Mathematics

Quarter 1– Module 1A
Factoring Polynomials
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1 Factoring Polynomials
First Edition, 2020

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 8

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1A
Factoring Polynomials
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Mathematics 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Factoring
Polynomials!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Factoring Polynomials!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

ii
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check

What I Know what you already know about the lesson to take.
If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

What’s In
current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced

to you in various ways; a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice

to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.

This includes questions or blank

What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will help

What I Can Do you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to you

Additional Activities to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you factor polynomials completely using
different techniques. In all lessons, you are given the opportunity to use your prior
knowledge and skills in multiplying and dividing polynomials. Activities are also given
to process your knowledge and skills acquired, deepen and transfer your
understanding of the different lessons. The scope of this module enables you to use
it in many different learning situations. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains the following lessons:

Lesson 1: Factoring with common monomial factor
Lesson 2: Factoring difference of two squares
Lesson 3: Factoring the Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine patterns in factoring polynomials; and
2. factor polynomials completely and accurately using the greatest common
monomial factor (GCMF);
3. factor the difference of two squares; and
4. factor the sum and difference of two cubes.

1
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What is the Greatest Common Factor of 24 and 54?

A. 1
C. 3
B. 2
D. 6
2. What is the GCF of 20, 24, and 40?
A. 1
C. 8
B. 4
D. 20
3. What is the GCF of 𝑥2 and 𝑥9 ?

A. 𝑥 2 C. 𝑥11
B. 𝑥 7 D. 𝑥18
4. What is the GCF of 𝑥𝑦10,𝑥4𝑦6, 𝑥9𝑦9 , and 𝑥10𝑦10?
A. 𝑥𝑦
B. 𝑥𝑦6 C. 𝑥 4 𝑦 4
D. 𝑥 4 𝑦 6

5. What are the complete factors of the polynomial 7𝑥 − 7?

A. 7(𝑥 − 1) C. 7𝑥 – 1
B. 7(1 − 𝑥) D. 7(𝑥 − 7)
6. What are the complete factors of 2𝑥 6- 12𝑥4 ?

A. 2(𝑥 4- 6𝑥 4)
B. 2𝑥5(𝑥 − 6𝑥) C. 2𝑥4(𝑥2 − 6)
D. 𝑥6(2𝑥2 − 12)

7. Which of the following is a perfect square expression?

A. 3𝑥2 C. 9𝑥 3
B. 4𝑥 D. 16𝑥4

8. If one factor of the difference of two squares is x + 2, what is the other factor?

A. 𝑥 − 2 B. (𝑧 − 8)2
B. 𝑥 2 – 2

9. What is the complete factored form of 𝑧 2 − 1 6?

A. (𝑧 − 4)2
C. 𝑥2 – 22
D. (𝑥 − 2)2

C. (𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 4)
D. (𝑧 + 4) (𝑧 − 4)
10. What is the complete factored form of the expression 𝑦 4 − 49?

A. (𝑦2)2 − (72)2 C. (𝑦2 + 7)2

B. (𝑦2 − 7)2 D. (𝑦2 − 7) (𝑦2 + 7)

11. Which of the following polynomials has factors (𝑥𝑦 – 1)(𝑥𝑦 + 1)?

A. 𝑥2𝑦 − 1 C. 𝑥𝑦2 − 1
B. 𝑥2𝑦2 − 1 D. 𝑥2𝑦2 + 1

12. Which of the following expressions is a perfect cube?

A. 8𝑥 C. 64𝑥6
B. 27𝑥2 D. 125𝑥4

13. Which of the following is the complete factored form of the cubic polynomial 𝑥 3 − 8?

A. (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4) C. (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 4)
B. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4) D. (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4)

14. Factor completely: 27𝑥3 + 64𝑦3

A. (3𝑥)3 + (4𝑦)3
B. (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(9𝑥2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦2)
C. (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(3𝑥2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 2)
D. (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(3𝑥2 − 12𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2)

15. Your classmate was asked to square (2𝑥 – 3), he answered 4𝑥 2 − 9. Is his answer
correct?

A. Yes, because product rule is correctly applied.

B. Yes, because squaring a binomial always produces a binomial product.
C. No, because the answer must be 4𝑥 2 + 9.
D. No, because squaring a binomial always produces a trinomial product.
 Lesson
Factoring by Greatest
1 Common Monomial Factor
One of the factoring techniques that you are going to learn in this module is factoring
by greatest common monomial factor (GCMF). Concepts such as factors, factoring, and
prime factorization have been discussed and have been used in many instances in your
previous math classes. Let us try to reactivate what you previously learned by answering the
activity below.

What’s In
Recall that factor is a number or algebraic expression that divides another number or
expressions evenly, that is with no remainder.

Examples:
1. The factors of 4 are 1, 2, and 4 as these can divide 4 evenly.
2. The factors of 2𝑥 2 are 1, 2, 𝑥, 𝑥 2, 2𝑥, 2𝑥 2 as these can divide 2𝑥 2 evenly.

Activity: Pieces of My Life

Find the possible factors of the given number or expression below. Choose you
answers from the box and write it your answer sheet.

2 x a 10 z y

6 b 5 4 3

Number/Expression Factors
1. 8
2. 2x
3. 5ab
4. 12z
5. 20xy
 What’s New

Consider the rectangle below.

