DNA REPLICATION 3.

Primer • Ensures continuity in the DNA strand = lethal, detrimental or harmful

- provides a starting point DNA Ligase  results to two daughter to the organism
Preliminary steps for DNA synthesis strands
1. Opening of the superstructure - A primer must be • Telomerase puts a “protective cap” = 2 TYPES OF MUTATION
2. Relaxation of the higher synthesized by an enzyme telomere
structure called primase sliding clamp = holds DNA polymerase 1. Spontaneous – error in
 Enzyme: Topoisomerase or 4. Leading strand proofreading
DNA Gyrase - continuous PROOF READING AND REPAIR 2. Induced – heat, chemicals
- Keeps the DNA from 5. Okazaki fragment Cancer cells = carcinogens
supercoiling - synthesized  Leads to inherited diseases
discontinuously and later (no proof read and no EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Enzymes: linked together by the repair or wrong that occurs in the nucleus. During
1. Helicase enzyme DNA ligase to happens in sex cells) transcription, the DNA in the gene is used
- unzipping the two strands create the lagging strand  Cancer - (no proof as a template to make a messenger RNA
of DNA during DNA replication. read/repair or wrong that strand with the help of the enzyme RNA
2. Primase 6. Lagging strand happens in somatic cells) Polymerase
- the initializer - discontinuous
3. DNA Polymerase 7. Sliding clamp CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC ERRORS: 1. Initiation
- the builder, build a new - holds DNA polymerase SOURCES OF GENETIC ERRORS - RNA polymerase binds to
strand of DNA 8. Telomere the DNA of the gene at a
4. Exonuclease - protect the important  Mutation – any novel genetic region called the promoter
- removes all RNA primer genes from being deleted change in the gene can region.
5. DNA Ligase as cells divide and as DNA complement or genetype - Promoter tells the
- the gluer; connect two strands shorten relative to the parental polymerase where to "sit
strands of DNA together genotypes, beyond that down" on the DNA and
- It is used in cells to join • replication fork separated by helicase achieved by genetic begin transcribing.
together the Okazaki • SSB stops it from binding together recombination during meiosis - mRNA is produced (pre-
fragments which are again mRNA/primary transcript)
formed on the lagging • before addition of new DNA strand, Mutations are changes in DNA *mRNA that haven’t
strand during DNA primer is used = primase structure, and therefore changes in undergone processing*
replication • DNA polymerase adds protein phenotype.
6. Telomerase Deoxynucleotides in the leading strand 2. Elongation
- responsible for (continuously) Upon Punnett square, only results - the stage when the RNA
maintenance of the length • DNA polymerase adds are A & AB and the phenotype is B strand gets longer
of telomeres Deoxynucleotides in the lagging strand of the child then there is mutation - the RNA polymerase slides
(not continuous) along the template DNA
Other terms: On lagging strand, tend to get little strand.
1. Single-stranded binding fragments of synthesized DNA. These are  Mutations are rare for every 3. Termination
proteins (SSB) called Okazaki fragments. 100 million nucleotides added - RNA polymerase will keep
- bind to the newly Ligase take care of the gaps in the to a developing DNA strand transcribing until it gets
separated individual DNA Okazaki fragments only one mistake occurs on signals to stop.
strands, keeping the • Removes all RNA primer = exonuclease average - - depends on sequences in
strands separated • Gaps without primer are filled w/  Mutations are heritable; and the RNA, which signal that
2. Replication Deoxynucleotides may be beneficial, neutral, the transcript is finished.
- Dissociate
 - E, P, and A sites. SUMMARY::::::::::::
Spliceosome – removes the intron Translation: Beginning, middle, and
segments and to produce a mature - During elongation, end
messenger RNA to enter the nuclear pore individual amino acids are
and enter the cytoplasm to begin brought to the mRNA Initiation ("beginning"): in this stage, the
translation strand by a tRNA molecule ribosome gets together with the mRNA
through complementary and the first tRNA so translation can
TRANSLATION base pairing of the codons begin.
a process by which the genetic code and anticodons. Elongation ("middle"): in this stage,
contained within an mRNA molecule is amino acids are brought to the ribosome
decoded to produce the specific - Charged tRNA molecule by tRNAs and linked together to form a
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide binds to the A site and chain.
chain. Termination ("end"): in the last stage,
(PROCESSES BASED ON THE VIDEO) - A peptide bond from the finished polypeptide is released to go
between its amino acid and do its job in the cell.
- Translation begins with and the one attached to
mRNA strand binding to the tRNA molecule at the
the small ribosomal P site
subunit upstream of the
start codon. - The complex slides down
one codon to the right
- Each amino acid is brought where the now uncharged
to the ribosome by a tRNA molecule exits from
specific tRNA molecule. the E site

- The type of amino acid is - And the A site is open to

determined by the accept the next tRNA
anticodon sequence of the molecule
tRNA
- Elongation will continue
- Complementary base until a stop a codon is
pairing occurs between reached.
codon of the mRNA and
anticodon of the tRNA - A release factor binds to
the A site at a stop codon
- After the initiator tRNA and the polypeptide is
molecule binds to the start released from the tRNA in
codon, the large ribosomal the P site
subunit binds to form the
translation complex and - The entire complex
initiation is complete. dissociates and can
reassemble to begin the
- Large ribosomal subunit process again at initiation.
has 3 distinct regions: