Department of Labor and Employment

Occupational Safety and Health Center

Accredited Safety Training Organization
Accreditation No. 1030-101818-094

BASIC
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH
(BOSH)
TRAINING MANUAL
Name:___________________________________________
Company:_______________________________________
_
Dates:____________________________________________
Venue:___________________________________________

“The more you sweat in training, the less you bleed in battle”
 Unit 14 & 15 Pilar Arcade Brgy. Panilao
Pilar, Bataan, Philippines
www.avietcs.com
Tel# 0995 980 2496 0921 929 0719

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module TOPIC PAGE 1 Introduction to OSH 1 2 OSH Legislation, Administration
and Enforcement 2 3 Unsafe act and Unsafe Condition 15 4 Good Housekeeping
19 5 5S Housekeeping and Material Handling 21 6 Electrical Safety 34 7 Fire
Safety 40 8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 46 9 Emergency Preparedness
51 10 Machine and Equipment Safety 59 11 Confined Space Safety 63 12
Occupational Health 74
13 Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 86 14 Safety Inspection / Site Visit 91 15
Accident Investigation 94 16 Communication in Safety 99 17 Safety Management
Systems 104 18 OSH Programming 106 19 Job Hazard Analysis 111 20 Re-Entry
Program 116

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Module 1 – Introduction to OSH

∙ Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives

o To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

o To reinforce participants positive behavior towards Occupational Safety and

Health (OSH)

o To increase awareness of the participants on the implementation of

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) program

o To familiarize with the Occupational Safety and Health Standards as

promulgated by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

o To know the requirements for the appointment of a Safety Officer and for
BWC-DOLE accreditation as OSH Practitioner/Consultant
 o Individually, the participants shall develop a safety and health action plan or
program designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases in
accordance with the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS)

∙ Introduction of Speakers and Participants

o Day 1 ______________________________

o Day 2 ______________________________

o Day 3 ______________________________

o Day 4 ______________________________

o Day 5 ______________________________

∙ Diagnostic Examination/Pre-Test

∙ OSH Situation - Video Showing of the Present OSH Situation and Progress of
Safety Movements in the Philippines

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Module 2 – OSH Legislation, Administration

and Enforcement
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Labor and Employment

VISION & MISSION

● Attainment of full, decent and productive employment for every Filipino
worker.
● Promote gainful employment opportunities, develop human resources, protect
workers and promote their welfare and maintain industrial peace.

Eleven (11) Attached Agencies

 ● Employees Compensation Commission
● Institute for Labor Studies
● Maritime Training Council
● National Conciliation and Mediation Board
● National Labor Relations Commission
● National Maritime Polytechnic
● National Wages and Productivity Commission
● Occupational Safety and Health Center
● Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
● Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
● Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

6 BUREAUS
1. Labor and Employment Statistics
2. Labor Relations
3. Local Employment
4. Rural Workers
5. Women and Young Workers
6. Working Conditions
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BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

What are the Occupational Safety and Health Standards?

OSH Standards are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate
or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment.
The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work
environment. As a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members,
employers, customers, suppliers, nearby communities, and other members of the public
who are impacted by the workplace environment. It may involve interactions among many
subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational (or industrial) hygiene,
public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics, ergonomics, toxicology,
epidemiology, environmental health, industrial relations, public policy, industrial sociology,
medical sociology, social law, labor law and occupational health psychology.

The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety and health
promulgated pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the
Philippines, P.D. 442.
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BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Art. 162. Safety and health standards. The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by
appropriate orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards
to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and
institute new, and update existing, programs to ensure safe and healthful working
conditions in all places of employment.

Art. 163. Research. It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Labor and
Employment to conduct continuing studies and research to develop innovative methods,
techniques and approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; to
discover latent diseases by establishing causal connections between diseases and work
in environmental conditions; and to develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as
practicable that no employee will suffer impairment or diminution in health, functional
capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his work and working conditions.

• What does safety and health in the workplace mean?

Safety refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with
prescribed Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers
to perform the job without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational
safety also refers to practices related to production and work process.
Health means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the
worker or employee to perform the job normally.
• What is the purpose of OSH Standards?
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that
must be afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury,
sickness or death that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of
OSH Standards by the State is an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting
the welfare and well-being of the workers.

• What are covered by the General OSH Standards?

All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered, including agricultural
enterprises whether operating for profit or not, except:
∙ Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
∙ Mines which is under the Department lf Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR).

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• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean?

It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger
of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions.

• What is the minimum standard on safety and health in the workplace?

The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace free
from work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to
property. Thus, the worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with: ∙ Appropriate
seats, lighting and ventilation;
∙ Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment;
∙ Separate facilities for men and women;
∙ Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats
or first-aid kits;
∙ Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
∙ Free medical and dental services and facilities.

• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees?

Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or working
stations:
∙ Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overall head coverings,
goggles, gloves aprons and respirators;
∙ A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal, local exhaust or general
ventilation to keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing zone; ∙
Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;
 ∙ Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable or
explosive materials, containers filled with explosives or flammable substances,
and containers that have held explosives or flammable materials;

• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of establishments?

Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

∙ Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and safety
instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times;
∙ Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such
as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of
the establishment shall be used to increase safety especially during the night;
∙ Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as
practicable and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and convenient
movement within the establishment;
∙ Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building,
yards, machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of
process operations, storage and filing materials;

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∙ Adequate dressing rooms, locker rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories separate for
male and female workers shall be provided.

•Who enforces OSH Standards?

The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other
authorized representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitorial
and enforcement powers.

•What is visitorial power?

Visitorial power refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the

premises of an employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being
undertaken. This is necessary to determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers
under the Labor Code. Under this power, the employer may be required to submit reports
and other documents to determine any violation.

• What is enforcement power?

Enforcement power refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to
order an erring employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor standards
and issue a writ of execution in case of non-compliance. If the violation poses grave and
imminent danger to the health and safety of workers, suspension or cessation of the
operations may be effected within 24 hours from the issuance of the order.
 •How are these Standards enforced?

These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every employer
shall provide to the Secretary or to his/her duly authorized representative access to its
premises or records at any time of the day or night whenever there is work to determine
and effect compliance.

Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a year. However, special
inspection visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to investigate work-related
accidents, occupational illness or dangerous occurrences, conduct surveys, follow-up
inspection recommendations, or to conduct investigations or inspections upon request of
an employer, worker or labor union in the establishment.

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•If a worker or representative of workers or any concerned person believes that

such a violation of the OSH Standards exists which threatens with physical harm or
poses imminent danger to life, what shall he do to correct the danger?

The said worker or workers’ representative shall request the RO for an inspection of their
area by giving full particulars or details regarding such violation or danger.

• What does the Regional Office do in such a case?

The Regional Office evaluates the report and conducts a special inspection or investigation
immediately in the subject establishment. The complainant is notified in writing of the
outcome of such investigation.

What are the duties and responsibilities of the employers and the employees

in Rules of the Occupational Safety and

relation to enforcement and compliance with OSH Standards in the

workplace? Health Standards

Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
1000 General Provisions
1160 Boiler
• Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions.
1010 Other Safety Rules
1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels
• Comply with the requirements of the Standards.
1020 Registration
• Give complete job safety instruction to all his workers
1180 Internal Combustion Engine*
• Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
1030 Training & Accreditation 1200 Machine Guarding 1210
1040 Health & Safety Committee Electrical Safety 1220 Elevators &
1050 Notification & Keeping of Related
DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS
∙ Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the
Occ. Illnesses & Injuries Equipment
Standards; 1230 Identification of Piping System
1060 Premises of Establishments
∙ Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the policies
1070 Environmental Control
1240 Power Piping Lines *
adopted and the safety organization established;
∙ Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative
1080 Personal Protective 1410 Construction Safety
Equipment
once in every three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings
1090 Hazardous Materials
1420 Logging
and its recommendations and measures taken to implement the recommendation;
1100 Gas & Electric Welding & 1140 Explosives
∙ Act on recommended safety measures; ∙ 1940 Fire Protection & Control 1950
Provide access to appropriate authorities. Pesticides & Fertilizers 1960 OH
Cutting Operations Services
1120 Hazardous Work Processes 1970 Fees
Rule 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
∙ Cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions of the Standards.
1150 Materials Handling & 1980 Authority of LGUs
Storage
∙ Report any work hazard to his/her supervisor
∙ Follow all instructions by the employer in compliance with the OSHS provisions
1990 Final Provisions
∙ Make proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

∙ Follow safety policies;
∙ Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor;
∙ Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee;

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BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
∙ Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee;
∙ Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection.

General Provisions (Rule 1010)

DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS
∙ Any person including builders or contractors, who visits, builds, innovates or installs
devices in establishments or workplaces shall comply with the provision of OSHS rules
and all regulations issued by the employer in compliance with the Standards and other
issuances of the Secretary.

Rule 1020 - Registration

∙ Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office or
authorized representative to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its
enforcement activities.
∙ Free of charge
∙ Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location, ownership; opening
after previous closing

Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH

The BWC either directly or through accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing
training programs to increase the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry
out the provision of this Standards.

Employer to appoint a safety officer on a full-time or part-time basis depending on the type
of workplace (whether hazardous or non-hazardous) and number of workers in the
workplace.

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 Source:www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DO%2016-01.pdf

A workplace is deemed hazardous if:

∙ The nature of the work exposes workers to dangerous environmental elements,
contaminants or work conditions, including ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire,
flammable substances, noxious components, and the like
∙ The workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire-fighting, mining,
quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and mechanized
farming
∙ The workers use or are exposed to heavy or power-driven machinery or explosive
powder-actuated equipment
∙ The workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other
pyrotechnic products
∙ The workers use or are exposed to biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and
other parasites.

Considered “highly hazardous workplace"

• Where potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of
workers not only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The

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following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous
activities:
 1. Petrochemical works and refineries;
2. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
3. LPG storage and materials;
4. Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chemicals;
5. Large fertilizer stores;
6. Explosives factories;
7. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
8. Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above;
9. Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related
to classification of establishments

Rule 1030 - Training and Accreditation of Personnel in OSH

★ All Safety Officers must complete the Bureau prescribed Training Course
★ A full-time safety officer must be duly accredited by the BWC.
★ Accreditation Program of DOLE

Note: The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be required if the
employer enters into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting
organization whose duties and responsibilities shall be the duties of a safety
practitioner as stated in this Rule. The employment of a consultant, however, will
not excuse the employer from the required training of his supervisors or technical
personnel.

Requirements for Accreditation

OSH PRACTITIONER
1. Completion of Prescribed 40-Hour BOSH training from DOLE
accredited or recognized organizations.
2. Relevant experience in OSH
∙ Three (3) years experience if applicant is duly licensed by
PRC

∙ Four (4) years experience if applicant is a graduate of any 4

or 5 year college course without PRC license.
∙ Ten (10) years experience if applicant is a college
undergraduate

What are the requirements for Accreditation?

1. Duly accomplished Application Form (DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1).
2. Updated Original Certificate of employment
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3. Original actual functions/job description duly signed by the employer or authorized
official of the company.
 4. Photo copy of previous employment certificate (if necessary)
5. Photo copy of Certificate of Completion on the 40-Hour Bureau prescribed BOSH
training course from DOLE-BWC Accredited STOs
6. Photo copy of Certificate of Attendance/ Participation to other OSH related
trainings/ seminars from DOLE accredited / recognized organizations/institutions 7.
Photo copy of college diploma, transcript of records and/or PRC license, if any 8.
Proof of applicant’s achievements/ accomplishments/participation on OSH (i.e.
awards/recognitions, reports, programs prepared and submitted)

Note: All pages of documents must be signed by the applicant and original of all
documents submitted must be presented to during applicant’s panel interview.

Validity and Renewal of Accreditation

✔ Accreditation shall be valid for three (3) years and shall be renewed upon
compliance with minimum requirements pursuant to D.O. 16, unless
suspended, cancelled or revoked
✔ Accreditation shall be renewed within the prescriptive period of 30 calendar days
prior to expiration thereof.

RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

A Safety and Health Committee is a group of employees or workers and management
that plans and makes policies in all matters pertaining to safety and health in the
workplace. All establishments are required to have a Safety and Health Committee.

•When shall an establishment organize a Safety and Health Committee? In every

workplace, a Safety and Health Committee shall be organized within sixty days after the
Standards take effect, and for new establishments, within one month from the date
business starts operating. In both cases the Safety and Health Committee shall reorganize
every January of the following year.

•What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee? The
types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized
according to the number of employees or workers in a workplace.

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•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee?
Safety and Health Committee shall:
∙ Plan and develop accident prevention programs in the workplace; ∙
Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
∙ Review reports of inspection, results of accident investigations and implementation
of accident prevention program;
∙ Conduct safety meetings at least once a month;
∙ Submit reports to the manager/owner on its meetings and activities; ∙ Provide
necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of
activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the Standards; ∙ Train workers
in safe work habits and procedures;
∙ Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency
service units as may be necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the
Emergency Preparedness Manual for Establishments of the Office of Civil Defense.

Duties of Employer
1. Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
2. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required report
requirements.
3. Acts on recommended measures of health and safety committee and in case of non
adoption, informs the committee of the reason

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∙ What are the duties of the Safety Officer?

As per Rule 1047 of OSHS:

 ⮚ Advises employers, supervisors and workers
on
matters of safety for their guidance
⮚ Investigates accidents as part of the Safety
Committee
⮚ Coordinates safety training programs for
employees and employers
⮚ Make safety inspections of the plant as part of
the
Safety Committee
⮚ Maintains or helps maintain an accident record
system
⮚ Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee
⮚ Provides assistance to government inspectors in
the conduct of safety and health inspection

Qualifications of a Safety Consultant (OSHS Rule 1034.01)

o One who has been a Safety and Health Practitioner for at least five(5) years and
has taken the necessary training prescribed by the Bureau
o Safety Practitioners with at least ten (10) years of experience in all levels of
occupational safety and health may not be required to undergo the required
training provided they secure from the |Bureau a certification attesting to their
competence to qualify as Consultants
o All Safety Consultants or consulting organizations, shall be accredited by the
Bureau and registered with the Regional Office Concerned.

No person or organization may be allowed, hired or otherwise employed in the practice

of Occupational Safety and Health unless the requirements of the Rule are complied
with.

RULE 1050 - Notification & Keeping of Accident and/or

Occupational Illnesses

• Notification - All work accidents or occupational illnesses, resulting in

disabling conditions or dangerous occurrences shall be reported by
the employer to the Regional Labor Office
• If Major work accidents results in death or permanent total disability, employer shall
initially notify the Regional Labor Office within 24 hours. • 1054: Keeping of Records -
The employer shall maintain and keep an accident or illness record which shall be
open at all times for inspection to authorized personnel. • Provides the safety officer
means for an objective evaluation of the program • Helps identify high injury rates
• Provides information on accident causes which contributes to high injury
rates.

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Rule 1070 - Occupational Health and Environmental Control
 ✔ The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the working environment in
comfortable and healthy conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining
the health of his workers.
✔ The employer shall carry out WEM where hazardous work is performed and shall
keep a record of such measurement which shall be made available to the
enforcing authority.
✔ WEM shall include temperature, humidity, pressure, illumination, ventilation,
concentration of substances & noise.
✔ The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be necessary but not longer than
annually.

Rule 1080 - Personal Protective Equipment and Devices

• 1081.04 - No person shall be subjected or exposed to a hazardous environmental

condition without protection.
• 1081.01 - Every employer shall at his own expense furnish his workers with
protective equipment and barriers whenever necessary.

RULE 1960 - Occupational Health Services

Every employer is required to provide in his workplace medical and

dental services, emergency medicines and dental facilities.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL

Refers to the qualified first aider, nurse, dentist or physician, whose services have
been engaged by the employer in order to provide occupational health services in the
establishment.

❖ Emergency Hospital – An employer need not put up an emergency hospital or

dental clinic if there is a hospital or dental clinic which is not more than five(5)
kilometers away in urban areas and 25 minutes travel in rural areas provided
contracts are entered into with the said hospital or dental clinic and that the
employer provides transportation facilities.

Physician/Dentist shall be subject to call at any time in other shifts

during emergencies.

Health Program – The physician engaged by the employer, in addition to

providing medical services in cases of emergency, must also perform the
following:

❖ Conduct pre-employment medical examination, free of charge, for the proper

selection of workers

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 ❖ Conduct free of charge annual physical examination of the workers
❖ Collaborate with safety and technical personnel in the selection and
placement of workers, including investigation of work related accidents due to
exposure to health hazards
❖ Develop and implement a comprehensive health program for the employees

OTHER SAFETY-RELATED REQUIREMENTS

• Chapter VII, Industrial Hygiene of PD 856 - Sanitation Code of the Philippines

• D.O. No. 53-03, IRR of RA 9165, Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 •

R.A. 8504, The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998

• D.O. No. 73-05, Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy and Program on
Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in the Workplace

• RA 7877, “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.”

• DOLE Department Advisory No. 5, series of 2010, guidelines on workplace

policy and program on Hepatitis B

Module 3 – Unsafe Acts and

Unsafe Conditions
Introduction

1. Loss

Physical Harm (Injury or Illness) Property, Process and Environmental Dama Multiple
fatalities Catastrophic

Fatality Major

Lost Time Injury (LTI) Serious

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 Restricted Work Cases (RWC) Minor Medical
Treatment

First Aid Cases

2. Incident - Contact
∙ Struck Against (Tinamaan Laban sa Napakalakas na Puwersa)

∙ Struck by Hard Object (Tinamaan ng Mitigas na Bagay)

∙ Fall from Elevation to Lower Surface (Nahulog)

∙ Fall on Same Level-Trip or Slip (Nadapa)

∙ Caught In (Sumabit)

∙ Caught Between or Under (Naiipit)

∙ Rubbed or Abraded (Kumiskis)

∙ Overexertion or Overstress (Napuwersa)

∙ Contact with Extreme Temperature (Sobrang Init o Lamig)

∙ Contact with Toxic, Caustic or Noxious Substances (Nadikit o Nalantad sa Kemikal) ∙

Contact with Radiation (Nalantad sa Radyasyon)

∙ Contact with Electric Current (Nakuryente)

∙ Contact with Excessive Noise (Sobrang Ingay)

∙ Contact with Animals And Insects (Nakagat ng Mga Hayop at Insekto)

Trapped In (Nakulong o Nasukol sa Saradong/Tagong Lugar)

3. Immediate Causes Unsafe Conditions

Unsafe Acts/Practices

∙ Failure to Follow Procedure (Work Methodology)

∙ Defective Machine, Materials and Tools

∙ Failure to Warn or SecureUnguarded Rotating or Moving Parts

∙ Failure to Use PPE No or Inadequate Ventilation

∙ Working Under the Influence of Alcohol and/or Drugs ∙

Congested or Restricted Working Area

∙ Servicing Equipment in Operation

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∙ Improper Working Distance or Level

∙ Making Safety Devices Inoperative

 ∙ Dangling or Loose Dress Or Apparel

∙ Operating or Working at Improper Speed

∙ Poor Housekeeping

∙ Improper Position or Posture for Task

∙ Workplace Exposed or Adjacent to Public

∙ Improper Use of Hands or Body Parts

∙ Workplace Exposed to Unscrupulous Personnel

∙ Improper Placing, Mixing or Combining

∙ Environmental Hazards (Strong Wind Above 40

∙ Improper Use of Equipment KPH, Heavy Rain Pour, Foggy, Earthquake, etc.) ∙

Horseplay

∙ Workplace Situated at Remote Area

Unsafe Acts and Conditions

Unsafe Act - Violation of established safety policies/procedures which could result in an
incident.

Unsafe Condition - A mechanical or physical condition which if not eliminated, guarded or

altered could result in and incident.

4. Basic Causes

∙ Personal Factors

∙ Inadequate Physical/ Physiological Capability

∙ Inadequate Mental/ Psychological Capability

∙ Physical or Physiological Stress

∙ Mental or Psychological Stress

∙ Lack of Knowledge

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∙ Lack of Skill
∙ Improper Motivation

Job Factors
 o Failure to Attend Toolbox/Shift Meeting
o Inadequate Leadership and Supervision
o Inadequate Engineering
o Inadequate Purchasing Standards
o Inadequate Design and Maintenance
o Inadequate Tools & Equipment
o Inadequate Work Standards
o Wear & Tear

o Abuse Or Misuse

Supervision

o Poor Planning of Daily Activities

o Failure to Carry Out the Daily Toolbox/Shift
Meeting
o Inadequate Instructions
o Failure to Strictly Implement SWPs and SOPs
o Failure to Enforce Rules and Regulations
o Failure to Correct all Identified Hazards
o Failure to Provide Sufficient and Suitable
PPE/Devices

o Failure to Replace/Repair Defective

PPE/Tools/Machine
o Failure to Observe/Correct Unsafe Behavior
o Failure to Recognize Excellent Behavior

Management

o Poor Monitoring of KPI Progress

o Poor Monitoring of Annual OSH Objectives
and Targets
o Poor Monitoring of Training Program
o Poor Monitoring of Hazards Matrix
o Poor Monitoring of Material Inventory

o Poor Monitoring of all Standards

o Poor Monitoring of Workers’ Behavior
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o Poor Safety Motivation and General Promotion

5. Lack of Controls

∙ No/Inadequate Corporate and Plant/Project

 Policies
o Safety and Health
o Environmental
o Quality
o Security

o IMS - Integrated Management System

∙ No/Inadequate Corporate and Plant/Project
Objectives and Targets

o Safety and Health

o Environmental
o Quality
o Security
o IMS - Integrated Management System
∙ No/Inadequate Programs and Standards
o Safety and Health
o Environmental
o Quality
o Security

o IMS - Integrated Management System

∙ No/Inadequate SOPs/SWPs

o Normal/Routine Activities
o Critical Activities
∙ No/Inadequate Compliance to Local and
International Standards

Module 4 – Basic Work Accident Causation Theories

Accidents occur everyday and, one way or another, will impact virtually everyone. For the
record, an accident is technically anything that happens by chance or misfortune. This
definition provides two important points. First, accidents are unavoidable as a whole; the
chance of one occurring will virtually always be present. Second, the chance of an accident
occurring is a variable that can be changed. While it is impossible to prevent all accidents,
it is possible to decrease their rate of occurrence. Understanding the cause of a
phenomenon

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such as this is key to decreasing its occurrences, as often knowing the cause is the
only way to formulate effective prevention strategies.

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

As one could easily guess from the commonly used name for Heinrich’s theory, Heinrich
(1936) explained accidents using an analogy to dominos falling over one another and
creating a chain of events. While this theory is not the most advanced or complex theory, it
is especially noteworthy as one of the first scientific theories used to explain accidents. It
is often still referenced today, seven decades later.

When dominos fall over, each tips the next enough to push it over and continue the process
until all the connected dominos have fallen. However, if just a single domino is removed,
the entire process ceases. Heinrich explains accident causation in the same way:

As you can see from the figure, Heinrich identified five stages of accident causation. The
first stage, the social environment and ancestry, encompasses anything that may lead to
producing undesirable traits in people. More precisely, this includes the nature and nurture
aspects of someone’s background. Genetics, poor parenting/socializing, and an unhealthy
subculture are all examples of characteristics of nature and nurture that can negatively
influence individuals and lead to the next stage of accident causation. It is worth noting that
Heinrich’s inclusion of genetics and ancestry is very much a product of the time it was
written. A modernized version of this theory would likely use the term “inherited behavior,”
similar to how alcoholism and temperaments can be inherited.

The second stage, faults of a person, refers to personal characteristics that are conducive
to accidents. For example, having a bad temper may lead to spontaneous outbursts and
disregard for safety. Similarly, general recklessness can also be one of the manifestations
of poor character. Ignorance, such as not knowing safety regulations or standard
operating procedures, is also an example of this stage.

The third stage, an unsafe act or condition, is often the beginning of a specific incident.
Unlike the first two stages, which affect the probability of accidents occurring, this stage
is

closer to the accident in terms of temporal proximity. This can include a specific act that is
unsafe, such as starting a machine without proper warning, or failing to perform
appropriate preventative actions, such as using guardrails or other safety measures. In
essence, this stage entails acts (or failures to act) that occasionally cause accidents.

The next stage, logically, is the accident itself. This, in and of itself, needs little explanation.
It is, simply, when something occurs that is undesirable and not intended. The final stage,
injury, is the unfortunate outcome of some accidents. Whether an injury occurs during an
accident is often a matter of chance and not always the outcome. This relationship
highlights the relationships between stages in terms of causality. An accident occurring is
not a sufficient cause for an injury, but it is a necessary one. Similarly, the undesirable
characteristics in stage two do not always occur in poor environments, but could not occur
without such environments.

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Given this necessary causality, the most important policy implication is to remove one of
the dominos (though try for more than one just to be safe); produce a healthy subculture
through positive accident prevention training and seminars, attempt to weed out people
with undesirable characteristics (or otherwise address said traits), and, if all else fails, have
a procedure in place for dealing with accidents to minimize injury and loss.
 Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_William_Heinrich

Module 5 - 5S Housekeeping and Material Handling

1. What is 5S all about?

5S is amongst the first and fundamental steps implemented by an enterprise towards
the path of implementing Total Quality Management and continuous improvement at the
operation level. 5S is a process designed to organize the workplace, keep it clean,
maintain effective and standard conditions. It instils the discipline required to enable
each individual to achieve and maintain a world-class environment. The use of this tool
was started in 1972 by Henry Ford in the United States as the CANDO programme:
Cleaning up, Arranging, Neatness, Discipline and Ongoing improvement. The technique
was popularized as ‘Japanese 5S’ in 1980 by Hiroyuki Hirano. Many enterprises have
practiced the 5S and derived significant benefits from it. In particular, this technique has
been widely practiced in Japan. Most Japanese 5S practitioners consider 5S useful not
just for improving their physical environment, but also for improving their thinking
processes too. In Japan it is also called ‘workplace management’. 5S will be needed if
the workplace is messy and unorganized. It will also be needed if employees spend
extra time in searching tools, papers, information, etc.

2. What is the meaning of 5S?

5S is the acronym for five Japanese words: Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu and Shitsuke
and they represent the five steps for a systematic technique for good housekeeping as
indicated in the table below:

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3. Why do we practice the 5S?
The general concept of the 5S is that they are intended to eliminate waste (Osada,
1993). Working in disorder is neither productive, nor safe. 5S is a simple and practical
method to instil a quality culture at the work place. It is relatively easy to undertake, and
requires minimal additional resources. The first and small investment made in time and
effort pays off in a much bigger manner when the results are realized and maintained.
Among the main benefits of implementing 5S are:

• the workplace becomes cleaner, safer, well-organized and more pleasant

• floor space utilization is improved

• workflow becomes smoother and more systematic and non-value added activities are
reduced;

• time for searching tools, materials and document is minimized;

• machine breakdowns are reduced since clean and well-maintained equipment breaks
down less frequently and it also becomes easier to diagnose and repair before
breakdowns occur, therefore extending equipment life;

• errors are minimized leading to making defect-free products;

• consumables and material wastage are minimized;

• the morale and satisfaction of employees improves; and the productivity of the
organization improves together with the quality of products and services.

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4. How do we practice the 5S?
The meaning, methods of implementing and benefits of each of the 5S are given below.

4.1 SORT-SEIRI

The emphasis of Seiri is on stratification management and being able to spot the
unwanted and unnecessary before they become problematic (Osada, 1993).

4.2 SET IN ORDER – SEITON

Seiton in essence can be defined as neatness, having things in the right places or set
up so that they are readily available for use, eliminating the need to search. Once
everything has a right place so that it’s functionally placed for quality and safety, it can
then be deemed that the workplace is neat (Osada, 1993). While Seiri helps you to
decide what items are needed, Seiton helps you to decide the way things are to be
placed.

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4.3. SHINE - SEISO
Seiso places emphasis on cleaning so that things are clean; in other words carrying out
cleaning as a form of inspection i.e. getting rid of waste, and foreign matter. It is
important to note that depending on the circumstance, with higher quality, higher
precision and finer processing technologies, even the minute details may have the
greatest ramifications, hence the importance to carry out cleaning as a form of
inspection (Osada, 1993).

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4.4. STANDARDIZE – SEIKETSU
This aspect of the 5S focuses on standardization, making the first three S’s, Seiri,
Seiton, and Seiso a constant routine. The emphasis here is on visual management, an
important aspect to attain and maintain standardized conditions to enable the
individuals always act quickly (Osada, 1993).

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4.5 SUSTAIN – SHITSUKE
Shitsuke places emphasis on being able to forge a workplace with good habits and
discipline. Demonstrating to others what needs to be done and encouraging practice
amongst them. This is mainly a management responsibility.

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What is management’s role in implementing 5S?

It is important to note that the implementation of 5S concerns and benefits everyone in
the organisation. Like any other initiative, management has the important role to
facilitate and support the process by:

∙ Acknowledging the importance of 5S for the

organization;
∙ Allowing employees time for 5S;
∙ Providing resources and infrastructure for 5S
implementation;
∙ Personal involvement in implementation of 5S; ∙ Creating tangible and
intangible rewards and recognition for improvements; and
∙ Promoting ongoing 5S efforts

Additional guidelines for implementing 5S

The methods of implementing each of the 5S have been indicated in the tables
above. An ITC diagnostic tool is included in Annex I to enable you to assess and
score the implementation of your 5S. It would be advisable to start the
implementation with one selected area in the organisation and then after getting
positive results to extend gradually to other areas. However for effective
implementation, it would be important to:

• sensitize management and all employees concerned about the importance and
benefits of 5S and get their commitment;

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• conduct a status audit with photographs ‘as is state’. The diagnostic tool given in
the appendix may be used;

• measure throughput, time in materials handling, floor space, flow distance, rack
storage, engineering cycle times, annual physical inventory time, and defect ratios
before and after the 5S implementation.

• develop an implementation plan, with clear responsibilities and deadlines, in

consultation with management and all employees concerned;
 • implement the 5 S plan;

• take photographs after the implementation and assess the difference;

• share the experience and extend the implementation to other areas;

• conduct periodic 5S Internal Audits with ratings to monitor progress. Several

companies have introduced annual 5S awards where efforts of work teams are
recognized and rewarded.

Materials Handling and Storage

Objective

After the training, participants will be able to demonstrate with confidence

the proper and safe materials handling in accordance to the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards, thus, completing the job with pride.

There is now substantial international acceptance of both the scale of the manual
handling problem and methods of prevention. Modern medical and scientific knowledge
stresses the importance of an ergonomic approach in removing or reducing the risk of
manual handling injury.

Ergonomics is sometimes described as “fitting the job to the person, rather than the
person to the job’. The ergonomic approach therefore looks at manual handling as a
whole, taking into account a range of relevant factors including the nature of the task,
the load, the working environment and individual capability.

