ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Thymus, hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads, liver

and other organs.

- Related to the Nervous System (Production of HORMONE
hormones are controlled and stimulated by the NS)
- Made up of tissues and organs called endocrine - Specialized chemical produced and secreted by an
glands
endocrine gland
- Hormones maintains homeostasis
- The GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM is used as the - They enter the capillaries and circulate in the blood.
cell by the nervous system and endocrine system - They travel either in the bloodstream or in fluids
around cells, but are effective only in specialized
TERMS: target cells.
Embryonic Development- Development of embryo - Target cells respond to particular hormones because
Gland- A group of substance secreting hormones of the presence of receptors for these hormones (often
Follicle- Small sac or vesicles in the ovaries on the cell membrane).
Gonads- Testes and ovaries
Target cells/organs- Cells/organ on which a hormone Hormones are...
exerts its specific effects
a. Secreted for a short period of time
Means of Control (MOC)– stimulus/trigger for secretion
Ex: Adrenalin (epinephrine) — emergency cases

FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM b. Secreted for a long period of time

Ex: hormones from the ovaries — secreted over
1. Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating extended period of time to stimulate/regulate
activities menstrual cycle.
a. Controls chemical and water balance (e.g.
Antidiuretic hormone) CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONE
b. Controls growth and metabolism (chemical
1. Protein (peptide) hormone
reactions that breakdowns/build ups substances)
- Acts on the cell membrane
c. Controls embryonic development and preparation
- Ex: insulin, vasopressin, growth hormone,
in nurturing new born (prolactin)
adrenocorticotropic hormone
d. Influences sexual behavior
e. Stimulates the growth of the gonads
2. Amide (Amino Acid derivative)
f. Feedback of the nervous system
- Acts on the cell membrane
2. Its secretion act together with the nervous
- Ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine
system
a. To help the body react to stress properly 3. Steroids
b. Nervous system sends message to the endocrine - Acts intracellularly to modify protein synthesis
glands to release hormone and does it function to - Penetrates the target cell’s membrane and
specific target areas interact directly with the genes in the nucleus to
alter metabolism
3. Major regulator of growth and development - Ex: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
including sexual development and reproduction.

COMPOSITION ENDOCRINE GLANDS

1. Endocrine Glands
A. PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
- Major glands in the body
- Secrete products into interstitial fluid surrounding - A.k.a. “Master Endocrine Glands” because it controls
secretory cell several glands in the body (except adrenal glands)
- Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal gland - Located below hypothalamus and protected by the
and adrenal glands sphenoid bone
2. Endocrine Organs - Specifically located in the sella turcica of the
- Hormone secreting cells sphenoid bone
- Contains cells that secrete hormones - Grape-size or pea-size
- Under the control of hypothalamus
2. PROLACTIN
THE TWO LOBES OF PITUITARY GLAND:
- Protein hormone
Anterior Pituitary Gland and Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Promote breast development during pregnanc
a. Anterior Pituitary Gland - Secreted at the end of pregnancy and acts on the
(adenohypophysis) mammary gland
- Secrete hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily MOC: Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRLH)/
activities from growth to reproduction Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF)/ Prolactin Release
- Hormones under this gland are... Inhibiting Factor (PRIF)
Target Area: Mammary glands
1. GROWTH HORMONE(GH)/ SOMATOTROPIN
/ SOMATOTROPIC HORMONE (STH) 3. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
- Stimulates the growth of the bone and in the (ACTH)
muscles - Regulates the endocrine activity such as hormone
- Increases the use of fats for energy, by increasing production of the cortex portion of the adrenal
its removal from adipose tissue gland
Muscles- stimulates the uptake of amino acids by the - Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
cells and the synthesis of protein MOC: Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Bones- stimulates cell division (mitosis) and protein Target Area: Adrenal Cortex
synthesis, which results in the increase of the length and
width
4. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)/
Means of Control (MOC): Growth Hormone THYROTROPHIC HORMONE (TH)
Releasing Hormone (GHRH) & Growth Hormone - Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid
Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) hormones
Target Area: Many Organs and Tissues - Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Facts on Growth Hormone: MOC: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Target Area: Thyroid Gland
a) The more growth hormone produced during the
growth phase, the taller the healthier the person will 5. GONADOTROPIC HORMONE
be. Growth phase compasses infancy, childhood and - Regulates hormonal activity of the gonads
teenage years. Growth stops at 18 years old for - Influences the growth and development such as the
females and 21 years old for males. production of sperm cell and egg cell

