Plant

2020; 8(2): 37-42

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/plant
doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20200802.13
ISSN: 2331-0669 (Print); ISSN: 2331-0677 (Online)

Effect of Cassava Intercropping with Legume Crops

Followed by Sorghum on Growth, Yield and Yield
Parameters of Cassava-Based Double Cropping System
Gebisa Benti*, Gezu Degafa, Mohammed Jafar, Habte Birhanu
Department of Horticulture, Fadis Agricultural Research Center, IQQO, Harar, Ethiopia

Email address:
*
Corresponding author

To cite this article:

Gebisa Benti, Gezu Degafa, Mohammed Jafar, Habte Birhanu. Effect of Cassava Intercropping with Legume Crops Followed by Sorghum on
Growth, Yield and Yield Parameters of Cassava-Based Double Cropping System. Plant. Vol. 8, No. 2, 2020, pp. 37-42.
doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20200802.13

Received: March 24, 2020; Accepted: May 11, 2020; Published: July 30, 2020

Abstract: Some lowland farmers of eastern Harerghe survive with some grain support from government and different NGOs
due to shortage of rainfall and prevalence of drought. In Harerghe, intercropping is well practiced and most of farmers
intercrop Khat with sorghum and groundnut, but single production per year. To these gaps the experiment was proposed and
conducted under rainfed conditions at Fedis Agricultural Research Center of Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) at
Boko sub-site, eastern Ethiopia to determine the compatibility of crops in double cropping system and efficient land use for the
component crops. Experimental was conducted in two phases: cassava (Variety Kello) with legumes (soybean, haricot bean
and cowpea) and cassava based sorghum varieties (Hormat, Gedo and Birhan) in one cropping season. The treatments were
arranged as intercropping and sole cropping. A total of 7 treatments for preceding and 7 treatments for cassava-based
succeeding treatments were arranged in completely randomized block design with three replications. Variety Kello was used
for the experiment. The results revealed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences for cassava average root weight,
number of roots per plant, root diameter and root yield due to cassava-legumes intercropping. Soybean-cassava intercropping
increased average root weight, root numbers and root enlargement of cassava by 39, 33.6 and 27.7% as compared to cassava-
cowpea intercropping. Cowpea intercropping in cassava was significantly affected cassava root yield as compared to other
legumes intercrop. Cassava-soybean intercropping was increased root yield by 41.7 and 21.3% as compared to cassava-cowpea
and cassava-haricot bean, respectively. Cassava-soybean intercropping improved land use efficiency by 16.4 and 19.3% as
compared to cassava-cowpea and cassava-haricot bean intercropping, respectively. Accordingly, pure stands could required 74,
40 and 46% more land i.e. the mixture cropping gives 74, 40 and 46% yield advantage, for soybean, haricot bean and cowpea,
respectively, as intercropped in cassava than the pure stand. Following the harvest of legumes, sorghum was sown as double
crop for additional yield advantage. The highest organic matter and total nitrogen was recorded for the pure stand plot of
cassava followed by cassava-soybean intercropping. Therefore, from this result view, cassava-soybean intercropping following
cassava-based early maturing sorghum was recommended for the study area and similar agro ecologies.
Keywords: Cassava, Cowpea, Haricot Bean, Intercropping, Sorghum, Soybean

most important food staples in the tropics, where it is the

1. Introduction fourth most important energy source [3]. Its roots are the
Cassava (Mahinot esculenta Cratzy) is a perennial crop main source of calories to approximately 600 million people
native to tropical America with its center of origin in north- in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania. On the world
eastern and central Brazil [2]. It is one of the most important wide basis it ranks as the sixth most important source of
food energy sources in many tropical countries [5]. It is calories in the human diet [10]. Given the crop’s tolerance to
cultivated mainly for its enlarged starchy roots and one of the poor soil and harsh climatic conditions, it is generally
38 Gebisa Benti et al.: Effect of Cassava Intercropping with Legume Crops Followed by Sorghum on Growth, Yield and Yield
Parameters of Cassava-Based Double Cropping System