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FACTS TO BE CONSIDERED:
Sprains and strains arise from the incorrect application and/or prolongation of bodily
force.

Poor posture and excessive repetition of movement can be important factors in their
onset.

Many manual handling injuries are cumulative rather than being truly attributable to any
single handling incident.

A full recovery is not always made; the result can be physical impairment or even
permanent disability.

The Regulation establishes a clear hierarchy

of measures:

Avoid hazardous manual handling operations so far as is reasonably practicable

– this may be done by redesigning the task to avoid moving the load or by automating
or mechanizing the process;
Make a suitable and sufficient assessment of any hazardous manual handling
operations that cannot be avoided; and

Reduce the risk of injury from those operations so far as is reasonably practicable –
particular consideration should be given to the provision of mechanical assistance but
where this is not reasonably practicable then other improvements to the task, the load
and the working environment should be explored.

Use the Right Techniques in Lifting

When moving things from high places:

∙ Use a stool or platform
∙ Push the load to check how heavy and stable it is
∙ See if you can break the load into smaller pieces
∙ Get help if you think you might need it
∙ Slide the load towards you, grip, then slide it down

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For a Two-person Lift, work with someone about your height

∙ Have one person say when to lift and move. Count 1,2,3, lift.
∙ Lift and raise together, with load level
∙ Move together and unload together

Use Equipment to make your Job easier

Material handling equipment can help you move and lift

more
– if you use it correctly.

Dollies and Hand Trucks

∙ Choose the right truck for the job – a curved-bed truck for
drums for instance
∙ Place heavy objects on the bottom with load forward over
axles – but not so high that you can’t see over it.
∙ Secure any bulky, awkward, or delicate items.
∙ Get a firm grip. Keep buttocks out, back in its natural curve and knees bent. ∙ Lean in
the direction you’re going. Only walk backwards it it’s necessary to get into a tight
place.
∙ Walk – don’t run.
∙ Keep the load ahead of you and under control when going downhill.

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HINT: Pushing is much easier than pulling. The truck carries
the load, not you

CROWBARS

∙ Choose the right type and size for the job.

∙ Don’t straddle a crowbar; position it so it can’t pinch or crust you if it slips.
HOOKS

∙ Keep in good condition and shield sharp points when not it use.

ROPES
Know what a particular rope can handle, and don’t overload it. To keep a rope in good
condition:
∙ Don’t let it kink or bend.
∙ Cover sharp corners with a pad.
∙ Replace if fibers are broken, look dry, or there’s not much give.
∙ Clean and dry before storing.

FORKLIFT FOR MOVING AND LIFTING MATERIALS

DO’s
▪ inspect the forklift daily and have any problems fixed before you use it. ▪
Refuel or recharge only in designated areas
▪ Keep loads low and balance with the mast tilted slightly back
▪ Keep wide loads centered
▪ Wear hard hat if required
▪ Travel with the load uphill on inclines
▪ Drive in reverse if the load blocks your vision except on grades
▪ Back out slowly after unloading, checking over your shoulder
Others can be injured or killed if they walk under the load, trip over the forks, or are hit
by forks or improperly loaded materials.

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DON’T…

▪ carry passengers or lift people

▪ load beyond rated capacity
▪ carry load so high that it can cause the forklift to tip over
▪ raise or lower loads while you’re moving
▪ travel with forks raised when unloaded

Follow common sense traffic and driving rules:

▪ don’t speed
▪ stay on the lookout for pedestrian
▪ slow down for turns and on wet or slippery floor surfaces
▪ stop and blow your horn at crossings, blind corners or before reversing

POWERED VEHICLES
Don’t use a powered hand truck unless you’ve been trained and have permission.
Follow manufacturer’s instructions and these guidelines:
▪ Face the direction you’re traveling, keep one hand on the handle. ▪
Walk, don’t run.
▪ Lead the truck from the right or left of the handle and don’t walk in front of it. ▪
Keep your arms, legs and clothes away from moving parts.
▪ Don’t ride the truck or take on riders unless it’s designed for that purpose. ▪
Stop at corners, doorways, etc. and always give pedestrians the right of way.

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ELEVATORS

Be sure the elevator is in place and level before entering.

▪ Use controls, not blocks, wedges, or your body to hold doors open. ▪
Don’t overload beyond rated capacity.

CONVEYORS
Use only conveyors if you’re trained and authorized to do so and;
▪ Go around not over or under, a conveyor.
▪ Keep body parts and clothing away from moving parts. Never wear loose clothing or
long hair.
▪ Watch out for materials that could fall from belts or rollers.
▪ Know where emergency stop switches are located.
▪ Never let anyone ride a conveyor.

PROTECT YOUR EYES, HANDS AND FEET (Wear PPE as instructed) EYES

▪ Wear safety glasses or other eye protection when needed.

▪ Watch out for wire, cable or straps that could poke your eyes.

HANDS
Wear gloves or other hand protectors and follow these safety guidelines: ▪ Check for
splinters and rough, pointed, or jagged edges, or slippery surfaces before you pick up
items.
▪ Keep your fingers away from pinch points.
▪ Use handles, holders or other aids whenever possible.

FEET
Don’t get your toes or feet crushed:
▪ Wear steel-toed safety shoes – with nonskid soles.

It’s up to you – to prevent materials handling accidents and

injuries

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▪ Be alert for hazards.
▪ Follow company safety regulations / Take your time and don’t take chances. ▪
Use proper lifting techniques, like using your legs not your back to lift. ▪ Get
help or mechanical assistance if in doubt.
▪ Wear protective gear.
▪ Operate dollies, forklifts, and other mechanical aids safely.
▪ Keep an eye on what others are doing.
▪ Let other workers know what you’re doing.

Module – 06 Electrical Safety and Lock Out- Tag Out

(LOTO)
Like any other forms of energy, it can be completely safe provided it is treated and handled
with care and people know the basic principles in its use. Electrical abuse and misuse,
however, can result to serious injuries, fire, damage to plant and equipment, even death.
Every piece of equipment is a potential source of electrical shock. Even an electrical shock
small enough not to cause an injury can trigger an involuntary reaction that may result in
physical harm.

Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged or
leaked parts of electric facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused by
strong light from arc welding work; and fire or explosion ignited by overheat, sparks,
leakage current, static charges, and the like.

An effective electrical safety policy coupled with an employee training and hazard
awareness program can further prevent electrical shock. It is also recommended that an
effective electrical inspection program be implemented and conducted periodically as
conditions warrant.

Myths and Misconceptions about electricity:

⮚ Electricity takes the path of least resistance. This myth implies that current only takes
low resistance paths. Actually, current will take any path, high or low resistance in
order to return to the source that provides power.
⮚ A person is led to believe that electricity wants to go to ground and simply disappear.
In reality, current uses the ground to get back to its grounded power source.
⮚ When an electrical tool or appliance is into water, it does not short out. If the switch is
ON, the item will continue to operate. If it is switched OFF, it will do no harm. ⮚ AC
reverse polarity is not hazardous. The switch is supposed to be on the “hot” conductor
supplying power to the item.
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⮚ It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts AC is not dangerous. Current is. However, AC
voltage as low as 60 volts can kill. At higher voltage, the body can be severely
burned and yet the victim could live.
⮚ Double- insulated power tools are doubly safe and can be used in wet and damp
locations.

Basic Electrical Terms

Voltage- the difference in potentials between points (measured in volts)

Current- The movement or flow of electric charges (measured in

amperes)

Resistance- The property of material that opposes the flow of electric current (measured in
ohms)

Ohm’s law- the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance.

Conductor- permits electrons or electric current to flow through it Conductors have low
resistance to electricity and are used for wires, switches and electrical connections.
Insulator- Used to provide barrier around a conductor (to prevent accidental contact).
Insulators have a very high resistance to the flow of electricity and are used to cover wiring
and other electrical components

Semiconductors - can change their resistance to act as either a conductor or an insulator.

They are used to make computer microchips.

Electrical Circuit - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected

together to permit electrons to travel in a continuous stream. Electricity may take multiple
paths, flowing through all possible circuits. The greatest amount of current will flow through
the path of least resistance, or lowest resistance, or lowest impedance.

Any part of your body that accidentally bridges the gap between two different voltage levels
creates a new electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to
the ground. Equipment grounding connects all conductive materials that enclose electrical
lines. Bypassing grounds or careless handling of grounding connections can result in
electrical fires and fatal accidents

Circuit-Protection Devices (CPDs)

⮚ Fuses
⮚ Circuit breakers

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⮚ Ground fault circuit- interrupters (GFCIs)- A GFCI is a supersensitive
appliance, rapid action power switch which breaks a circuit when there is
more than 5 milliamps difference between the hot wire and the neutral or
grounded conductors.

Rules for Circuit Protection

⮚ Do not create an octopus connection
⮚ Never bypass, bridge nor disable any circuit protection device in an energized
or live circuit
⮚ Always make sure the power is safely off.
⮚ Replace a fuse with the exact duplicate.
⮚ Use fuse pliers for added protection
⮚ Be sure the markings on the old and new fuses match.

Electrical Shock – is the most serious electrical hazard. This happens when you touch a
live wire, a tool or machine with poor insulation. You then become a conductor. The danger
of an electric shock is not directly related to the voltage, but mainly determined by the
following conditions: current value, type of power supply, duration of electric shock,
passage of current and human condition.
The minimum current at which a man feels an electric shock is about 1 mA at 60Hz; the
limit current at which man can endure the pain of an electric shock is about 7 to 8 mA and
the maximum current at which man can still move is about 10 to 15 mA. The heart is
particularly the susceptible to electric shock. The flow of the current disturbs the hearts
rhythm, upsetting the blood flow and affecting its vital functions. When
the current increases, the heart shivers and death results in few
minutes.

Measures for Preventing Electric Shock Accidents

Accidents or deaths by an electric shock are mostly caused by contact

with power transmission lines, followed by movable or portable electric
machines and equipment, switches, wiring, capacitors, and other
power facilities. To prevent such accidents, even death, it is necessary
to check the electric facilities and put them in order, and to conduct
training for handling electric equipment and working method around
electric facilities.
1. Maintenance and Inspection of electric facilities
⮚ Check the wiring, movable wires, switches and all
electric machines and equipment if provided with

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complete insulation cover and enclosures. If you found out that it is
faulty, they must be repaired immediately.
⮚ Before using the electric equipment, check the earth conductor is
connected and not damaged and see to it that the earth pole is not
floating.
⮚ Before using the welding machines, check if the electrode holders,
safety devices and tools such as automatic voltage reducing device
for AC welding machines and leakage circuit breaking equipment for
preventing electric shocks are complete.

2. Electric shock prevention when handling live lines and

working near live lines When handling hot lines, it is
necessary to install an
insulation protector, and have workers wear safety
garments such as insulation gloves and electric
safety
helmet. For high- voltage live lines, it is preferable to
use
live line working tools such as live sticks, live line
working
carts, and insulation bench. If working near a high
 voltage live lines, workers must approach within 30cm
from overhead live lines or within 60 cm from sideway or
underneath live lines. The workers must wear insulation
protective garments or the live lines must be provided
with a safety device. Low- voltage live lines must be protected in the same
way.
⮚ Electric safety Helmet. Or electric safety helmet is useful to
prevent an electric shock and protect the head from flying and
falling objects. The helmet consists of high- insulating
synthetic resin, such as polyethylene. Polyester and hard
polyvinylchloride.
⮚ Electric Rubber gloves
o For high voltage. When handling high voltage live lines,
the gloves protect the hands and forearms.
o For low voltage
Raw and synthetic rubbers are used, of which the latter
has better wear resistance. The withstand voltage is
2,000 V/min for raw rubber gloves and 1, 000 V/min for
synthetic gloves.
⮚ Electric Insulation garments. Is used to protect both shoulders
and back from an electric shock.
⮚ Electric sleeve cover. Protects arms from electric shock
⮚ Electric insulation tube.
⮚ Electric insulation sheet

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⮚ Protective tube for construction field.

3. Electric shock prevention when handling power failure

It is caused by misrecognition of hot lines, touching residual electric charges,
and error of power transmission and this accident is greater at power failure than at
normal operation.

First Aid Procedures

Mild Shock
⮚ Have the worker sit down
⮚ Be sure muscle movement is normal
⮚ Check for loss of feeling in any part of the body
⮚ Check the pulse rate and breathing
⮚ If there is no severe pain, the worker can return to work.

Continuous Shock
⮚ Remove the contact of the worker from energized source using wooden chair,
 broom handle, plastic pipe or rope.
⮚ When you have freed the victim from the power source, assess if the victim’s
condition. Check the airway, breathing and pulse. Always bring the victim to
the doctor for medical attention after first aid.

Lockout - is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and
keeping it blocked out.
Lockout/ tag out protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored
energy during service or maintenance.

Lockout- tag out procedure

⮚ Place a lock on a disconnection switch, circuit breaker, valve

handle to make sure it cannot be moved from the OFF or
closed position.
⮚ Attach a written tag at the place where the equipment would be energized,
such as the ON switch or on a valve that opens a supply line. ⮚ NEVER use
you LOTO for blocking personal or unauthorized items ⮚ NEVER lend or
borrow a lock or tag
⮚ NEVER remove someone else’s lock or tag

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6 steps to lockout/ tag out

1. Preparation- know the equipment, its energy source before working on it

2. Shutdown- turn off the equipment
3. Isolation- find and isolate every form of energy that the machine uses. This includes
pulling fuses, throwing disconnects and capping any secondary sources of energy. 4.
Application- anything that might restore the flow of energy to the work area must be
locked out. In situations where multiple pieces of equipment are being locked, an
authorized employee places all keys in a lock box to which each employee attaches his
or her personal lock.
5. Control- even after the equipment is locked out, you must control the stored energy.
a. Relieve, disconnect or restrain any residual hazardous energy that could be
present
b. Check that all moving parts have been stopped.
c. Relieve trapped pressure
d. Install ground wires to discharge electrical capacitors.
e. Block or support elevated equipment
f. Check continuously if energy build- up is possible
6. Verify
a. Energy source is shut down. Blocked off, controlled and locked out b. Warn
 everyone in the lockout area and be sure they are moved to a safe place c. Activate
controls that might restore power to the machine you are working on d. If equipment
does not start, restore all controls to the OFF position and begin to work
3 steps to removal and Re- Energizing a System

1. Restore Work Area

a. Remove all tools
b. Double check all equipment components
c. Replace all safety features, such as machine guards
d. Close access panels that were opened to perform
service on equipment

2. Notify Personnel. Notify all employees that LOTO devices are

being removed. Remove employees from the area or make sure
they are at a safe distance from the equipment.

3. Remove LOTO Devices. The person who placed each device must be the one to
remove it. Someone who placed a LOTO device is not present, notify your supervisor who
will follow specific procedures. Never remove it yourself.

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After all devices are removed, tell involved employees that LOTO is ended and that the
equipment is being re-energized.

Summary Key Points:

⮚ Electricity is a form of energy.

⮚ Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged
or leaked parts of electric facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused
by strong light from arc welding work; and fire or explosion ignited by overheat,
sparks, leakage current, static charges, and the like.
⮚ Electrical shock is the most serious electrical hazard.
⮚ The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric shock.
⮚ Lockout is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and
keeping it blocked out.