𝑳 = 𝒙 +𝟑

𝑾 =𝟐

The area of a rectangle is the product of the length and the width, or
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑊.

Questions:
1. What is the area of the rectangle?
2. Is the area of the rectangle a polynomial?
3. What is the relationship between the area of the rectangle and its sides?
4. What can you say about the width of the rectangle comparing it to the area?
5. What do you call the process of rewriting the polynomial as a product of
polynomial factors?

What is It
Suppose we will make use of the area of the rectangle in the previous section which is
2𝑥 + 6. Now, working backward, we have to find the length and the width of the rectangle.

Notice that 2𝑥 + 6 can be written as:

2∙𝑥+2∙3
Notice also that 2 is common to both terms. So, by rewriting it we have,

2𝑥 + 6 = 2 ∙ 𝑥 + 2 ∙ 3 = 2(𝑥 + 3)
Recall that by distributive property, 2(𝑥 + 3) will go back to its original form
2𝑥 + 6. Hence, Note!
When you factor, see to it the product of these factors is always the original expression or polyno
2(𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 + 6
 This means that, 2(𝑥 + 3) is the completely factored form of 2𝑥 + 6.
Based on the example above, you have noticed that the method of factoring used is
finding a number or expression that is common to all the terms in the original expression,
that is, 2 is a common factor to both 2𝑥 and 6. Since there is no other factor, other than 1,
which is common to all terms in the given expression, 2 is called the greatest common
monomial factor (GCMF).
To further illustrate the concept of GCMF, try to explore the following examples:
Example 1. Find the GCF of each pair of monomials.
a. 4𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑥 2 b. 15𝑦6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9𝑧

Solution:
a. 4𝑥3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑥2
Step 1. Factor each monomial.
4𝑥 3 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
8𝑥 2 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥

Step 2. Identify the common factors.

4𝑥 3 =
8𝑥 2 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
∙22 ∙ ∙2 𝑥 ∙𝑥

Step 3. Find the product of the common factors.

2 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 = 4𝑥2

Hence, 4𝑥2 is the GCMF of 4𝑥3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑥2.

b. 15𝑦6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9𝑧

Step 1. Factor each monomial.

15𝑦6 = 3 ∙ 5 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦
9𝑧 = 3 ∙ 3 ∙ 𝑧

Step 2. Identify the common factors.

15𝑦6 =
9𝑧 = ∙5∙𝑦∙𝑦∙𝑦∙𝑦∙𝑦∙𝑦
∙3∙𝑧

Step 3. Find the product of the common factors.

Note that 3 is the only common factor.

Hence, 3 is the GCMF of 15𝑦6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9𝑧

 Notice that in the examples above, prime factorization is used to find the GCMF of
the given pair of monomials. The next examples illustrate how the GCMF is used to factor
polynomials.
Example 2. Write 6𝑥 + 3𝑥2 in factored form.

Step 1. Determine the number of terms.

In the given expression, we have 2 terms: 6𝑥 and 3𝑥2.

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the numerical coefficients.

coefficient factors common factors GCF

3 1, 3 1, 3 3
6 1, 2, 3
Step 2. Determine the GCF of the variables. The GCF of the variables is the one with
the least exponent.

𝐺𝐶𝐹(𝑥, 𝑥2) = 𝑥

Step 3. Find the product of GCF of the numerical coefficient and the variables.

(3)(𝑥) = 3𝑥

Hence, 3𝑥 is the GCMF of 6𝑥 and 3𝑥2.

Step 4. Find the other factor, by dividing each term of the polynomial 6𝑥 + 3𝑥2 by the
GCMF 3𝑥.
6 𝑥 3𝑥 2
→ + Divide each term by the GCMF
3𝑥 3𝑥
3𝑥 ∙ 2 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
→ + Rewrite each term as a product
3𝑥 3𝑥
→ 𝟐+𝒙

Step 5. Write the complete factored form

6𝑥 + 3𝑥2 = 𝟑𝒙 (𝟐 + 𝒙)

Example 3: Write 12𝑥3𝑦5 − 20𝑥5𝑦2𝑧 in complete factored form.

Step 1. Determine the number of terms.

There are two terms in the given expression 12𝑥 3𝑦 5 − 20𝑥 5𝑦 2𝑧,
12𝑥3𝑦5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20𝑥5𝑦2𝑧.

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the numerical coefficient.

coefficient factors common factors GCF

12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 1, 2, 3, 4 4
20 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the variables. The GCF of the variables is the one with
the least exponent and is common to every term.

𝐺𝐶𝐹(𝑥3𝑦5, 𝑥5𝑦2𝑧) = 𝑥3 𝑦2
Step 3. Find the product of GCF of the numerical coefficient and the variables.

4 ∙ 𝑥 3 𝑦2 = 4 𝑥 3 𝑦2

This means that, 4 𝑥3 𝑦2 is the GCMF of the two terms 12𝑥3𝑦5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20𝑥5𝑦2𝑧.

Step 4. Find the other factor, by dividing each term of the polynomial 12𝑥3𝑦5 − 20𝑥5𝑦2𝑧
by the GCMF 4 𝑥3 𝑦2.

