Module 2

PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEFINITION HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND AND CONTRIBUTORS
Physical Education is the process by which changes in the individual are bought about through
movement’s experiences? Physical Education aims not only at physical development but is also
concerned with education of the whole person through physical activities.

Encourage the development of motor skills, physical abilities, knowledge, reasoning,

appreciation of the value and habituation healthy lifestyle that leads to stimulate growth and balanced
development.

Instruction in the development and care of the body ranging from simple calisthenics exercise to
a course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics, and the performance and management of
athletic games. (Merriam Webster)

Physical Education is "education through the physical". It aims to develop students’ physical
competence and knowledge of movement and safety, and their ability to use these to perform in a wide
range of activities associated with the development of an active and healthy lifestyle.

Brief History and Contributor of Physical Education

Physical education would start in just about 1820 when schools focused on gymnastics, hygiene
training and care and development of the human body. By the year 1950, over 400 institutes had
introduced majors in physical education. The Young Men's Christian Association launched its very first
chapter in 1851 and focused on physical activities. Colleges were encouraged to focus on intramural
sports particularly track, field and football. But physical education became a formal requirement
following the civil war when many states opted to pass laws that required schools to incorporate a
substantial physical education component into their curriculums. But it was not till 1970 that an
amendment was made to the Federal Education Act that allowed women from high school and college
to compete in athletic competitions. Sex-based discrimination was completely outlawed from
government funded programs at this point.

Physical education in the United States would kick off in the nineteenth century. There was
growing popularity of formal physical education programs all across Europe where calisthenics and
gymnastics were all the rage. American schools looked to follow the European model by incorporating
physical education into the curriculum for primary and secondary schools. And a brief history of physical
education would not be complete with a consideration of institutes of higher education that gradually
built up extremely successful sports programs.

The people beyond the existing of Physical Education one of the first men to recognize the
importance of physical activity in school curriculum was Johann Bernard Basedow in Germany. He
includes gymnastics as part of daily curriculum devoting-up to three hours per day to educating through
the physical. Basedow required specific uniform for his students, so they had unrestricted movement.
He also offered a camp for two months during the summer for his student.
 In 1810 Friedrich Jahn, “the father of Gymnastic began working outdoors with his students.
Using simple exercise and games sometimes long hikes. He develop a system of physical training.
Charles Beck, who was student, friend and follower of Friedrich Jahn teamed-up with a friend and they
made their way to Switzerland, France and eventually in America. Beck is also becoming the first official
Physical Education teacher in America in 1825.

In the early 1900s, everything changed. John Dewey, an American psychologist who led a
progressive education movement in America, pushed for reforms in the education system. His child-
centered, natural approach to education, led to physical education being included in more schools.
Dewey ignited this change because physical education was perceived as a way students could attain
some of the social goals for student at the time. Physical play was believed to be a means to learn in this
progressive model of education.

Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women. She felt corsets not only made such
exercise impossible but actually deformed women's bodies. Worst of all, such deformities, she believed,
could be passed on to future generations and degrades the race. She campaigned for a school
curriculum that included calisthenics, and produced instructive drawings of appropriate exercises for
young men

George Bancroft who had opened Round Hill School in America had been looking at and
studying the German system and immediately hired Beck to Teach Latin and Physical Education in the
form of German gymnastic. In

1972 women had little opportunity to compete in a large number of sports. After the legislature
had passed title IX. All federally funded schools were required to create equal opportunities for females
to compete in sports, has helped eliminate sexism in sports, as well as in regular activity classes because
it has caused people to have a more open mind since the amount of female college athletes has
increased by about 80%.

Physical Education in the Philippines Pre-Spanish Period

Negritos or Aetas Nomadic and wandering tribes hunting with the use of the bow and arrow.
Survival in the quest for food. Protection against the hostile environment. They run, leap, jump and
climb. They are fond of music and dancing. Survival in the quest for food. Protection against the hostile
environment. They run, leap, jump and climb. They are fond of music and dancing.

Favorite Fast time Cockfighting still continued to be the favorite sport of the country. Dancing is
continued one of the major physical activities enjoyed by the people. Ceremonial dances were
performed during religious events, like Santa Cruzan where in people ate, sang, drank and danced to
their hearts content. Games were played by the Filipinos during a grand celebration or after the Santa
Cruzan.

The young boys favorite past time are Young boys play patintero, sipa, top spinning and kite
flying. Card games were very popular recreational to old folks which were introduced by the Spaniards.
Also young girls favorite past time are Sungka, siklot and also piko, luksong tinik and hide and seek
 Ateneo de Municipal de Manila
 (Founded by the Jesuits Fathers)
 Physical education was made a part of the curriculum
 In 1863 a royal decree established a Normal School for Men in the City of Manila and physical
education was not included in the curriculum.
 In 1863 a royal decree established the Superior Normal School for Women and, still physical
education was not included in the curriculum.
 In 1893 the Superior Normal School for Men Teachers (Normal School for Men) included
gymnastics in the curriculum.
 In 1867, the Manila Jockey Club was founded to supervise the holding of horse
Physical Education in the Philippine during the time of America
Just as soon as the American soldiers landed in the Philippines after the historic event of the
signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, schools reopened.