cultivated by small-scale farmers as a subsistence crop in a farmers intercrop Chat with sorghum and groundnut, but
diverse range of agricultural and food systems. Roots can be single production per year. Some lowlands of eastern part of
left in the ground without harvesting for a long period of Harerghe survive with some grain support from government
time, making it a useful crop as security against famine. and different NGOs due to shortage of rainfall and
Cropping system aim at making efficient use of growth prevalence of drought. To such area it is important to adapt
resources so that high and /or stable productivity can be some technologies that can tolerate the agro-ecology and
achieved [22, 24]. Multiple cropping is the most common increase production per unit land, especially through
traditional cropping system in tropical Africa. It provides the intercropping and double cropping using early maturing
farmer with a variety of returns from the land often increases crops through adjusting with the agro-ecology of the area.
the efficiency of resource utilization by combining variety of Therefore, intercropping of cassava with legumes crops
crops and reduces the risk of dependence on a single crop following early maturing sorghum is an important method in
which may suffer from environmental or economic increasing production per unit land area.
fluctuations. It also gives scope for increased labor use The limitations of these agricultural inputs and rising
efficiency and provides early income [26]. System involving pressure on the supply of arable land of the Harerghe regions
cassava is the most common throughout the humid and sub- may lead to more intensive mono cropping of sorghum.
humid regions of Africa. Currently, farmers developing different farming system from
Cassava is well suited to intercropping with short duration the effort of research scientists and agricultural experts. The
crops because of its initial slow growth as well as its length only way to increase agricultural production in the small or
of stay in the field (12 to 18 months). In some country of marginal units of farming is to increase the productivity per
Africa, it is commonly grown in association with crops like unit time and area. Cropping system and practices in turn
maize which exploits the micro-environment early in the could influence disease epidemics caused by populations of
growing season and melon a low canopy crop that serves a pathogens in populations of plants. Understanding the
dual purpose of protecting the soil against erosion and for association of disease intensity with cropping systems, crop
weed control. The crops are selected on the basis of combinations and management practices will help to identify
differences in growth habits and can be combined in either the most important variables and focus efforts in developing
simple or complex mixtures. Complex mixtures consisting of an integrated and sustainable management packages.
three or more crop species are known to give higher financial Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the
and caloric returns [13]. Cassava is often left scattered in the compatibility of crops in double cropping system and
field to mature after the other crops have been harvested [7]. efficient use of land for the crops.
However, it has been observed that the fields become very
weedy and, while a few farmers carry out weeding after 2. Materials and Methods
harvesting the early season crops, some plant a few stands of
okra and other vegetables in the cassava farm in the late 2.1. Description of the Experimental Site
season [14]. Cropping could possibly be intensified with
appropriate plant arrangement on the field and by modifying The study was conducted under rainfed conditions at Fedis
cassava canopy in order to introduce a late season crop like Agricultural Research Center of Oromia Agricultural
cowpea and beans. This will not only increase the Research Institute (OARI) at Boko sub-site, which is located
productivity of the land, but will also prevent weed from at the latitude of 9°07’ north and longitude of 42°04’ east, in
taking over. Other reports disagree with this [4, 15, 17]. the middle and lowland areas and at the altitude of 1702
However, legume crops as a source of rich protein are meter above sea level, with a prevalence of lowlands.
particularly important if incorporated into the diets of The soil of the experimental site is black with surface soil
cassava-consuming populations. texture of sand clay loam that contains 8.20% organic matter;
Limited availability of additional land for crop production, 0.13% total nitrogen, available phosphorus of 4.99 ppm, soil
decreased soil fertility and declining yield for major food exchangeable potassium of 1.68 cmol(+)/kg and a pH value
crops have been cited as the major concerns for agriculture’s of 8.26 (Table 1). The experimental area is characterized as
ability to provide nourishment for the increasing population lowland climate. The mean rainfall is about 859.8 mm for the
[27]. An advantage commonly claimed for intercropping last ten years. The rainfall has a bimodal distribution pattern
systems is that, they offer greater yield stability than sole with heavy rains from April to June and long and erratic rains
cropping [16]. The system of intercropping is to a great from August to October. The mean maximum and minimum
extent practiced in various ways based on the extent of annual temperature are 27.7 and 11.3°C, respectively, for the
spatial arrangement of the crops on the field [21]. For last five years (Fedis Agriculture Research Center
subsistence farmers, greater stability in the production of Metrological Station).
food crops in inter-cropping systems is particularly The total rainfall distribution during the cropping seasons
meaningful, since this characteristic of the production system were 883.8, 1022.2 and 728.7mm in 2016, 2017 and 2018,
tends to better insure their sustainability and substantially respectively. Rainfall is bimodal in a year, the first rain set is
reduces the risk of total crop loss. from March to May and the second is from August to
In Harerghe, intercropping is well practiced and most of September. The preceding crops (Cassava + legumes) were
 Plant 2020; 8(2): 37-42 39

planted in the first week of April during the set of rainfall and (cassava + sorghum), sorghum was planted with the shower
cassava based intercropped legumes were harvested in the of rainfall, after one week of legumes harvested in the
last week of July in the first two years. The succeeding crops beginning of August in the first two years.