12𝑥 3𝑦 5 20𝑥 5𝑦 2𝑧
−
→ 4 𝑥3 𝑦2 4 𝑥3 𝑦2

4𝑥 3𝑦 2 ∙ 3𝑦3 4𝑥 3𝑦 2 ∙ 5𝑥 2𝑧
→ 3 2
−
4𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑥3 𝑦2
→ 3𝑦3 − 5𝑥2𝑧

Step 5. Write the complete factored form

12𝑥3𝑦5 − 20𝑥5𝑦2𝑧 = 𝟒 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 (𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐𝒛)

Example 4: Write 12𝑥3 − 18𝑥𝑦 + 24𝑥 in complete factored form.

Step 1. Determine the number of terms.

There are three terms in the expression 12𝑥3 − 18𝑥𝑦 + 24𝑥: 12𝑥3, 18𝑥𝑦, 24𝑥

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the numerical coefficient.

coefficient factors common factors GCF

12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
18 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 1, 2, 3, 6 6
24 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the variables. The GCF of the variables is the one with
the least exponent and is common to every term.

𝐺𝐶𝐹( 𝑥3, 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥) = 𝑥

Step 3: Find the product of GCF of the numerical coefficient and the variables.

(6)(𝑥) = 6𝑥

Hence, 6𝑥 is the GCMF of 12𝑥3, 18𝑥𝑦, 24𝑥.

Step 4. Find the other factor, by dividing each term of the polynomial
12𝑥3 − 18𝑥𝑦 + 24𝑥 by the GCMF 6𝑥.

12𝑥3 18𝑥𝑦 24𝑥

→ − +
6𝑥 6𝑥 6𝑥
6𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥2 6𝑥 ∙ 3𝑦 6𝑥 ∙ 4
→ − +
6𝑥 6𝑥 6𝑥
 → 2𝑥2 − 3𝑦 + 4

Step 5: Write the complete factored form.

12𝑥3 − 18𝑥𝑦 + 24𝑥 = 𝟔𝒙 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒)

Example 5. Write 28𝑥3𝑧2 − 14𝑥2𝑦3 + 36𝑦𝑧4 in complete factored form.

Step 1. Determine the number of terms.

There are three terms in the expression 28𝑥 3𝑧 2 − 14𝑥 2𝑦 3 + 36𝑦𝑧4 ∶

28𝑥 3𝑧 2, 14𝑥 2𝑦 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 36𝑦𝑧 4.

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the numerical coefficient.

coefficient factors common factors GCF

28 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
14 1, 2, 7, 14 1, 2 2
36 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

Step 2. Determine the GCF of the variables. The GCF of the variables is the one with
the least exponent and is common to every term.

𝐺𝐶𝐹( 𝑥3𝑧2, 𝑥2𝑦3, 𝑦𝑧4 ) = 1

Note that there are no factors common to all the three terms, this means that 𝑥3𝑧2, 𝑥2𝑦3,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑧4 are relatively prime. Hence, the GCF is 1.

Step 3: Find the product of GCF of the numerical coefficient and the variables.

(2)(1) = 2

Hence, 2 is the GCMF of 12𝑥3, 18𝑥𝑦, 24𝑥.

Step 4. Find the other factor, by dividing each term of the polynomial
28𝑥3𝑧2 − 14𝑥2𝑦3 + 36𝑦𝑧4 by the GCMF 2.

28𝑥 3𝑧 2 14𝑥 2𝑦 3 36𝑦𝑧4

→ − +
2 2 2
2 ∙ 14𝑥 𝑧 3 2
2 ∙ 7𝑥 𝑦 2 3
2 ∙ 18𝑦𝑧4
→ − +
2 2 2
→ 14𝑥 𝑧 − 7𝑥 𝑦 + 18𝑦𝑧4
3 2 2 3

Step 5: Write the complete factored form.

28𝑥 3𝑧 2 − 14𝑥 2𝑦 3 + 36𝑦𝑧4 = 𝟐 (𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟑+ 𝟏𝟖𝒚𝒛𝟒)

 Below is the summary of the steps of factoring the Greatest Common Monomial Factor.

1. Determine the number of terms.

2. Find the greatest common factor of the numerical coefficients.
3. Find the variable with the least exponent that appears in each term of the
polynomial. It serves as the GCF of the variables.
4. Get the product of the greatest common factor of the numerical coefficient and the
variables. It serves as the greatest common monomial factor of the given
polynomial.
5. Find the other factor by dividing the given polynomial by its greatest common
monomial factor.
5. Write the final factored form of the polynomial.

What’s More
Activity 1: Break the Great!

Determine the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of each polynomial and write its
factored form. Write the answers on your answer sheet.

Polynomial GCMF Factored Form

2
1. 𝑥 + 2𝑥
2. 5𝑥2 − 10𝑥3
3. 25𝑥2𝑦3 + 55𝑥𝑦3
4. 10𝑐3 − 80𝑐5 − 5𝑐6 + 5𝑐7
5. 12𝑚5𝑛2 − 6𝑚2𝑛3 + 3𝑚𝑛

Questions:
1. How did you find the GCF of the numerical coefficients of each term?
2. How did you find the GCF of the variables in each term?
3. What did you do to the obtained GCF of the numerical coefficients and the GCF of
the variables?
4. How did you find the remaining factors?
5. Did you have any difficulty in finding the GCF of the terms?
6. Did you have any difficulty in finding the remaining factor/s of polynomials after GCF
is obtained? If so, why? If none, what helped you factors those expressions correctly?
Activity 2: You Complete Me

Write a polynomial factor in the blank to complete each statement. Write the
answers on your answer sheet.