 1901- Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced in the public schools and a
regular program of athletics was developed.
 1905- Baseball and track and field were introduced and taught to the young boys in
school.
 1909- The athletic program for the schools was inaugurated.
 1910- Basketball was first introduced as a game for girls.
 1911- The “Athletic Handbook” was published.
 1914- The Teachers Vacation Assembly in Manila gave special training to Filipino
teachers.
 1919- A syllabus entitled “Physical Education: A Manual for Teachers” was published.
 1920- Physical education was made required subjects in the curriculum of all public
schools.
 1928- A summer school for coaching was held.
 July 18, 1975 - The United States House of Representatives voted to require school
physical education classes include both genders.
 2009 - Georgia Student Health & Physical Education Act or SHAPE 2010 - Act is passed.
 May 23, 2012 - Gov. Nathan Deal Georgia launches landmark initiative to improve

In contemporary history, physical education in the Philippines developed into

the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports.
The nation's Executive Order No. 81 series of 1999 then integrated BPESS into the Philippine
Sports Commission, which has since assumed BPESS's departmental roles. Before the foundation of
either BPESS or PSC, the development of physical education in the Philippines was conducted by one of
three staff bureaus within its. Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. Referred to as DECS, the
department began as the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports under the country's Education Act
of 1982. Sports organizations in the early 20th century were cultivated alongside educational programs
that were simultaneously sponsored by the government, including the Philippine Amateur Athletic
Federation and the Department of Public Instruction. Passed in 1990, the Republic Act 6847 came to be
known the Philippine Sports Commission Act upon its creation as a primary governmental sporting
institution, and it continues to function with the Department of Education through collaborating in
nationally accredited physical education programs. The Department of Education and the Philippine
Sports Commission additionally cooperate in hosting annual sporting events such as the Paralong
Pambansa, in which student athletes participate from around the nation.

Objectives of Physical Education

 To develop the organic systems of the body;

 To develop euro-muscular co-ordination or skill;
 To develop right attitude towards and physical activities in general;
 To develop a desirable social attitudes and conduct;
 Development of psychomotor skills;
 Development of understanding and appreciation of the techniques and strategies of
sports;
 Preparation for leisure time;
 Elimination of worries and anxieties through developing appropriate interests and
habits of engaging in exercise and sports;
 Attainment of knowledge of proper health procedure as related to physical exercise.
 To develop correct health habits;
 To serve as an out let for surplus energy, which if pent up, make the child tens, nervous
and irritable.
 To meet the challenge of growing indiscipline among the student community by
instilling in the younger generation a sense of patriotism, self-reliance and discipline.
 To give adequate scope for bringing out the aptitudes and talents of the child.
 To promote the spirit of certain qualities like sports-man ship, team spirit, leadership,
patience, self-restrain co-operation, sociability and those other qualities of character
and citizenship.

Aspect of Physical Education

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Through the carefully selected physical an individual who
participates actively will develop and maintain good health and a high level of physical
fitness. The acquisition of physical skills can motivate an individual to participate, further in
physical activities hence his growth and development will be enhanced.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Participation in the physical education activities provides

opportunities for the development of desirable social traits needed for adjustment to the
social life in general.

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT The informal nature of physical education activity offers

opportunities for Self-expression and emotional mastery.
 MENTAL DEVELOPMENT Through participation in physical education activities the
individual develops his mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles underlying
movement, as he acquired knowledge and understanding of rules and strategies of games
and sports, and as he discovers ways of improving his movements in gymnastics and dance.

SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Education develops deep thinking and questioning the

way in which the body works. Student are encouraged to analyze and seek ways to improve
performance. A variety of skills are developed, through dance, which allow student to
express their feelings and emotions, as well as be amazed by what their bodies can achieve.

The Four Phases of Development

Organic This is the development of power and endurance of the heart, lungs heat
regulating mechanism, and digestive and eliminating organs. These various organs gain
power and stamina from use.

Neuromuscular The development of skills and coordination required in the mastery of

life's varied activities can be directly attributed to physical education; also to development
of strength in the skeletal muscle used in such coordination.

Interpretive The type of development strengthens the thinking, interpreting, and

solving problem-solving process of individual.

Emotional development is a process that a student develops from dependence to a

fully functioning adult and applies to most life forms. When born a child is weak and
requires support from it parents either directly or indirectly. As it grows older its capabilities
improve and the mind alters to increase its level of self-dependence.

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Health is wealth: A healthy mind in a healthy body. The physical activity is a biological,
psychological and sociological need of human beings.

Growth and development: Physical activities are essential for proper growth and
development of student. Physical education provides the required activity for the children
for their growth and development.

Maintenance of health and fitness: Physical activities not only help in proper growth
and development, but also contribute to the maintenance of health and fitness.
Development of positive life style Physical education teaches the student the harmful
effects of alcohol, smoking and drug addiction. These student not only learn the values of
positive life style, but also encourage their parents and stress to practice a healthy life style.

Development of motor qualities: The motor qualities such as strength, speed;

endurance, coordinative abilities, flexibility, power, etc. can only be developed through
physical activities. These qualities are essential not only for participating in sports and
games but also for leading a healthy life in the society.
 Development of neuro- muscular co-ordination: Helps realize the emotions:
Physical education helps the student to realize their emotions as emotional development is
an aim of physical education. Hours of sitting and studying in the class room makes children
lethargic and few minutes of play helps them to refresh them. In order to according any
work gracefully coordination can be attained only through physical activities and that to a
great extent at the younger age.

Development of knowledge: Intellectual or cognitive development is also an aim of

physical education. Thus physical education helps for its development by way of teaching
them the rules and regulations of the game, its techniques, tactics and strategies etc.

Cultural development: Physical education has a very great importance in every phase
of life from childhood to youth, from youth to adulthood and from adulthood to old age,
because the child makes use of whatever knowledge he gains through physical education,
in every field of life from time-to-time.