the various operating scenarios of the system. Section 4
Pruthiraj Swain, R&D Engineer, Power Grids-Grid Automation, ABB
India Limited, Bengaluru, India. Email: [email protected]
discusses the black start strategy and section 5 is the
Ashoka Shyamaprasad, Technical Product Manager, Power Grids-Grid conclusion with the main
Automation, ABB India Limited, Bengaluru, India. Email: takeaway points.
[email protected]

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 Analysis of Black Start of a Microgrid with PV, DG, and BESS

II. SYSTEM REVIEW an outage event.

The system under study consists of Photovoltaic (PV)
system, Grid, diesel generator (DG), and battery-based
energy storage system (BESS). The typical arrangement of a
Microgrid system is represented as follows in Fig. 2. The
BESS is connected to the AC bus via a transformer which
steps down/ step up the grid voltage to the required voltage of
the bi-directional converter system (BDC) [20]. The BDC
system allows to store or access energy when it is needed in
the battery system. BDC system usually has the capability of
load leveling, grid stabilizing, grid loss detection, power
quality improvement, and grid compliance for renewable and
generation systems. Fig. 4. MG application- Spinning reserve [27]
C. STATCOM (Static reactive power compensation)

Fig. 5. MG application- STATCOM [27]

It provides dynamic voltage support to the microgrid
system. STATCOM application as per Fig. 5 in a BESS
system helps in suppressing the voltage fluctuations by the
exchange of active and reactive power [29] [30].
D. Seamless transition between islanded and
Fig. 2.Typical arrangement of Microgrid System grid-connected states
BESS system has the following capabilities – Seamless transition between grid connected and off-grid
A. Frequency/ Voltage Stabilizing connection without loss of power to the microgrid loads is
Frequency/ Voltage stabilizing is maintaining a steady possible as shown in Fig. 6. This application helps in
frequency and voltage to keep the microgrid balanced and supporting weak grids and improves the reliability of the
operational as shown in Fig. 3 and to protect sensitive loads overall system [31].
[26]. Recurrent power generation from DERs, along with
variable loads cause fluctuations from the nominal frequency
in the grid. BESS system can maintain the stability of the
system [27].

Fig. 6. MG application- Seamless transition [27]

E. Standalone operation
It allows the microgrid to operate as a standalone grid. The
system can operate and maintain stability in the absence of
the grid. BESS system can generate the system voltage and
Fig. 3. MG application- Frequency/ Voltage Stabilizing [27] frequency [32]. Fig. 7 shows an example of the application.
B. Spinning reserve
It is the excess generation capacity available to respond to
sudden load changes [28]. In order to provide the most
important contingency reserve, the BESS system is
maintained at a charge level, as shown in Fig.4, to respond to

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-6S, March 2020

Fig. 7. MG application- Standalone operation [27] Fig. 10. MG application- Load/ generation Shifting [27]
F. Smoothing Thus, by installing a BESS in a microgrid will maximize
This operation indicates the management of fluctuations of the system reliability, provides uninterrupted power supply,
renewable energy sources or sudden load changes by reduces the effect on the environment by maximizing the
smoothing the power to a defined rate as shown in Fig. 8. renewable energy penetration, resulting in fuel and
BESS system corrects the output to control the voltage associated cost savings, and hence fuel independence.
fluctuations and power swings on the grid [33].
III. OPERATING SCENARIOS
To analyze the system, different operating scenarios listed
in Table. I. are considered.
Table- I: Various Operating Scenarios
Scenario Grid DG PV BESS
1    
2    
3    
4    
5    
6    
7    
Fig. 8. MG application- Solar/Wind Smoothing [27] 8    
 Active  Inactive
G. Peak Shaving
A. Scenario 1 – Grid, DG, PV and BESS active
This application helps in managing the peak load using
storage or dispatchable generators. It helps in reducing the
consumption during peak demand by storing the excess
energy as shown in Fig. 9 & thus saving cost during
maximum demand on utility [34] [35].

Fig. 9. MG application- Peak Shaving [27]

H. Load/ generation Shifting Fig. 11. Load can be fed by the grid, DG, PV, and BESS
Load and generation capacity-shifting application helps to This scenario is referred to as the reference scenario where
achieve long-term energy consumption goals. Power is stored all the sources i.e. grid, DG, PV, and BESS are active. The
during excess generation and utilizes when load demand microgrid system starts in grid-connected mode. The BESS
exceeds generation as shown in Fig. 10 [35] [36]. system would run in parallel with the grid and remain in idle
mode. The grid determines the voltage and frequency
reference for the PV system.

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 Analysis of Black Start of a Microgrid with PV, DG, and BESS

The grid and the PV system supply the loads. BESS the voltage and frequency reference for the PV inverter. PV
provides reactive power to keep the voltage within the inverter shares the load with the BESS system. If the battery
defined boundaries whenever the voltage falls. Similarly, SoC reaches the minimum SoC set limit (SoCMIN), then the
BESS consumes the reactive energy to control the voltage for output power is maintained at 0kW and PV output is
overvoltage circumstances. When the PV generation is regulated to supply load. Fig. 13 shows the system where the
higher than the demand, the batteries in the BESS system is load is fed only by PV and BESS as discussed in scenario 3.
charged up to a specified maximum State of Charge (SoC)
D. Scenario 4 – PV inactive in islanded mode
limit. Fig. 11 shows the arrangement and the flow of power
from the sources.
B. Scenario 2 – Islanded mode

Fig. 14. Load can be fed by DG and BESS

In this scenario, PV system is assumed to be inactive &
the mode of operation of Microgrid system is in Islanded
Fig. 12. Load can be fed by DG, PV, and BESS mode, as shown in Fig. 14. The load is fed by BESS system
The microgrid system sets to ooperate in the islanded up to the minimum set limit of SoC. After SoC < SoCMIN,
mode as shown in Fig. 12. To start the system, PV inverter loads are fed by DG. The battery will be charged by DG to the
requires voltage and frequency reference. BESS system will minimum specified SoC rate (SoCMIN). DG output is
be online in virtual generator mode (VGM) and controls the restricted to the load demand during the operating scheme.
voltage and frequency. The PV system shares the load with This case can be treated as scenario 2 once the PV system
BESS and DG, with the battery charging/ discharging as the comes online.
PV output power fluctuates. In case of excess power
E. Scenario 5 – DG inactive in grid-connected mode
requirement, BESS system discharges to meet the load up to
the specified minimum limit of SoC (SoCMIN). The output of
the DG is limited to load demand.
C. Scenario 3 – DG inactive in islanded mode

Fig. 15. Load can be fed by Grid, PV and BESS

DGs are assumed to be inactive in this scenario. Grid
forms the voltage & frequency references for the PV system.
The load can be met by the grid, PV and BESS. The excess
Fig. 13. Load can be fed by PV and BESS generation is used to charge
In this scenario, DG is assumed to be in the inactive mode the battery system up to the
and the microgrid system is set out to be in islanded mode of maximum set SoC level. In
operation. BESS system operates in VGM mode and dictates this scenario, DGs are

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-6S, March 2020

presumed to be inactive. Grid forms the PV system's voltage H. Scenario 8 – DG and PV inactive in islanded mode
and frequency reference. The grid, PV and BESS can meet This is the worst-case scenario where DG and PV are
the load. The surplus generation is used up to the maximum inactive, and the operation mode of microgrid system is in
specified SoC point for charging the battery system. Fig. 15 islanded mode, as shown in Fig. 18. The BESS system meets
shows the flow of power during scenario 5. the entire load up to SoCMIN. On reaching the minimum set
F. Scenario 6 – DG and PV inactive in grid-connected point of SoC, the system will shut down and blackout occurs.
mode The DC circuit breaker between the battery system and the
BDC system opens to avoid a further reduction in SoC level
Fig. 16 shows the scenario where DG and PV are inactive
due to the feeding of residual loads. During daytime when PV
and the microgrid system is grid connected. The load is met
becomes active, the operating scenario shifts to scenario 3.
from the grid and BESS. BESS system is getting charged
from the surplus power availability from the grid. During the
daytime, the conditions are the same as scenario 5 as PV
becomes active.

Fig. 18. Load can only be fed by BESS

IV. BLACK START

In the case of scenario 8, the microgrid system can be
Fig. 16. Load can be fed by Grid and BESS
G. Scenario 7 – PV inactive in grid-connected mode operated only when PV comes online as the battery has
reached the minimum set SoC level (SoCMIN). During
This scenario occurs during night time when PV is daytime, in order to start the microgrid system, PV inverter
inactive. The load can be fed by the grid, DG, and BESS as
requires voltage and frequency reference, since it is islanded
shown in Fig. 17. The BESS system can discharge up to
mode of operation. For the baseline generation, BESS needs
SoCMIN to feed the load when in demand. This scenario can
be a reference scenario (scenario 1) during the daytime. to operate in VGM mode. The DC circuit breaker present
between the BDC and battery should be closed to bring the
system online. When initially connecting a battery to the
BDC, there will be chances of high inrush current as the
capacitor at the DC output of BDC will charge up to the
battery voltage rapidly (capacitor acts as short circuit
initially).
A DC arrangement consisting of resistors can be installed
in parallel with the DC breaker (as shown in Fig. 19) to
suppress the charging current without limiting the operating
current. This resistor arrangement slowly charges the
capacitor before closing the contactor. Without this resistor,
closing the contactor would generate a large amount of inrush
current resulting in arc-flash at the contacts. It also helps to
start the system with low SoC. Once the BDC DC output
reaches the battery voltage, the DC breaker can be safely
closed. By this arrangement, most of the BESS system is
capable to black start the overall system once the DC breaker
is closed. The system can be turned ON and operates in VGM
Fig. 17. Load can be fed by Grid, DG and BESS mode to establish voltage and frequency reference for the PV
inverter.

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 Analysis of Black Start of a Microgrid with PV, DG, and BESS

Fig. 19. The sequence of operation of theFigure 20. Frequency,

microgrid voltage
system during and power
black start waveforms of
various sources and loads [10]
A. Sequence of Operation
BESS with its black start capability helps in system
Before performing black start, the following pre-requisites restoration, maximizes the system reliability, reduces
need to be ensured – environmental impact and provides grid services. By
1. No critical alarms are existing in the system, restoring the system, interruption time and economic losses
2. Faults are cleared in the system, can be improved, and renewable energy can be utilized to the
3. AC circuit breaker between the BESS system and grid is maximum [10] [24] [37] [38].
closed, and
Table- II: Comparison between BESS with BS And
4. Battery SoC > Critical low charge level (SoCMIN).
BESS without BS feature
If the AC circuit breaker is open, the close-up sequence Application BESS without BS BESS with BS
automatically closes it before starting the BDC.
Fig. 19 shows the sequence of operation of the BESS Restoration time High Low
system during black start. Reliability Medium High
The following are the sequence of black start operation of a
Network Stability Low High
microgrid system –
1. DC breaker present between the BDC and battery should Renewable penetration Medium High
be closed to connect the battery system to the BDC. The DC Environmental Impact High Low
capacitor is charged up to battery voltage via resistor
arrangement before closing the DC breaker as shown in Fig. System Complexity Low High
19. Ease of O&M (1)
High Low
2. During day time when PV becomes active, the battery (1)(2)
Carbon footprint High Low
system starts getting charged.
3. Once the battery reaches a safe operating SoC limit, PV (1) If DG is used in the absence of grid
(2) Space constraints for DG installation
and BESS system can together feed the load.
A similar sequence of operation is implemented in [10] and
V. CONCLUSION
the results obtained are shown in Fig. 20. which indicates that
the system becomes stable. Upu(p.u.) and f(p.u.) are the In this paper, different operating scenarios of a microgrid
system voltage and system frequency respectively in per unit, system with PV, DG, and BESS in grid-connected and
P(kW) and Q(kVAr) are the active and reactive power islanded mode is analyzed qualitatively. The worst-case
scenario i.e. when PV, DG, and grid are inactive is
respectively).
considered where BESS is the primary source of energy. The
operational strategy has been discussed and it is found that
during this condition, the BESS system becomes inactive
when the battery reaches minimum operating SoC level and
the DC breaker between the BDC and battery system opens to
prevent deep discharge of the battery system. To black start
the system when PV becomes active (during day-time), a DC
arrangement is connected across the breaker to avoid the
inrush current and the DC breaker can be closed safely
without any risk associated. BESS system operates in VGM
and establishes voltage and frequency reference to start the
PV inverter. Hence, the
system becomes stable and
can start feeding the load.

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-6S, March 2020

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 Analysis of Black Start of a Microgrid with PV, DG, and BESS

Pruthiraj Swain received his Master’s degree

in Power & Energy Systems from National
Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India. He
has joined ABB India in 2017 as R&D Engineer
in Microgrid and Distributed Generation
focusing on the safety design aspects of Battery
Energy Storage Systems and their optimal
applications. From 2015 to 2017, he was with
UK based Intelligent Energy focusing on the
Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Li-ion battery
application for telecom and UAV sector. His research interests include
application engineering of renewable energy and distributed generation,
different energy storage technologies, its safety and reliability evaluation and
optimization

Ashoka Shyama Prasad received his Master’s

degree in Software Systems from BITS, Pilani
and is a Bachelor degree holder from National
Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India. He is
working with ABB India and has close to 30
years of industry experience in Substation
Automation especially in engineering,
development of products in latest state of the art
technology for protection and control of power
system equipment. This also includes study of
energy storage technologies in Microgrid and distributed generation. His
research interests include application engineering in power system
protection, different energy storage technologies, its safety and reliability
evaluation and optimization.

Retrieval Number: F10010386S20/2020©BEIESP Published By:

DOI:10.35940/ijrte.F1001.0386S20 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
8 & Sciences Publication