b) Secretion of growth hormones is at its highest peak MOC: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
during sleep and during strenuous exercises. Target Area: Ovaries and Testes

A. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

c) Hyposecretion occurring during the growth phase of
- As the follicle mature, they produce estrogen and
a child would result to stunted growth and not
eggs are prepared for ovulation
dwarfism. Adult height of a person with dwarfism is
In Females:
4 ft. 10 in. (Hyposecretion: production of a bodily
- stimulates follicle development in the ovaries,
secretion at an abnormally slow rate)
initiates development of eggs cells in ovarian
follicles
d) Hypersecretion results in gigantism
In Males:
(Hypersecretion: Secretion at a rapid rate)
- Stimulates sperm development by the testes
- Acts on the sertoli cells of the testes to promote
e) If the pituitary begins producing excess hormones
sperm production
after growth is completed, it results to acromegaly
Sertoli cells: cells found in the seminiferous
(release of hormone after growth phase)
tubules of the testis which nourish spermatids
- Thickening of jaw, nose hands
- Enlargement of bone in the feet, ribs of adults
 B. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 2. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)/
In Females: VASOPRESSIN
- Triggers ovulation of an egg from female’s ovary, - 2nd hormone release made from the hypothalamus
causing ruptured follicle to become corpus - a peptide that helps regulate fluid-balance →
luteum maintains water balance →kidneys (on distal renal
- Stimulates corpus luteum to produce tubules to increase the water reabsorption)
progesterone and some estrogen - As a result of water reabsorption, urinary output
Corpus luteum: Yellow mass of tissue that forms decreases and blood volume increases, which helps
in the part of ovaries after ovulation maintain blood pressure
- Essential for pubertal development and function
of the ovaries MOC: Decreased water within the body
- Stimulate growth of the ovarian follicles in the Target Area: Kidneys
ovary before release of egg at ovulation and
promotes oestradiol production
Oestradiol: acts to mature and maintain female Effects of the Following to Antidiuretic Hormone
reproductive system, promotes development of a) Haemorrhage (Bleeding)
breast tissue - ADH secretion increases to maintain the body’s
fluid balance
In Males: b) Strenuous Exercise, Nicotine, Drugs, Barbiturates
- Male’s LH is referred to as Interstitial Cell - Increases the secretion of ADH which results to
Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) the rise of blood pressure and inhibition on the
- Stimulates the testosterone production in the urine
interstitial cell on the testes c) Alcohol or beer
- Inhibits the ADH which results in urine secretion
Facts on Gonadotropic Hormone:
B. THYROID GLAND
a. Hyposecretion of FSH and LH leads to sterility in - Located in the neck anterior to trachea
both males and females. - Consists of 2 lobes: Right and Left Lobe
Sterility: Inability to conceive or become pregnant - ISTHMUS – bridge that connects the 2 lobes
b. Hypersecretion does not appear to cause any - Hormones under this gland are...
problem.
1. THYROID HORMONE
- Secreted by the prevalent cells called follicular cells
b. Posterior Pituitary Gland - Body’s major metabolic hormone
(Neurohypophysis) - Increases the synthesis of protein within cells
- Not an endocrine gland because it does not make - Regulates cellular metabolic activity
the peptide hormone it releases  Regulates metabolism by speeding cellular
- Acts as storage area by the hypothalamus respiration of carbohydrates, fats and excess
- Hormones under this gland are... amino acids to produce ATP and heat
- Essential for physical and mental growth
1. OXYTOCIN - The mineral necessary for secretion of T4 and T4 is
- Stimulates uterine contraction (contraction of the iodine and amino acid tyrosine
smooth muscle or myometrium) during child birth
MOC: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from
for the delivery of the baby and the placenta
anterior pituitary gland
- Stimulates mammary gland contraction, which
Target Area: Many Organs and Tissues
causes secretion of milk