1. 7𝑝2 − 7𝑝 = 7𝑝 ( )
2. 18𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 = ( ) (6𝑥 + 1)
3. 15𝑡3 − 15𝑡2 + 20𝑡 = 5𝑡 ( )
4. 17𝑥5 − 51𝑥4 − 34 𝑥 = ( ) (𝑥4 − 3𝑥 3 − 2)
5. 35𝑥5𝑦2 + 21𝑥4𝑦 + 14𝑥3𝑦2 = 7𝑥 3𝑦 ( )
Questions:
1. Which was easier: finding the remaining factor given the GCF, or finding the GCF
given the other factor? Why?
2. What did you do to find the GCF given the remaining factors?

What I Have Learned

Reflect on the activities you have done in this lesson by completing the following
statements. Write your answers on your journal notebook.

I learned that I …

I was surprised that I …

I noticed that I …

I discovered that I …

I was pleased that I …

 Lesson

2 Factoring Difference of Two Squares

This lesson emphasizes another factoring technique which is factoring the difference
of two squares. For you to be well guided on this lesson, recall first the topics about perfect
square and special product of sum and difference of two terms in Grade 7.

What’s In

Powerful 2!

Recall: Perfect squares are numbers or expressions that can be expressed to the power of 2.

Examples:
1. 4 = 2 ∙ 2 = 22
Thus, 4 and 9𝑥2 are perfect square.
2. 9𝑥2 = 3𝑥 ∙ 3𝑥 = (3𝑥)2

Determine which of the following is a perfect square. Write P if it is a perfect square

and N if it is not. Write your answer on your answer sheets.

1. 16
2. 12
3. 25
4. 8𝑥 2
5. 36𝑦4

Questions:
1. Which items are perfect squares?
2. Which items are not perfect squares?
3. What did you do to determine whether the numbers are perfect squares?
 What’s New

Squares of Plus and Minus

Determine the product of each sum and difference of two terms. Write your answers
on your answer sheet.

1. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 – 1)
2. (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 – 4)
3. (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 – 3)
4. (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 – 7)
5. (𝑥 + 9)(𝑥 – 9)

Questions:
1. How did you get the product of sum and difference of two terms?
2. Have you observed any pattern?
3. How did you find the activity?
4. Were you able to get the correct answers? If not, what difficulty did you
encounter?

What is It
Recall the topic about special product particularly the product of the sum and
difference of two terms. It states that the product of (𝑎 + 𝑏) and (𝑎 – 𝑏) is equal to the
difference of two squares which is 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2.

(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

Notice that when the sum and product of two terms are multiplied (meaning, the first
and second term of the factors are the same but they differ with the operation, one is + while
the other is −), the result will always be the difference of the squares of the two terms (that is,
you square the first term, square the second term and the operation between them is −).
Thus, to factor the difference of two squares, you just have to reverse the pattern.

𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)

In order to use this factoring technique, recall the concept of perfect squares. For
example, 16, 𝑥2, 25𝑎, 9𝑦4, and 1. These are all perfect squares. Why? Look at and study the
4
illustration below.
 16 = 4∙4 = (4)2

𝑥2 = 𝑥∙𝑥 = (𝑥)2

25𝑎2 = 5𝑎 ∙ 5𝑎 = (5𝑎)2
9𝑦4 = 3𝑦2 ∙ 3𝑦2 = (3𝑦2)2
1 = 1 1 = 2
∙
2 2 (1)
4 2

You see from the examples that a perfect square is a number or expression which can
be written as an exact square of a rational quantity.
Let us now see how to factor difference of two squares by examining at the given
examples below.

Example 1: Write 𝑥2 − 9 in completely factored form.

Step 1. Express the first and the second terms in exponential form with a power of 2.

= 𝑥∙𝑥 = (𝑥)2
𝑥2
9 = 3∙3 = (3)2

Step 2: Subtract the two terms in exponential form following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2.
(𝑥)2 − (3)2

Step 3: Factor completely following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 – 3)

Hence, the complete factored form is, 𝑥2 − 9 = (𝑥)2 − (3)2 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 – 3).

Example 2: Write 16𝑎6 − 25𝑏2 in completely factored form.

Step 1. Express the first and the second terms in exponential form with a power of 2.

16𝑎6 = 4𝑎3 ∙ 4𝑎3 = (4𝑎3)2

25𝑏2 = 5𝑏 ∙ 5𝑏 = (5𝑏)2

Step 2. Subtract the two terms in exponential form following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2.

(4𝑎3)2 − (5𝑏)2

Step 3: Factor completely following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)

( 4𝑎3 + 5𝑏) ( 4𝑎3 − 5𝑏)

Hence, the complete factored form of 16𝑎6 − 25𝑏2 is,

16𝑎6 − 25𝑏2 = (4𝑎3)2 − (5𝑏)2 = ( 4𝑎3 + 5𝑏) ( 4𝑎3 − 5𝑏)
Example 3: Write 𝑎2𝑏4 − 81 in completely factored form.

Step 1: Express the first and the second terms in exponential form with a power of 2.

= 𝑎𝑏2 ∙ 𝑎𝑏2 = (𝑎𝑏2)2

𝑎2𝑏4
81 = 9∙9 = (9)2

Step 2: Subtract the two terms in exponential form following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2.

(𝑎𝑏2)2 − (9)2

Step 3: Factor completely following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)

(𝑎𝑏2 + 9)(𝑎𝑏2 − 9)

Thus, the complete factored form of 𝑎 2𝑏 4 − 81 is,

𝑎2𝑏4 − 81 = (𝑎𝑏2)2 − (9)2 = (𝑎𝑏2 + 9)(𝑎𝑏2 − 9)

Based on the examples above, these are the steps in factoring difference of two squares:
Step 1: Express the first and the second terms in exponential form with a power of 2.
Step 2: Subtract the two terms in exponential form following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2.
Step 3: Factor completely following the pattern 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏).

Note that there are cases where after expressing each term as a power of 2, the
resulting numbers or expressions can still be factored further. This is when the results are
still perfect squares. Hence, there is a need to inspect thoroughly and ensure that all terms
are completely factored.

Consider the following examples:

Example 4: Write 𝑥4 − 81 in completely factored form.

Solution:
𝑥 4 − 81 = (𝑥 2)2 − (9)2 = (𝑥 2 + 9)(𝑥2 – 9)

The two factors are (𝑥2 + 9)(𝑥2 – 9). Notice the second factor 𝑥 2 – 9 is a difference
of two squares, thus, it can still be factored out. That is,

𝑥2 − 9 = (𝑥)2 − (3)2 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 – 3).

This means that, the complete factored form of 𝑥4 − 81 is

𝑥4 − 81 = (𝑥2)2 − (9)2 = (𝑥2 + 9)(𝑥2 – 9)

= (𝑥2 + 9)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 – 3).

In the example above, 𝑥2 + 9 is called the sum of two squares. It cannot be factored!
Example 5: Write 3𝑤2 − 48 in completely factored form.

Solution:
At first glance, it seems like the given binomial is not factorable using sum and
difference of two terms since the terms are not perfect squares. Note
however, that the first and second terms of the binomial have a common
factor of 3. Hence, the binomial can be factored using a combination of GCMF
and the sum and difference of two terms.

Find the GCF of the terms and write it in factored form.

3𝑤2 − 48 = 3 (𝑤2 − 16)

Observe that 𝑤2 − 16 is a difference of two squares. Hence, it can be factored as

𝑤2 − 16 = (𝑤)2 − (4)2 = (𝑤 + 4)(𝑤 – 4)

Thus, the complete factored form of 3𝑤2 − 48 is

3𝑤2 − 48 = 3 (𝑤 + 4)(𝑤 – 4)

Based on the examples presented above, can you now completely factor difference of
two squares independently?

What’s More

Activity 1: Tell Me!

Tell whether or not the given binomial is a difference of two squares. If it is, write D. If it
is not, write N. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. 𝑎2 − 81
2. 𝑐 2 − 18
3. 𝑑2 − 25
4. 25𝑒2 − 16
5. 𝑟2 + 9𝑠4

Activity 2: Missing You

Find the missing terms of the factors. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. 𝑎2 − 81 = (𝑎 + )(𝑎 − )
2. 𝑝2 − 𝑞2 = ( + )(𝑝 − 𝑞)
3. 𝑐 2 − 𝑑2 = (𝑐 + 𝑑)( − )
4. 49𝑒2 − 81𝑓2 = (7𝑒 + )( − 9𝑓)
5. 100𝑔2 − 121ℎ2 = ( + 11ℎ)(10𝑔 − )
Activity 3: Whole to Parts

The factors of the following polynomials are given below. Choose the right factors that
correspond to each given polynomial and write your answers on your answer sheet.

(𝑥 − 9) (5𝑥 − 1) (4𝑥 – 9𝑦) (9𝑥 + 20𝑦2) (2𝑥 – 7) 4𝑥2 − 9

(4𝑥 + 9𝑦) (2𝑥 + 7) (𝑥 + 9) (5𝑥 + 1) (9𝑥 – 20𝑦2)

1. 𝑥2 − 81 =
2. 4𝑥2 − 49 =
3. 16𝑥2 − 81𝑦2 =
4. 25𝑥2 − 1 =
5. 81𝑥2 − 400𝑦4 =

Activity 4: When I broke It, I found It!

Supply the missing terms to factor the given polynomials completely. Write your answer
on your answer sheet.

1. 3𝑥 2 – 12𝑦2 = 3(𝑥2 − )

(𝑥 + )( − 2𝑦)

Final Factors:

2. 1 – 16𝑥 8 = (1 + )( − 4𝑥 4)

(1 + )( − 2𝑥 2)

Final Factors:

3. 𝑎4 – 625𝑏8 = ( + 25𝑏4)(𝑎2 − )

(𝑎 + )( − 5𝑏 2)

Final Factors:
 What I Have Learned

Read and answer as directed. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. How will you factor difference of two squares? Write the step–by – step
process.
2. Give an example of binomial where the resulting factors after using the
pattern for sum and difference of two squares are still factorable using the
same method. Outline your step-by-step process in getting the complete
factored form.

Lesson
Factoring Sum and difference of
3 Two Cubes

In this lesson, you will learn how to factor the sum and difference of two cubes.
However, for you to do that, you must recall the concept of perfect cube and how to express
mathematical expression to the power of 3 when you were in Grade 7. To refresh your
learning on this matter, try to answer the following activity.

What’s In

Perfect cubes are numbers or expressions that can be expressed to the power of 3.
Say, 8𝑥6. There are two things that we need to manipulate, the constant 8 and the variable
𝑥6. The constant 8 can be expressed as 8 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 𝑜𝑟 23 and the variable 𝑥6 can be rewritten

as 𝑥6 = (𝑥2)3 using the law of exponent ((𝑎𝑚)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚∙𝑛 or the Power Rule.
Thus, it follows that 8𝑥6 can be expressed as 8𝑥6 = (23)(𝑥2)3 𝑜𝑟 (2𝑥2)3.

Activity: Power of 3!

Express the following in exponential form with a power of 3. Write your answers on you
answer sheet.

1. 27 3. 64𝑦3
2. 1 4. 125𝑥3
8
5.
27𝑥6𝑦1
2
 Questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. Were you able to correctly express each expression as a power of 3?
3. Did you encounter any difficulty in performing the activity? If so, what did you
do to overcome this difficulty?

What’s New

Activity: See the Pattern

Given below are expressions in factored form in which one of the factors is a binomial
and the other one is a trinomial. Follow the process in multiplying them and compare the
product to the factors and give your observations. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

Factored Form Steps Process

1. (𝑥 – 3)(𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 9) 2
𝑥 (𝑥 – 3) + 3𝑥(𝑥 – 3) + 9(𝑥 – 3) Distributing (𝑥 − 3) to
each of the terms in
the given trinomial
(Distributive property)
𝑥3 – 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥2 – 9𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 27 Distributing 𝑥2 to
(𝑥 – 3), 3𝑥 to (𝑥 – 3),
and 9 𝑡𝑜 (𝑥 – 3)
(Distributive property)
Product 𝑥3 − 27 By simplification

Compare the product 𝑥3 − 27 to its factors (𝑥 – 3)(𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 9). What are your observations?

Factored Form Steps Process

2. (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 9) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) − 3𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 9(𝑥 + 3)
2
Distributing (𝑥 + 3) to
each of the terms in
the given trinomial
(Distributive property)
𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 3𝑥2 – 9𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 27 Distributing 𝑥2 to (𝑥 +
3), −3𝑥 to (𝑥 + 3),
and 9 𝑡𝑜 (𝑥 + 3)
(Distributive property)
Product 𝑥3 + 27 By simplification

Notice that the operation of the binomial factor was changed to plus (+) and also
the first operation in the trinomial factor was changed to minus (−). Compare the product
𝑥3 + 27 to its factors(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 9). What are your observations?
 What is It

The activity above deals with the product of a binomial and a trinomial which could be a sum
or difference of two cubes. To illustrate, let us have the example below:

(𝑥 – 2)(𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4) = 𝑥2(𝑥 – 2) + 2𝑥 (𝑥 – 2) + 4 (𝑥 – 2)
= 𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 8
= 𝑥3 − 8 → Difference of two cubes

To get the factored form of the difference of cubes, reverse the process as shown below.
𝑥3 − 8 = 𝑥3 − 23 = (𝑥 – 2)(𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4)

To get the binomial factor, subtract the base of the first term by the base of the second term.
First term: 𝑥3 its base is 𝑥
Second term: 23 its base is 2
Binomial Factor: (𝑥 – 2)

To get the trinomial factor:

First term: Square the first term of the binomial factor 𝑥 – 2

→ 𝑥2

Second term: Multiply the terms of the binomial factor 𝑥 – 2 .

→ 2𝑥

Third term: Square the second term of the of the binomial factor 𝑥 – 2.

→ 22 = 4

Hence, the trinomial factor is 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 . (Note that since the binomial factor is
connected by a −, then, the middle term should be its additive inverse or + and in
factoring sum or difference of two cubes, the operation of the third term of the
trinomial factor is always +).

This suggests the following rule for factoring a difference of cubes.

𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = ( 𝒂 − 𝒃)( 𝒂𝟐 + 𝐚𝐛 + 𝒃𝟐 )

Let us now use the pattern in the examples below.

Example 1: Factor 𝑦3 – 27.

Look for the two terms 𝑎 and 𝑏 by expressing every term to the power of 3.
𝑦3 = (𝑦)3 and 27 = (3)3
Using the pattern, 𝑎 = 𝑦 and 𝑏 = 3. By substituting to 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = ( 𝑎 − 𝑏)( 𝑎2 + ab + 𝑏2 ):

𝑦3 – 27 = 𝑦3 – 33 = (𝑦 – 3)( 𝑦2 + 3𝑦 + 32 )
= (𝑦 – 3)( 𝑦2 + 3𝑦 + 9)

, Example 2: Factor 8𝑥3 – 64.

First, examine if the terms have a greatest common monomial factor (GCMF). Note
that 8𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 64 have a GCMF of 8. Hence, we can rewrite the expression as: 8(𝑥3 – 8),
3

where 𝑥3 – 8 is a difference of two cubes.

Look for the two terms 𝑎 and 𝑏 by expressing every term to the power of 3.