Module 7: Fire Safety

Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with oxygen in
the presence of enough heat. If any one of the three is missing, a fire will not start. The
relationship is called fire triangle. It is important that every worker, not only supervisor, knows
the main causes of fire, how fire spreads, how to fight fire, and how to prevent fire.
Basic Chemistry of Fire

⮚ Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances such as natural

gas (methane), plastics, wood, natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal and other
living matter. Inorganic substances are also combustible, substances like
hydrogen, ammonium nitrate magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and sulfur.
⮚ Oxygen. Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21
percent oxygen and 78 percent nitrogen. 16% of oxygen is needed to sustain
fire.
⮚ Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where
chemical union of the fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature at which the
substance gives off these vapors or gases in sufficient quantity to be ignited is
called the “flash point” of the substance.
⮚ Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process
of a material, are carried into the flame

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Three methods of Heat Transfer

⮚ Conduction. Is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a

substance due to a temperature gradient. It takes place in solids, such as
metals, timber, concrete and glass. Some solids, such as metals, are better
conductor of heat than woods, for example.
⮚ Convection. Is one of the major modes of heat transfer and mass transfer. It
takes place in fluids and gases cause by the convection currents.
⮚ Radiation. Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to the
heat of the material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature. It is
the process of heat transmission through air and gases. If you are sitting close to
a bonfire, he will feel the heat of the fire, even though the surrounding is cold,
this is an example of heat radiation.

Sources of Ignition

⮚ Electrical equipment. Hot surfaces produced by defective electrical equipment are a

common source of ignition.
⮚ Spontaneous Ignition. If some liquids are heated or sprayed to a very hot surface, it may
ignite spontaneously without a present ignition source.
⮚ Spontaneous Combustion. Is a type of combustion which occurs without an external
ignition source. Combustion begins if a sufficiently strong oxidizer, such as oxygen, is
present.
⮚ Smoking. In many workplaces, employees smoking, or other persons smoking in a certain
area, can be a source of fire.
⮚ Friction. Sparks can be created by friction, for instance where the moving part of a
machine comes to contact with a fixed part, or two moving surfaces rub each other or
 slide together during machine operation.
⮚ Engines, Vehicle Emissions and Hot Surfaces. In vehicle maintenance, and parking
areas, diesel-petrol engine, vehicle emissions and hot surfaces like exhaust systems
can be a source of ignition.
⮚ Open Flame Sources. Open flame in the workplace such as boilers, furnaces, portable
heating appliances, etc., can be also a source of ignition.
⮚ Lighting. In limited cases, lighting can be a source of ignition.

Products of Combustion
⮚ Fire Gases. Are the vaporized products of combustion.
⮚ Flame. Is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less
luminous when it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen.
⮚ Heat. Is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact. ⮚
Smoke. The Visible product of incomplete combustion.

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Phases of Burning

⮚ Incipient Phase or Beginning Phase

⮚ Flame Producing or Free-Burning Phase
⮚ Smoldering phase

INCIPIENT PHASE – or beginning of fire

• oxygen is plentiful
• Temp has not built to high peak
• Breathing not difficult
• Direct water application
• Ventilation: not a problem
• Little steam production

FREE BURNING PHASE – fire begins to deplete the room’s oxygen supply and temperature
greatly increased.
• Fire has involved more fuels
• Oxygen supply is being depleted
• Heat accumulates at ceiling
• SCBA is a must
• Ventilation: not a definite need
• Good steam production

SMOLDERING PHASE – after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%, the fire enters a
smoldering phase where flame may cease but dense smoke and heat completely fill the room. •
Oxygen supply is below 15%
• Temp is very high
• Normal breathing not possible
 • Backdraft hazard
• Fire extinguishment: indirect method
• Ventilation is a must

****************************************************************************************************

Fire Spread Control

⮚ Starvation or Fuel Removal. There are three ways to achieve starvation: ▪

Take the fuel away from the fire
▪ Take the fire away from the fuel
▪ Reduce the quantity or bulk of the fuel.
⮚ Smothering or oxygen removal. Smothering can be achieved by:
▪ Allowing the fire to consume the oxygen while preventing the inward flow of more
oxygen

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▪ Adding an inert gas to the burning mixture.

Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%) percentage needed for combustion by
purging and rendering the atmosphere inert in closed containers or processing systems.

⮚ Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the most
effective and cheapest medium for fighting a fire.

Classifications of Fire and Extinguishing Methods

⮚ Class A or combustible materials such as solid materials, wood, cloth, paper, and natural
fibers. Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of the burning material below
its ignition temperature. It is the most effective way of extinguishing the Class A fire.
⮚ Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases. Foam, vaporizing liquids,
carbon dioxide and dry powder can be used on Class B fires. There may be some
restrictions on the type of foam which can be used because some foam breaks down on
contact with alcohols.
⮚ Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can be controlled by
the use of non-conducting extinguishing agents. The safest procedure is to always
de-energize high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire depending on the
fuel.
⮚ Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium
and potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are ineffective on this
kind of fire because of its extremely high temperature. There is no agent available that
will effectively control fires in all combustible metals. Special extinguishing agents are
available for control of fire in each of the metals and are marked specifically for that
metal.
⮚ Class K fire or kitchen fire. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K"
under the US system, and "Class F" under the European/Australasian systems. Though
such fires are technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the special
 characteristics of these types of fires are considered important enough to recognize
separately.

Fire Extinguishers - Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small
fires, often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. Fire extinguishers are
further divided into handheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld
extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1 to 30 pounds), and are hence, easily portable
by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh 23+ kilograms (50+ pounds). These wheeled
models are most commonly found at construction sites, airport runways, heliports, as well as
docks and marinas.

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Portable Fire-Fighting
These are appliances designed to ba carried and operated by hand. These contains
extinguishing medium which can be expelled by action of internal pressure and directed on to a
fire. The maximum mass of a portable extinguisher in working order is 23kg.

⮚ Water. These operate on the basis of cooling and reducing the temperature
within a fire, slowing down the rate of combustion and preventing
reignition from taking place. Water is the most efficient form of
extinguisher for use on Class A fires.
⮚ Foam. Foam applied to a fire has a smothering effect, preventing further air
from reaching the combustion area or seat of the fire.
⮚ Carbon dioxide. It produces a snow that is converted to gas in the fire.
This has the effect of slowing down the rate of combustion, reducing the
available oxygen through the smothering effect created.
⮚ Dry Chemical. These incorporate a specific powder mixture that interferes
with the combustion process, reducing the combustion rate until no
further ignition and reignition of the fuel can take place. They are
designed for Class A and B fires.

Proper Use of Fire Extinguishers

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The Parts of the Fire Extinguisher

Summary Key Points:

⮚ Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with
oxygen in the presence of enough heat.
⮚ Fuel, Oxygen, Heat and chemical reaction are the basic chemistry of fire. ⮚
Classifications of fire are Class A or combustible materials, Class B or Flammable
Liquids, Class C or energized electrical equipment, Class D or combustible metals
 and Class K or kitchen fire
⮚ Fire Extinguishers are an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control
small fires, often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. ⮚ P.A.S.S =
Pull the pin, aim at the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sway the nozzle side by side.
⮚ The purpose of fire alarm is to give an early warning of fire in vicinity.

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Module 8: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

If a hazard is identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that all
employees are not harmed in anyway. One way of reducing or controlling hazard is to isolate
the process, which is engineering control. The second is to control the hazard by administrative
control, like increased breaks, shifting, so on. If the two controls of hazards cannot be done, the
use of Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is necessary.

PPE usage is considered the last resort. PPE can provide added protection to the employee but
will not eliminate the hazard.

Limitations of PPE

⮚ Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby
⮚ Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times
⮚ Must be used properly
⮚ Must be replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is
required when respiratory protection is used.