MOC: Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus during A. Thyroxine (T4)

labor or when nursing a baby - Contains 4 atoms of iodine which is necessary
Target Area: Uterus and Mammary Glands for the synthesis of this hormone
- Major hormone secreted by the thyroid follicles
 B. Triiodothyronine (T3) 1. PARATHYROID HORMONE/
- Contains 3 atoms of iodine PARATHORMONE (PTH)
- Produced from the conversion of T4 to T3 - Regulates the concentration of calcium and
phosphate in the blood.
Actions of Thyroid Hormone  Phosphate – build and repair bones and teeth
 Help the nerve function by making the muscle
a) Increases the energy rate from carbohydrates contract
b) Increases the rate of protein synthesis  85% of phosphorus can be found on bones
c) Stimulates the activity of nervous system - Stimulates kidneys to active vitamin D
d) T3 and T4 have the same action, but T3 is five times - Secretion is inhibited by hypocalcemia (a
more potent than T4 even though they have the same condition in which there are lower-than-average
function levels of calcium)

2. CALCITONIN (CT) / THYROCALCITONIN MOC: Hypocalcemia

Target Area: Bones, Kidneys and Small Intestine
- Polypeptide hormone produced by parafollicular
cells Improper Balance of Calcium And Phosphate
- Lowers calcium and phosphate concentration in the May Result To...
blood (Decreases reabsorption of calcium and a. Faulty transmission of nerve impulses to the brain
phosphate from bones) b. Destruction of bone tissue
- When the calcium concentration increases, so as the c. Delayed bone growth
calcitonin d. Tetany -uncontrollable muscle spasm
- Secretion stops at elderly: Bones undergo
decalcification which causes them to become prone
to fractures D. ADRENAL GLAND
- Found on top of each kidney
MOC: Hypercalcemia - Consists of 2 zones: Adrenal medulla and Adrenal
Target Area: Bones, Kidneys and other cells cortex

Hypercalcemia: a condition in which the calcium level 1. ADRENAL MEDULLA

in your blood is above normal, because of overactive - Central region; produce catecholamines which are
parathyroid glands adrenalin and noradrenalin
- These two hormones are instrumental in fight or
flight responses; secreted in all kinds of stress
CONDITIONS RELATED TO
THE THYROID GLAND A. Adrenalin (Epinephrine)
- 80% of the output of adrenal medulla in human
1. Hyperthyroidism- Over activity of thyroid gland - Synthesize from noradrenalin
which usually produce a goiter
2. Goiter- Enlargement of thyroid gland; diet is Functions (Similar to the sympathetic functions of ANS):
deficient in iodine (Iodine deficiency) a. Increases heart rate
b. Vasodilation on blood vessels in skeletal muscles
3. Cretinism- Mental retardation and irregular
c. Vasoconstriction on blood vessels in skin and
development of bones and muscles (Due to the viscera
thyroid being underactive during prenatal or infancy) d. Decreases peristalsis in intestines
e. Dilation of bronchioles
f. Stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose
C. PARATHYROID GLAND g. Increase use of Fats for Energy
- Body’s smallest endocrine gland
- Posterior of the thyroid bones MOC: Sympathetic impulses from hypothalamus and
- Has 2 glands in each lobe stressful conditions
- Hormones under this gland are... Target Area: Many organs and tissues
 B. Noradrenalin (Norepinephrine)
- Principal transmitter of sympathetic nerve E. PINEAL GLAND (PINEAL BODY)
ending, supplying major organs and skin - A.k.a. Epiphysis Cerebri
- Causes vasoconstriction throughout the body - Pea-size body located at the roof of the diencephalon,
which increases blood pressure deep within the cerebral hemisphere of the brain,
posterior to the 3rd ventricle of the brain.
MOC: Sympathetic impulses from hypothalamus and - Pineal gland and the eyes work with the biological
stressful conditions clock of the hypothalamus
Target Area: Blood Vessels - Produces melatonin