Figure 1. Rainfall distribution during the three years of cropping seasons.

2.2. Experimental Treatments and Design for each crop.

Cassava data: number of branches, root length (cm), root
The experiment had two phases: 1) Intercropping cassava diameter (cm), number of root per plant, average root weight
with legumes, 2) Cassava-based intercropping early maturing (g) and root yield (t ha-1).
and striga tolerant sorghum varieties (Gedo, Hormat and Legumes data: grain yield (kg ha-1)
Birhan). Field experiment was conducted using 7 treatments Sorghum data: grain yield (kg ha-1)
for each phase and laid out in randomized complete block The collected data were subjected to ANOVA using
design in 3 replications. Variety Kello was used in the GenSTAT Software version 15th edition. Land use efficiency
experiment. Cassava cuttings were planted at 1 m and 1.2 m was determined by calculating Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
between plants and rows, respectively. Two rows of legume using [16] method. Land equivalent ratio of cassava is
crops were planted at 40 cm apart from cassava plant rows. calculated as intercrop yield of cassava/pure stand yield of
Seeds of legumes (haricot bean, soy bean and cow pea) were cassava and that of haricot bean and sorghum is calculated as
planted at 10, 5 and 10 cm, respectively. Both crops were intercrop yield of haricot bean and/or sorghum/pure stand
planted at a time during the first shower of rainfall. In the yield of haricot bean and/or sorghum.
second phase after legumes harvested, sorghum varieties
were sawn between cassava in two rows as in the case of
legumes. Sorghum was planted 30 cm apart from the two 3. Result and Discussion
rows of cassava plants and 40 cm spacing between the two 3.1. Cassava-Legumes Intercropping on Root Yield
rows of sorghum. The experiment had two cropping cycles: Parameters
Table 1. Treatment combination in both cropping cycles. The experiment was conducted to evaluate cassava-based
First cropping cycle: Cassava + Second cropping cycle: Cassava + double cropping of different component crops. The result
Legumes sorghum revealed that all growth and yield parameters of cassava were
1. Cassava +Haricot bean 1. Cassava + Gedo significantly (P≤0.05) affected due to intercropping, except
2. Cassava + Soybean 2. Cassava + Hormat
number of branches and root length. Parameters like average
3. Cassava + Cowpea 3. Cassava + Birhan
4. Sole Cassava 4. Sole Cassava root weight, number of roots per plant and root diameter
5. Sole Haricot bean 5. Sole Gedo were statistically paired for the treatments, except for
6. Sole Soybean 6. Sole Hormat cassava-cowpea intercropping that was the lowest value for
7. Sole Cowpea 7. Sole Birhan the parameters (Table 1). Cassava-cowpea intercropping was
significantly affected average root weight, root numbers and
2.3. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
root diameter. Soybean-cassava intercropping increased
Data of each crop were taken randomly from tag plants per average root weight, root numbers and root enlargement of
experimental unit (plots). The following data were collected cassava by 39, 33.6 and 27.7% as compared to cassava-
cowpea intercropping. Cassava-soybean intercropping was
40 Gebisa Benti et al.: Effect of Cassava Intercropping with Legume Crops Followed by Sorghum on Growth, Yield and Yield
Parameters of Cassava-Based Double Cropping System

increased root yield by 41.7% and 21.3% as compared to significantly decreased cassava root yield as compared to
cassava-cowpea and cassava-haricot bean, respectively other legumes intercrop as cowpea had greater leaf canopy
(Table 2). Results from [18] and [19] showed that higher that the other legumes and better competitor for resources as
cassava yield when intercropped with soybean and other compared to other legumes. This study was in line with [25]
beans than as a sole crop. Similarly, [11] were also reported who reported that cassava inter-cropped with cowpea
that cassava (variety Kello) root yield of 37.18 tons ha-1 in decreased root yield by 11 to 17%.
sole cropping at Fadis. Cassava-cowpea intercropping was
Table 2. Effect of cassava based-legumes-sorghum double cropping on root yield parameters of cassava.

