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Limiting Reactants and The Product Formed

Stoichiometry involves using balanced chemical equations to determine quantitative relationships between reactants and products. The limiting reactant is the first reactant to be completely used up. The excess reactant remains after the reaction is finished. Percent yield compares the actual amount of product formed to the theoretical maximum amount. It is calculated by taking the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%.

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Franklin Mayo
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579 views

Limiting Reactants and The Product Formed

Stoichiometry involves using balanced chemical equations to determine quantitative relationships between reactants and products. The limiting reactant is the first reactant to be completely used up. The excess reactant remains after the reaction is finished. Percent yield compares the actual amount of product formed to the theoretical maximum amount. It is calculated by taking the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%.

Uploaded by

Franklin Mayo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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✓ Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that

involves using relationships between


reactants and/or products in a chemical
reaction to determine desired quantitative
data.
✓ Excess reagent/reactant is a reactant that
is not used up when the reaction is
finished.
✓ Limiting reagent/reactant is a reagent that
is completely used up or reacted.
When 4.00 mol H2 is mixed with 2.00 mol Cl2, how many
moles of HCL can form?
H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
Calculate the moles of product from each reactant H and
Cl.

LIMITING
REACTANT
Use formula to find amount of left over excess
reactant.
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Total – reacts = left over
reacts/used
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2
2 mol Cl x = 2 mol H2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙
amount of excess
reactants / left over
4 mol H2 - 2 mol H2 = 2 mol H2
Calculate the mass of water produced when 8.00 g H2
and 24.0 g O2 react?
2 H2 + O 2 2 H2O
Calculate the grams of H2 O for each reactant.

LIMITING
REACTANT
1. Start with theoretical yield and find mass of excess
reactant.
g of (theoretical) mol product mol ER g of ER
2H2 + O2 2H2O
reacts/used
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2O 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2 2.016 𝑔H2
27 g H2O x x x = 3.02 g H2
18 𝑔H2O 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2

2. Use formula to find amount of left over excess reactant.


Excess amount left over = Original amount – amount used
= 8 g H2 - 3.02 g H2
= 4.98 g H2 amount of excess
reactants / left over
1. If 4.80 mol Ca mixed with 2.00 mol N2, which is the
limiting reactant? How much is the excess
reactants?
Ca + N2 Ca3 N2

2. If 14.32 g of N2 reacts with 4.21 g of H2 to produce


NH3. What is the limiting reactant? How much is the
excess reactants.
N2 + H2 NH3
Theoretical yield
✓The maximum amount of product calculated using
the balanced equation.
Actual yield
✓The amount of product obtained when the
reaction takes place.
Percent yield
✓The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield.
percent yield = actual yield (g) x 100%
theoretical yield (g)
What is the percent yield of CO when 30.0 g O2 are
used? The actual yield is 40.0 g CO.
2C + O2 2CO
1. When N2 and 5.00 g H2 are mixed, the reaction
produces 16.0 g NH3. What is the percent yield for
the reaction?
N2 + H2 NH3

2. The combustion of 0.374 kg of (CH4) methane


in the presence of excess oxygen (O2)
produces 0.983 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is the percent yield?
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
If 23 grams of iron (II) chloride reacts with 41 grams of sodium phosphate,
what is the limiting reactant? How much sodium chloride can be formed? How
much of the excess reactant remains when this reaction has gone to
completion? What is the percent yield of this reaction if 16.1 grams of sodium
chloride are formed?
3 FeCl2 + 2 Na3PO4 Fe3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl
FeCl2: LIMITING REACTANT
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙FeCl2 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
23 g FeCl2 x x x
126.75 𝑔FeCl2 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙FeCl2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
= 21.2 g NaCl / 21 g NaCl Theoretical yield
Na3PO4:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙Na3PO4 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
41 g Na3PO4 x x x
163.94Na3PO4 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙Na3PO4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
= 43.8 g NaCl / 44 g NaCl
3 FeCl2 + 2 Na3PO4 Fe3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl
g of (theoretical) mol product mol ER g of ER
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙Na3PO4 163.94 𝑔Na3PO4
1. 21 g NaCl x x x
58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙Na3PO4
= 19.63 g Na3PO4 / 20 g Na3PO4 reacts/used

2. Excess amount left over = Original amount – amount used


= 41 g Na3PO4 - 20 g Na3PO4
= 21 g Na3PO4 amount of excess
reactants / left over
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
Percent yield = x 100%
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
16.1 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
= x 100%
21 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
= 76.66 g NaCl / 77g NaCl
1. 50 g of Benzene (C6H6) is placed in a container
with 160 g of oxygen gas. After the reaction, 30 grams
of water were collected. What is the percent yield?
How much excess reactant was left over after the
reaction?
2. 2 moles of propane reacts with 8 moles of oxygen
gas in a combustion reaction. In the reaction, 4.5
moles were the actual yield. How many moles of
carbon dioxide are formed? How much of the excess
reactant is left over? What is the percent yield?
Solution 1::
Molar mass Ratio of R Molar mass
of R to P of P

LIMITING REACTANT Theoretical yield


1𝑚𝑜𝑙 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 18 𝑔
50 g x x x = 34.6 g / 35 g
78 𝑔 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

EXCESS REACTANT
Molar mass Ratio of P Molar mass
of P to ER of ER
g of (theoretical) mol product mol ER g of ER
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 15 𝑚𝑜𝑙 32 𝑔
34.6 g x x x = 153.8 g reacts/used
18 𝑔 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Excess amount left over = original amount – amount used


= 160 g – 153.8 g
= 6.2 g amount of excess
reactants / left over
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
Percent yield = x 100%
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
30 𝑔
= x 100%
34.6 𝑔
= 86.7%
Solution 2::
Ratio of R
to P

EXCESS REACTANT
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
2 mol x = 6 mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

LIMITING REACTANT
Theoretical yield
Ratio of LR
to ER
mol LM mol ER reacts/used
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
8 mol x = 1.6 mol
5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Excess amount left over = original amount – amount used
= 2 mol – 1.6 mol
= 0.4 mol
amount of excess
reactants / left over
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
Percent yield = x 100%
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
4.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= x 100%
4.8 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 93.75%

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