MELATONIN
Functions of Adrenalin and Noradrenalin - Hormone that affects the sleep/wake cycle or the
a. Increases heart rate modulation of wake and sleep pattern
b. Force cardiac muscle contraction - Under the control of post ganglion sympathetic
c. Increase breathing rate fibers
d. Increase blood glucose level - Secretion is influenced by the amount of light that
e. Decrease digestive activity enters the eye, where retina signals the
2. ADRENAL CORTEX hypothalamus
- Surrounds the adrenal medulla - Secretion is greater during darkness or in the mid to
- Produces 3 types of steroids (hormones) late evening. Secretion drops in the early morning.
- Recent studies report that the retina in the eyes
produces melatonin
A. Glucocorticoids - Melatonin stimulates the onset of sleep and increase
- Affects the glucose metabolism its duration
- Maintains blood glucose level in blood, in - Helps in the development of sex organs before
response to injury, stress or serious infections puberty
- Has anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents
excessive tissue destruction MOC: Absence of Light
- Human Glucocorticoid: Cortisol Target Area: Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in the brain,
Sex organs, Kidneys, and Pancreas
MOC: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) from
anterior pituitary gland (in situations of physiological
stress)
Target Area: Many Organs and Tissues
ENDOCRINE ORGANS
B. Mineralocorticoids - Hormone secreting cells
- Regulates the ionic concentration of blood and
tissue fluid A. HYPOTHALAMUS
- Maintains normal blood level/ blood volume/ - Major endocrine gland
blood pressure - Transmit impulses to pituitary gland to release
- Promotes electrolyte or mineral salt balance hormones
- Regulates the concentration of potassium and - Integrating link between nervous system and
sodium in the body endocrine system
- Major mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone - Secrete hormones that control other endocrine
glands (Inhibiting and releasing hormone)
MOC: Low blood levels of Sodium ions/ High blood - Activity changes from the hypothalamus can be
levels of potassium ions/ Low blood pressure due to painful, stressful, and emotional events/
Target Area: Kidneys experiences

C. Sex Steroids (Gonadocorticoid) FUNCTION:

- Identical to the hormones produced by the ovaries
and testes 1. Produce hormone which are send to pituitary
- The sex steroids include the androgens, gland for release—Antidiuretics and oxytocin
estrogens, and progestogens 2. Produces a releasing factor which trigger the
release of hormone made in the pituitary gland
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES:
Islets of Langerhans — Small Island of endocrine cells
A. Inhibiting Hormones scattered throughout; Specialized tissue of pancreas
1. Somatostatin
- Inhibits the secretion of both insulin and 3 KINDS OF ISLETS OF LANGERHAN CELLS
glucagon, also the gonadotropic hormone from
anterior pituitary gland 1. Alpha Cells- produces glucagon
Glucagon
2. Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) - Main catabolic hormone of the body
(Catabolism- breaking down of complex
B. Releasing Hormone molecules)
1. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) - Polypeptide hormone that regulate blood glucose
- Stimulates the release of thyroprotein and
- Stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the
prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland
liver cells
2. Growth Releasing Hormone (GHRH) - Triggers a release of stored glucose from the liver
- Stimulates the secretion of growth by MOC: Low Blood Glucose levels
somatotropic cells of anterior pituitary gland Target Area: Liver

Glycogenolysis
B. THYMUS - Process that helps maintain proper glucose levels
- Lymphoid organ located behind the sternum in the blood between meals; breakdown of the
- Processing of T cells (T lymphocyte; WBC), which molecule glycogen into glucose
are responsible for cellular immunity
- Processing of B cells (B lymphocyte), which are 2. Beta Cells- produces insulin (protein hormone)
responsible for humoral immunity Insulin
- Thymus recognizes infected human cells and cancer - Main anabolic hormone of the body
cells and attacks these cells, then kills these cells
(Anabolism – creating complex molecules)
(continue to search for more infected and cancer cells)
- Hormone produced: Thymosin - Protein hormone released within minutes
after glucose levels in the blood begin to rise
THYMOSIN - Controls the rise of blood glucose (regulate
- Superior to the mediastinum, anterior to the aorta, blood glucose)
posterior to the manubrium of the sternum - Allows the cells to absorb glucose from the
- Stimulates the T lymphocyte’s activity blood
- Store excess glucose for energy

C. PANCREAS MOC: High Blood Glucose levels

Target Area: Liver, Muscle, and Adipose tissue
- Abdominal cavity with its head lying in the curve of
the duodenum and its tail stretches to the left kidney 3. Delta Cells- produces somatostatin, which inhibits
- Maintains the body's blood glucose (sugar) balance glucagon and insulin (Liver breaks the insulin after)

Glucose — Released from the liver and other storage sites D. GONADS
in the body (Normal: 70-110 mg/100 ml)
- Ovaries and Testes
Gluconeogenesis- Process by which the glucose is - Secrets hormones that help regulate reproductive
synthesize; Takes place at the liver functions

- When glycogen stores are depleted and glucose is Adrenal androgens:

required by the body, the liver initiates the - Hormones that promote the growth of axillary
production of glucose from amino acids, lactate, (underarm) and pubic hair in both males and
and glycerol in a process called gluconeogenesis females.
- Maintains sex drive
Acini – tiny clumps of cells that make up the bulk of - Triggers beginning of puberty
pancreas; produce the digestive enzymes and sodium
bicarbonate, which are essential for digestion
A. MALE SEX HORMONES BY TESTES - Increases growth of blood vessels and the storage
1. Testosterone of glycogen in the endometrium of the uterus
- Most important cells in male; Promotes - For development of secretory cells in mammary
formation of the male secondary characteristics glands
- Produced by the interstitial cells of the testes - Aids in the formation of placenta during
- Acts with LH and FSH to produce or stimulates pregnancy
sperm production
- Promotes the development and maintenance of MOC: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the Anterior
sexual behavior pituitary gland
- Stimulates growth of facial and pubic hair Target Area: Uterus and Mammary glands
- Involved in the enlargement of larynx (voice to
deepen) 4. Relaxin
- Stops growth height by promoting closure of - Produced in small quantity during childbirth
epiphyseal discs from long bones - Relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis, Softens and
widens the cervix at the time of delivery for the
MOC: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from Anterior baby to pass easily
Pituitary Gland MOC: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the Anterior
Target Area: Testes, bones and muscles pituitary gland
Target Area: Uterus
2. Inhibin
- Decrease the secretion of FSH which helps 5. Inhibin
maintain spermatogenesis at a constant rate - Decrease the secretion of FSH which helps
- Secreted by sertoli cells maintain spermatogenesis at a constant rate
Secreted by sertoli cells
MOC: Increased testosterone Target Area: Anterior pituitary gland and
Target Area: Anterior pituitary gland and Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
E. KIDNEYS