𝑥3 = (𝑥)3 and 8 = 23

Following the pattern, 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = 2, by substituting this to 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = ( 𝑎

− 𝑏)( 𝑎2 + ab + 𝑏 2 ), we have:

8𝑥3 – 64 = 8[(𝑥)3 – (2)3] = 8(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥) + 22 )

= 𝟖(𝒙 − 𝟐)( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒)
Example 3: Factor 27𝑚4 – 8𝑚𝑛6

Examine first whether the terms 27𝑚4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑚𝑛6 contain a GCMF. Notice that the given
binomial cannot be factored directly using difference of two cubes since there is a
variable 𝑚 in both terms which is not a perfect cube. Hence, factoring by taking out
the GCMF must be applied first.
27𝑚4 – 8𝑚𝑛3 = 𝑚 (27𝑚3 – 8𝑛6)
The factor 27𝑚3 – 8𝑛3 is a difference of two cubes. Hence, the pattern can be applied.
27𝑚3 = (3𝑚)3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝑛6 = (2𝑛2)3
Using the pattern, 𝑎 = 3𝑚 and 𝑏 = 2𝑛2. By substituting to 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = ( 𝑎 − 𝑏)( 𝑎2 + ab +
𝑏 2 ), we have:
27𝑚3 – 8𝑛6 = (3𝑚)3 – (2𝑛2)3 = (3𝑚 − 2𝑛2)((3𝑚)2 + 3𝑚 (2𝑛2) + (2𝑛2)2 )
= (𝟑𝒎 − 𝟐𝒏𝟐)( 𝟗𝒎𝟐 + 𝟔𝒎𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒𝒏𝟒)

Putting all the factors together, the complete factored form 27𝑚4 – 8𝑚𝑛6 is:

27𝑚4 – 8𝑚𝑛6 = 𝑚 (27𝑚3 – 8𝑛6) = 𝒎 (𝟑𝒎 − 𝟐𝒏𝟐)( 𝟗𝒎𝟐 + 𝟔𝒎𝒏𝟐 + 𝟒𝒏𝟒)

In the same manner, the sum of two cubes can be factored using a pattern similar to
the difference of cubes. It is the result of a multiplication like the following:

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4) = 𝑥2(𝑥 + 2) − 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) + 4 (𝑥 + 2)
= 𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8
= 𝑥3 + 8 → Sum of two cubes
 This means that in order to get the complete factored form of the sum of cubes, we will
just do the reverse process and we have,

𝑥3 + 8 = 𝑥3 + 23 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4)

To get the binomial factor, add the base of the first term to the base of the second term.

First term: 𝑥3 its base is 𝑥

Second term: 23 its base is 2
Binomial Factor: (𝑥 + 2)

To get the trinomial factor:

First term: Square the first term of the binomial factor 𝑥 + 2.

→ 𝑥2
Second term: Multiply the terms of the binomial factor 𝑥 + 2.

→ 2𝑥
Third term: Square the second term of the binomial factor 𝑥 + 2.

→ 22 = 4
Hence, the trinomial factor is : 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 . (Note that since the binomial factor is
connected by a +, then, the middle term should be its additive inverse or − and in
factoring sum or difference of two cubes, the operation of the third term of the
trinomial factor is always +).

This suggests the following rule for factoring a difference of cubes.

𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = ( 𝒂 + 𝒃)( 𝒂𝟐 − 𝐚𝐛 + 𝒃𝟐 )

Example 4: Factor 1 + 8𝑘3

Look for the two terms 𝑎 and 𝑏 by expressing every term to the power of 3.
3 3
3
1 = (1) and 8𝑘 = (2𝑘)

So, 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 2𝑘, substituting it to 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = ( 𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑎2 − ab + 𝑏2 ), we have:

1 + 8𝑘3 = (1 + 2𝑘)[(1)2 − 1 (2𝑘) + (2𝑘)2]

= (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒌)(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟒𝒌𝟐)
3
Example 5: Factor 5ℎ + 40ℎ𝑘

In this case you need to consider factoring the greatest common monomial factor to
determine the sum of cubes.
5ℎ + 40ℎ𝑘3 = 5ℎ ( 1 + 8𝑘3)

Note that 1 + 8𝑘3 is already factored in Example 4 as (1 + 2𝑘)(1 − 2𝑘 + 4𝑘2). Hence, the
final factored form of 5ℎ + 40ℎ𝑘3 = 5ℎ (1 + 2𝑘)(1 − 2𝑘 + 4𝑘2).
 What’s More
Activity 1: Cube to the Left, Cube to the Right

You learned in the previous activity about the sum and difference of two cubes.
Determine whether the following polynomials are sum of two cubes (STC), difference of two
cubes (DTC), or neither sum nor difference of two cubes (NSND). Write your answers on
your answer sheet.

1. 16 + 𝑎3 4. 1000 − 𝑦 3
3
2. 27𝑏 − 64 5. 1 + 𝑎3𝑏3
6
3. 125 + 𝑣

Activity 2: The Missing Parts

Complete the following products. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
2
1. (𝑥 + 3)(x – 3x + 9) 3. (𝑥 + 𝑦)(x2 – 𝑥𝑦 + y2)
2
= (𝑥 + 3)( x = (𝑥 + 𝑦) − ( )𝑥𝑦 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)
– ( )3x + ( )9
= 𝑥3 + − 3x2 – 9𝑥 + + 27 = x3 + − x2𝑦 − + 𝑥y2 +
3
= + y3
=x +
4. (𝑥 – 𝑦)(𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2)
2. (𝑥 – 3)(x2 + 3𝑥 + 9)
= ( )𝑥2 + ( )𝑥𝑦 + ( )𝑦2
= ( )x2 + (𝑥 – 3)3𝑥 + (𝑥 – 3)
= − 𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑥2𝑦 – 𝑥𝑦2 + − 𝑦3
= − 3x2 + 3x2 − + 9𝑥 – 27
= − 27 = 𝑥3 −

Activity 3: Break the Cubes

Factor each completely. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

3
6
1. 𝑥 + 27 4. 64 – 𝑝
3
2. 8𝑦 – 27 5.
−2𝑚5 + 250𝑚2
33
3. 1 + 𝑥 𝑦
 What I Have Learned

Read and answer the following questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. How did you completely factor the sum and difference of two cubes? Write the
process of each and their rule or pattern.
2. There are cases in which the given expression cannot immediately be factored using
patterns in the sum and difference of cubes. How will you utilize the patterns in the
sum and difference of two cubes in this case?

What I Can Do
Packing Breakables
An online seller of glass water tumblers is about to ship the order of his client
via a local courier service provider. To ensure that the items will not be damaged during
the shipping, the tumblers were secured in a small box and is to be placed in a larger
box filled with styrofoam chips.

12 in.
𝑥 in.

12 in. 𝑥 in.

12 in. 𝑥 in.

Question:
1. Write a polynomial that describes the amount of space in a larger box that
must be filled with styrofoam chips.
2. Factor the polynomial.
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the process of finding the factors of an expression which is the reverse process of
multiplication?
A. factoring C. rationalization
B. special product D. continuous division

2. What is the Greatest Common Factor of 12 and 24?

A. 2 B. 4 C. 12 D. 24
3. Which of the following pair of numbers has a GCF of 6?
A. 2 and 3 B. 8 and 12 C. 6 and 10 D. 12 and 18

4. What is the GCF of 2a3 and a6?

A. a3 B. 2a3 C. a6 D. 2a6

5. What is the GCF of a5b8, a4b6, a3b9, and a12b10?

A. a5b8 B. a3b6 C. a12b8 D. a12 b6
6. All of the following are factors of 12x2 Except one. What is it?
A. 12 B. 12x C. 12x2 D. 12x3

7. What is the GCF of the expression 4x4 + 6x?

A. 2 B. x C. 2x D. 2x4

8. If one factor of 4x2 + 6 is 2, what is the other factor?

A. 2x + 3 B. 4x + 6 C. 2x + 6 D. 2x2 + 3
9. If one factor of 6ab2 – 12 a2b3 is 1 – 2ab, what is the other factor?
A. 6ab B. 6a2b C. 6ab2 D. 6a2b2

10. Which of the following is a perfect square?

A. 12x4 B. 16x2y2 C. 25x5y6 D. 36x6y7

11. Which of the following expressions has factors (2x - y) and (2x + y)?
A. 2x2 + y2 B. 2x2 – y2 C. 4x2 + y2 D. 4x2 – y2

12. Using the pattern for factoring the sum of cubes, we know that factoring 8 + 𝑏 3 gives
A. (2 − 𝑏)(4 − 2𝑏 + 𝑏 2)
C. (2 + 𝑏)(4 − 2𝑏 + 𝑏 2)
B. (2 − 𝑏)(4 + 2𝑏 + 𝑏 )
2
D. (2 + 𝑏)(4 + 2𝑏 + 𝑏 2)
3 3
13. What is the complete factored form of 9𝑥 – 64𝑦 ?
A. (3x – 4y)(9x2 + 12xy + 16y2)
C. (3x – 4y)(9x2 - 12xy + 16y2)
B. (3x + 4y)(9x2 + 12xy + 16y2)
D. (3x + 4y)(9x2 - 12xy + 16y2)
14. What is the complete factored form of 10 + 270y3?
A. 10(1 + 3y)(1 + 3y +9y2) C. 10(1 - 3y)(1 + 3y +9y2)
B. 10(1 + 3y)(1 - 3y +9y2) D. 10(1 - 3y)(1 - 3y +9y2)
2
15. The area of a rectangular garden is 9t – 64 square units. If one side is 3t – 8, what is the
other side?
A. 3t – 8 B. 3t + 8 C. t- 8 D. t + 8

Additional Activities
Activity: Do More!

Factor completely each of the given expressions and look for the answers in the
rectangle. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

3 2 2
4 8 4
1. 27a b – 9a b 6. x y – z
5 3 7 2 8 5 4 8
2. 39a b – 27a b + 54a b 7. x - 121y
2 6 6
3. a (a + 1) + a(a + 1) + 3(a + 1) 8. b – 27c
3 6 9
4. 12x – 27x 9. 8h + 27j
4 3m 6n
5. 128 – 200m 10. f –g
 References
Alferes, M.S., Duro, M.A. (2004). MSA Intermediate Algebra. Quezon City. Quezon
City MSA Academic Advancement Institute

Glorial, C.J., et.al. (2010). 21st Century Mathematics. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.

Oronce O.A and Mendoza M.O. (2014). e – Math Algebra. Metro Manila. Rex Books
Store

Rees K.R., Sparks. F.W., and Rees C.S. (1990). College Algebra Tenth Edition.
Pennsylvania Plaza.McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Links

Interactive Mathematics (2018). Special Products. Retrived from

http://www.intmath.com/factoring-fractions/1-special-products.php

Math Planet (nd). Special products of polynomials.

http://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-1/factoring-and-
polynomials/special-products-of-polynomial

Paul’s Online Notes (2003). Factoring Polynomials. Retrieved from http://tutorial

math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/Factoring.aspx

Purple Math (nd). Factoring Polynomials. Retrieved from

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/rtnladd2.htm
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