Treatments ARW (g) NBPP NRPP RD (cm) RL (cm)

Cassava + Soybean 914.70a 3.13 9.80a 5.91a 46.43
Cassava + Haricot bean 816.50ab 2.60 9.40a 5.32ab 51.93
Cassava + Cowpea 557.80b 3.20 6.51b 4.27b 50.40
Sole Cassava 862.70ab 2.53 8.47a 5.61a 49.10
LSD (0.05) 294.700 NS 1.935 1.190 NS
CV (%) 18.7 23.5 11.3 11.3 14.9

ARW=Average Root Weight, NBPP=Number of Branches Per Plant, NRPP=Number of Roots Per Plant, RD=Root Diameter, RL=Root Length.

3.2. Cassava - Legumes Intercropping In cassava based double cropping, sorghum varieties was
followed legumes and significant differences were observed
The result indicated that pure stand of haricot bean was between pure stand and intercrops. Pure stand of Gedo variety
significantly different in grain yield from intercropping of the was significantly different from intercrop of the same crop for
same crop. Pure stand of haricot bean provided grain yield of grain yield. However, the yield of sorghum varieties
33.5% over the intercrop of the same crop. However, the intercropped with cassava was low; it might be the competition
grain yield of legumes intercropped with cassava was of cassava with sorghum for moisture and or soil nutrients
additional benefit for the cassava production land. because of the shortage of rainfall distribution (241.8mm and
Intercropping of soybean and cowpea with cassava did not 279.7mm, total rainfall for four months of sorghum growing
significantly affected grain yield of same crops as compared life) in 2016 and 2017 cropping season, respectively.
to pure stand.

3.3. Cassava Based-Sorghum Intercropping

Table 3. Effect of cassava-based legumes and sorghum double intercropping on root (tons ha-1) and grain yields (kg ha-1) of component crops over the two
years.

Preceding crop Succeeding crop

Treatments Cassava Root yield
Legumes Grain yield Sorghum grain yield
Cassava + Soybean + Hormat 51.36a 1618ab 804b
Cassava + Cowpea + Birhan 29.94c 1446b 882b
Cassava + Haricot bean + Gedo 40.40b 1406b 820b
Sole Cassava 54.28a -- --
Sole Haricot bean -- 2114a --
Sole Soybean -- 2018ab --
Sole Cowpea -- 1589ab --
Sole Gedo -- -- 1292a
Sole Hormat -- -- 1059ab
Sole Birhan -- -- 1034ab
LSD (0.05) 9.5 453 254.1
CV (%) 17.8 26.5 25.7

Sorghum yield was declined due to shortage of rainfall beneficial in land productivity as compared to pure stand.
after September in both years in 2016 and 2017. However, Accordingly, pure stands could required 74, 40 and 46%
the intercrops were significantly efficient in land use more land i.e. the mixture cropping gives 76, 51 and 15%
economy. In other way, aboveground sorghum stalk was also yield advantage, for soybean, haricot bean and cowpea,
used for cattle feed as farmers' of Harerghe need different respectively, intercropped in cassava than pure stand of
forage crops for fattening. these crops. Cassava-soybean intercropping improved land
use efficiency by 16.4 and 19.3% as compared to cassava-
3.4. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) cowpea and cassava-haricot bean intercropping,
The land area and yield advantage obtained due to mixed respectively. Intercropping led to greater LER compared
cropping was calculated as land equivalent ratio (LER). with sole cropping. Despite individual yields of component
This study showed that intercropping legumes in cassava crops being lower under intercropping compared with sole
recorded land equivalent ratio of more than 1 and was cropping, the overall land productivity was greater under
 Plant 2020; 8(2): 37-42 41

intercropping. Similar results have been reported across cassava following the legume crops. The result showed that
diverse environments and cropping systems [6, 9, 23]. sorghum intercropping in cassava following legume crops
Sorghum was cassava-based double cropped following was advisable. Because sorghum benefited additional income
legume crops. Intercropping cassava based double cropping from the bare space in cassava and even used as forage if
was advantageous than pure stand of cassava. Sorghum grain offset of rain occurred as farmers were demanded for cattle
yields was also additional benefit as it was intercropped in feed as expense of grain yield.

Table 4. Land equivalent ratio of legume crops and cassava intercropped in the first cropping cycle.

