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The Buoyancy Curve

This lecture describes how to develop a ship's buoyancy curve using Bonjean curves of area. The lecture explains that an iterative approach is used, starting with an estimated waterline and determining sectional areas from Bonjean curves. The volume of displacement and longitudinal center of buoyancy are calculated and compared to the weight and longitudinal center of gravity to refine the estimate. TPC (tonnes per centimeter immersion) and MCTC (moment to change trim 1 centimeter) equations are used to calculate changes in draft and trim based on changes in weight or trim moment. The process is repeated until an accurate still water buoyancy curve is obtained. Accounting for a ship in waves is also discussed but acknowledged as more difficult

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148 views

The Buoyancy Curve

This lecture describes how to develop a ship's buoyancy curve using Bonjean curves of area. The lecture explains that an iterative approach is used, starting with an estimated waterline and determining sectional areas from Bonjean curves. The volume of displacement and longitudinal center of buoyancy are calculated and compared to the weight and longitudinal center of gravity to refine the estimate. TPC (tonnes per centimeter immersion) and MCTC (moment to change trim 1 centimeter) equations are used to calculate changes in draft and trim based on changes in weight or trim moment. The process is repeated until an accurate still water buoyancy curve is obtained. Accounting for a ship in waves is also discussed but acknowledged as more difficult

Uploaded by

cesar
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Lecture 3:

The Buoyancy Curve


Aim of this lecture:
• To describe the effect of changing draft and trim on the
buoyancy curve

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:


• Explain how to use the bonjean curves of area to develop a
buoyancy curve
• Describe the effect of draft and trim on forces and moments
on the ship hull.
Sketch approximate Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
for the following 3 beams
• We have thought about the equilibrium forces acting on a
ship in still water and when poised on a wave

• Now we need to think about how we find this equilibrium


position
• Take our example ship from the coursework, we know:
• Total weight / displacement
• LCG position
• The up-thrust from the buoyancy must produce static
equilibrium
• For a still water condition, we must therefore calculate:
• Vessel draught
• Vessel trim
• Leading to …….. The still water buoyancy curve
• We can use Bonjean Curves to achieve this
• What does the Bonjean diagram show us?
• What properties can we
determine directly from this
diagram?
• Sectional Area Curve
• Volume of Displacement
• LCB
• What do we do now?
• An iterative approach:
• Step 1 – Make estimate of the waterline
• Step 2 – Determine section areas from Bonjean curves
• Step 3 – Integrate to find volume of displacement, D
• Step 4 – Take moments to find the LCB
• Step 5 – Compare with Weight and LCG
• Modern ship analysis software will follow a similar approach
• Analytically we can use two important Naval Architectural
equations to help us iterate:
• TPC – Tonnes per Centimetre Immersion
• MCTC – Moment to Change Trim 1 Centimetre
Parallel Movement of the Rotation of the waterline
Waterline (Parallel Sinkage) relative to the assumed
• This requires TPC (Tonnes per cm) waterline
• This requires MCTC (moment to
change trim 1cm)
• Change in draft will be • Trim
={Δ (weight analysis) = Δ (buoyancy)(LCG -LCB)/MCTC
-Δ buoyancy analysis}/TPC

New areas should be obtained from the bonjean curves for the
new waterline position and the calculation for displacement and
centre of buoyancy
Adjustments for a ship in still water should be small so
not many iterations should be required before sufficient
accuracy is obtained
Parallel Sinkage of the Waterline:

• When the ship is still, the weight and


buoyancy forces must act in the same
straight line
• When additional weight is placed on this
straight line the vessel sinks until the
additional buoyancy equals the additional
weight
• The ship undergoes parallel sinkage

• This requires us to know TPC ( tonnes per cm.)


• 1 m3 of water weighs – 1 tonne
• 1 cm increase in depth is caused by:
1 2 A
Awp 
100
m    1Tonne  wp
100
=TPC fresh water

• Density of Salt Water 1.025 * Density


of fresh water
Awp
 1.025 • TPC salt water
100

• Figure for TPC are usually calculated


for all water planes of a ship
• Moment to Trim 1cm
.GM L L – Ship length in metres
MCTC 
100L

GML – Longitudinal Metacentric Height

• GML is usually very large compared to GB


KM L  BM L  KB GM L  BM L  GB

• We can substitute BML instead of GML with only a small error


.BM L I BL3
MCTC  now BM L  L where IL 
100L  12

• IL is the moment of inertia of the entire water plane about a transverse axis
through its centroid (centre of flotation)
• Use TPC and MCTC formulae to calculate the new draught
and trim of the following ship from a previous iteration:
• Current Displacement (from buoyancy analysis) = 38000 tonnes
• Required Displacement = 39000 tonnes
• Waterplane Area = 3400 m2
• Length bp = 150m , Breadth = 32m
• LCG and LCF are at amidships
• LCB = 0.1m fwd of amidships
• Previous iteration with even keel trim and T = 10m
• An iterative approach:
• Step 1 – Make estimate of the waterline
• Step 2 – Determine section areas from Bonjean curves
• Step 3 – Integrate to find volume of displacement, D
• Step 4 – Take moments to find the LCB
• Step 5 – Compare with Weight and LCG

• How do we account for the ship when placed in a wave


profile?
• In principle same as ship in still water…..in practice it
is more difficult
• It is not possible to fix the position of the wave
accurately
• Adjustments to the position of the wave using TPC and
MCTC can be made
• Often large numbers of iterations required to
determine the position of the wave with sufficient
accuracy
• We will continue investigating this in the next lecture
Aim of this lecture:
• To understand the buoyancy curve and the effect of
changing draft and trim.

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:


• Explain how to use the bonjean curves of area to develop a
buoyancy curve
• Describe the effect of draft and trim on forces and moments
on the ship hull.

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