B. FEMALE SEX HORMONES BY OVARIES - Primary organ for the secretion of water
1. Testosterone - Produce hormones and substance
- Produced in small amounts
- Bone strength and development of limb muscle 1. ERYTHROPOIETIN
mass
- Found in the blood of normal woman. - Kidney hormone that stimulates the production
of RBC from bone marrow.
- Responsible for the female’s sensitivity
- Produce electrolytes (RBC)
through nipples and clitoris associated for
sexual response 2. PROSTAGLANDINS
2. Estrogen (Estrin, Estrone, Estradiol)
- Primary female sex hormones - A substance that resembles a hormone (They do
- Regulates menstrual cycle (Menarche: First not circulate in the blood);
ovulation or menstrual cycle) - It is an autocrine, which is a locally acting
- Responsible for development of female messenger molecule
secondary characteristics - Exert their effect locally where they are produced
- Formation of mammary glands (breast), pubic - Controls the smooth muscle during contraction,
hair; broadening of hips blood pressure inflammation and body
- Stops growth height by promoting closure of temperature
epiphyseal discs from long bones
Prostaglandins work with other hormones to:
MOC: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from the a. Lower blood pressure
Anterior pituitary gland b. Regulate digestive secretion
Target Area: Uterus and Mammary glands c. Inhibit progesterone secretion by corpus
luteum
3. Progesterone (Progestins) d. Reduce infection by stimulating
- Regulates menstrual cycle microorganisms
e. Regulate blood clotting
 f. Cause contraction muscle in uterus 4. VILLIKININ
g. Dilate air passages to the lungs - Stimulates the contraction of intestinal villi
5. MOTILIN
Prostaglandin Drugs- Used for inducing labor; treats - Stimulates intestinal motility
asthma, arthritis, ulcer and hypertension 6. BOMBESIN
- Stimulates acid secretion and inhibits stomach
motility.
3. MEDULLIPIN - Bombesin controls the spontaneous contraction
of digestive tract
- Hormone created by interstitial cells in the renal 7. GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE
papillae in the kidney 8. VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE
- Converted to medullipin II in the liver 9. SOMATOSTATIN- Acts on pancreas to suppress
- Results in vasodilation and decrease blood the secretion of glucagon and insulin
pressure
 The three (7,8,9) has a slight to moderate inhibitory
4. RENIN/ ANGIOTENSINOGINASE effect on gastric secretion
- An enzyme
- Released in the kidney that breakdowns protein
- Influences blood pressure volume and the intake H. PLACENTA
of salt and water - A source of nourishment for the developing fetus.
- Regulate BP and the body’s salt and water balance - It secretes estrogen, progesterone and human
chorionic gonadotrophin; which helps maintain
pregnancy.
F. HEART
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
- Considered as endocrine organ
- Target areas of the chorionic gonadotropin are the
- Atria contains secretory granules that produce, store
ovaries, mammary glands, and uterus.
and secrete atriopeptin (peptide hormone)
ATRIOPEPTIN
- Helps maintain proper balance of fluid and
electrolytes by increasing the output sodium urine BASIC OVERVIEW OF FEEDBACK
- Release the blood vessels directly; Lowers the
SYSTEM
blood pressure by blocking the hormone that
tends to increase the blood pressure
- Reduces the blood volume by stimulating the 1. Nervous systems monitor environment.
kidneys to filter more blood and release more 2. If aberrations are detected - nervous system sends
urine. message to endocrine glands
3. Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones
G. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (ORGANS) into blood
4. Hormones hit target organ
5. Target organ produces substance
1. GASTRIN 6. Substance is picked up by receptors and brain
- This is secreted by mucosa lining of the stomach stops sending message to endocrine glands
- Stimulates production of hydrochloric acid and
digestive enzymes
2. SECRETIN Hormones must bond to specific cell receptors (protein).
- Secreted by mucosa of duodenum Receptors are part of cell membrane/ cytoplasm/ nucleus
- Neutralizes stomach acid as it passes through the
duodenum
3. CHOLECYSTOKININ
- Secreted from the wall of the duodenum.
- It stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder,
which releases bile when food enters the
duodenum
- Stimulates the secretion of enzymes- rich
digestive juices from the pancreas