Legumes Sole crop Intercrop Partial LERL Partial LERC LER

Soybean 2018 1618 0.802 0.946 1.748
Haricot bean 2114 1406 0.665 0.744 1.409
Cowpea 1589 1446 0.910 0.551 1.461

LERL= Land Equivalent Ratio of Legumes, LERC=Land Equivalent Ratio of Cassava

Table 5. Land equivalent ratio of sorghum varieties and cassava intercropped in the second cropping cycle.

Sorghum Sole crop Intercrop Partial LERS Partial LERC LER

Hormat 1058.5 803.7 0.759 0.946 1.705
Gedo 1292.3 820 0.634 0.744 1.378
Birhan 1033.8 881.5 0.852 0.551 1.403

LERS= Land Equivalent Ratio of Sorghum, LERC = Land Equivalent Ratio of Cassava

3.5. Soil Fertility Improvement condition and high structural stability [8] that might
increased root yield of cassava. According to this study the
Mixture cropping lead to the competition of moisture and highest competitor for nutrients was cowpea intercropped in
nutrients in the soil among the crops. However, cropping of cassava following haricot bean. This result was in line with
non-nitrogen fixing crops with nitrogen fixing legume crops the study of [20] who reported that cassava-cowpea
can improve soil fertility. The highest organic matter and intercropping was better competitor for resources compared
total nitrogen was recorded for the pure stand plot of cassava as to other legumes. The phosphorous was very low across
followed by cassava-soybean intercropping. Cassava pure all plots according to the range of [12] and high
stand plot did not have competitor for nutrients why the exchangeable potassium [1].
nutrients were high in the plot as compared to other plots.
Accordingly, the soil of these two plots were good structural
Table 6. Plots based soil chemical analysis.

S/N Sampling plots EC OM pH TN Avail. P Exch. K

1 Cassava + Soybean 0.17 4.01 7.10 0.24 2.72 129.00
2 Cassava + Haricot bean 0.14 3.01 8.30 0.15 4.52 125.50
3 Cassava + Cowpea 0.19 2.53 8.15 0.13 9.00 123.00
4 Sole Cassava 0.17 4.37 8.18 0.25 5.52 129.50
5 Sole Soybean 0.14 4.18 8.30 0.16 1.08 125.00
6 Sole Haricot bean 0.15 3.82 8.10 0.17 1.28 127.00
7 Sole Cowpea 0.15 2.73 7.88 0.13 1.72 127.00

pH (soil to water ratio 1:25) by pH meter, EC (soil to water ratio 1:25) by electro conductivity meter, OM (Organic Matter by%), Exch. K (cmol (+) kg-1 soil),
Avail. P (mg kg-1 soil), TN (Total Nitrogen by%).

did not significantly affected grain yield of soybean

4. Conclusion and Recommendation intercropped in cassava as compared to pure stand of
Incorporation of grain legumes into the cassava-based soybean. Because of the long duration of cassava roots
cropping systems could enhance overall productivity of the maturity, drought and disease problems, intercropping grain
systems in this dry environment of east Harerghe zone. In and legumes in cassava should be developed. Producing
this study soybean intercropped in cassava did not affect the cassava for dual-purpose as root yields, and hay is a good
root yield of cassava. Intercropping soybean in cassava fodder for dairy cows. Cassava tuber is very low in protein
advanced about 74% yield advantage, that means the pure and inclusion of a pulse crop is quite significant from the
stand could required 74% more land as compared to the point of view of balanced nutrition in Harerghe. Therefore,
mixture. Intercropping also improve soil fertility in addition from this result view, cassava-soybean intercropping
to diversifying different crops. Intercropping soybean with following early maturing sorghum was recommended for
cassava showed less competition and improved soil the study area and similar agro ecologies.
structure as compared to other legume crops. Cassava also
42 Gebisa Benti et al.: Effect of Cassava Intercropping with Legume Crops Followed by Sorghum on Growth, Yield and Yield
Parameters of Cassava-Based Double Cropping System

Acknowledgements [13] IITA. 1990. Cassava in Tropical Africa. A References Manual

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Agricultural Research Institute for funding the study. Our [14] Isola. O. T. 1998. Effects of cassava planting patterns, pruning
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Agricultural Research Center for their support in ideas and cassava/maize/melon and relayed cowpea. A PhD Thesis.
facilitation for the success of this study. We also inspire to Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria: 189
thanks Mr. Murtessa Yusuf for his assistance in data pp.
recording and facilitation. [15] Keating, B. A., Evenson, J. P., and Fukai, S. 1982.
Environmental effects on growth and development of cassava
(Manihotesculenta Crantz). III. Assimilated distribution and
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