Benefits of PPE

⮚ It gives immediate protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls

are put in place
⮚ In an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting
down plant in hazardous atmospheres
⮚ It can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are
impracticable. But it should never be used to allow people to work in dangerous
atmospheres, which are, for example, enriched with oxygen or explosive.
 control need
Role of Management
Options for Control
⮚ Development of PPE program
⮚ Risk Evaluation ⮚ Implementation
⮚ Hazards Identification ⮚ Choice of ⮚ Evaluation based on guidelines, standards
control options ⮚ Determination of ⮚ Revision, refinement

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Hazard Identification
Risk Evaluation
⮚ Agent
⮚ What particular job ⮚ Physical Characteristic
⮚ Nature and degree of exposure ⮚ Route of Entry
⮚ Magnitude of exposure ⮚ Effect from exposure
⮚ Increased level of exposure
⮚ Length of exposure
⮚ Frequency of exposure occurrence Control Options selected should:
⮚ Related circumstances Management of PPE programs
⮚ Result of exposure
⮚ Local or systemic effect ⮚ Ultimate responsibility of a PPE
⮚ Short or long-term effect Program rests at Management
⮚ Reversibility or otherwise level
⮚ Acceptable level of exposure ⮚ It should be supported by a
⮚ Standards written procedure and controlled
⮚ Accurate measurement by a responsible person
⮚ Variations in concentration of contaminant
⮚ Overall level of risk to the worker
 ⮚ Reduce individual exposure to an acceptable level
⮚ Be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
⮚ Be practicable in terms of engineering concepts

PPE Program is composed of the following elements:

1. Selection
⮚ To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task,
hazards, personnel, materials, etc.

2. Fitting
⮚ When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the
equipment is used.
⮚ Ensure an adequate fit under supervision

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3. Health Aspects
⮚ Use of PPE can have an impact on an employee’s health (e.g. skin irritation, heat
stress)
⮚ A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain equipment

4. Compatibility
⮚ If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the
harmony of the individual items needs to be evaluated.
⮚ The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
 5. Issue
⮚ Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees,
remembering that several types of equipment may be available.
⮚ PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart
from hygiene considerations, employees are then more willing to accept
responsibility for the care and maintenance of the equipment.
⮚ A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is
recommended and can provide another check on the use of correct
equipment.

6. Proper Use
⮚ PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
⮚ Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE program
equipment that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly
used, may provide no protection at all
⮚ Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes

7. Maintenance (Cleaning and Storage)

⮚ Depending on type of equipment used, procedures need to be established for its
cleaning and maintenance when necessary
⮚ Exempted here are single use (disposable) items
⮚ Occasionally, during use, PPE may become contaminated with toxic materials.
Provision should be made to prevent contamination with other areas of the
workplace or employees engaged in cleaning or maintenance activities. ⮚
Respirators can be placed in suitably labeled containers until sent for cleaning.

8. Disposal
⮚ Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures need
careful consideration. Depending on the circumstances, equipment may need
to be treated as toxic waste

9. Information and Training

⮚ Employees have to be given sufficient information and proper training about
the hazards associated with their jobs to enable them to work safely with
minimal risk to health.
⮚ Employees who are fully aware of the hazards and the need for protection will be
much aware to accept such difficulties and use the equipment provided

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⮚ Supervisors should be alert to any changes in the requirements of the job and any
limitations placed on the employee by the. PPE, ensuring that appropriate feedback is
given to the Safety Advisers, Occupational Health Personnel or Hygienist

10. Supervision
⮚ A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel
are knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
 ⮚ Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use by
others as required

11. Reviews
⮚ Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and
being followed:
⮚ Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers

12. Checklist
⮚ to ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
⮚ It must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its
effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the workers

Controlling Hazards
To develop an effective PPE program, the supervisor should:

⮚ Be familiar with required standards and requirements of government regulations

⮚ Be able to identify hazards
⮚ Be familiar with the safety equipment on the market to protect specific hazards
⮚ Know the company procedures for maintaining the equipment
⮚ Develop an effective method for convincing employees to dress safety and wear the
proper protective equipment
⮚ Review all material safety data sheets (MSDS) that require personal protective
equipment for protection against hazardous chemicals and materials
⮚ Consider establishing an industrial hygiene evaluation procedure to determine whether
PPE is needed to meet MSDS requirement.

PPE and their Classifications

⮚ Head Protection
▪ Face Protection
o Helmets
o Shields and Goggles
o Hoods

▪ Eye Protection
o Contact Lenses
o Goggles

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▪ Ear Protection
o Earplug
o Muff Devices

▪ Respiratory Protection
o Air Purifying Device
o Mechanical Filter Respirator
o Chemical Cartridge Respirators
o Gas Masks
 o Hose Masks
o Air Supplied Respirators
o Abrasive Blasting Helmets
o Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

⮚ Arms, Hands, Fingers

o Heat Resistant Gloves- used to protect against burns and discomfort
when the hands are exposed to sustained conductive heat.
o Metal Mesh Gloves- used by those who work constantly with knives to
protect against cuts and blows from sharp or rough object.
o Rubber Gloves- Worn by electricians
o Rubber, Neoprene and Vinyl Gloves- are used when handling chemicals
and corrosive.
o Leather Gloves- are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chips and
rough objects.
o Chrome Tamed Cowhide Leather Gloves- used in foundries and steel
mills.
o Cotton Fabric Gloves- are suitable for protection against dirt, silvers,
chafing or abrasion.
o Heated Gloves- are designed for use in cold environments such as deep
freezers and can be part of a heated-clothing system

⮚ Feet, Legs
o Metal Free shoes, boots and other footwear- are available for use where
there are specific electrical hazards or fire explosion hazards
o Congress or gaiter-type shoes- are used to protect people from splashes
of molten metal or from welding sparks.
o Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal- are built into shoes worn in
areas where there are hazards from protruding nails and when the
likelihood of contact with energized electrical equipment is remote, as in
the construction industry
o For wet work- leather shoes with wood soles or wood soled sandals are
effective
o Safety Shoes with Metatarsal Guards
o Leg Protection- Encircle the leg from ankle to knee and have a flap at the
bottom to protect the instep and the entire leg.

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2 Types of Head Protection

Hard hat

Provides protection from impact and penetration caused by objects hitting the head, and from
limited electrical shock or burns.

Bump Cap
Provides protection from minor bumps, bruises and lacerations in work settings where hard hat
protection is not required.

How Hard Hat Protect You

Shell - resists and deflects blows to the head

Suspension - acts as a shock absorber

Non-Conducting Material - serve as an insulator against electrical shocks\

Major parts of a HARD HAT

SHELL

- provides a barrier between the head and the blow

SUSPENSION SYSTEM

- a strap assembly that acts as a shock absorber against the force of a blow (normally one inch)

BRIM OR VISOR

- protects the face from blows, splashes, spills, dirt, rain or the sun

Hard Hat Shell

1. Class E (Electrical)
-tested at 20,000 volts
2. Class G (General)
-tested at 2,200 volts
3. Class C (Conductive)
-no protection from electrical conductors

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Hard Hat Suspension

4-point suspension 6-point suspension

Types of Eye & Face Protection

1. SPECTACLES

∙ Intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from a variety of hazards.

2. GOGGLES

∙ Intended to fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes.

∙ Aside from impact/flying particles, it also protects the worker from liquid droplets, gases &
vapors.

3. FACE SHIELD

∙ Face shield is used when the entire face area needs protection. Worn over goggles
for extra protection.

Types of Hearing Protectors:

1. Earplugs

a. Foam Type (Disposable)

b. Formable (Reusable)

c. Semi-Aural

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2. Earmuffs

a. Head Band

b. Neck band

c. Hard Hat Mounted

Two Types of Respirators

For Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing
area.

For Contaminated Air

Air Purifying Respirator (APR) - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing zone,
either trap particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors

I. Disposable Type

A. Foam Type

B. Polypropylene

II. Cartridge Type

A. Quarter Mask

B. Half Mask

C. Full Face Mask

Summary Key Points:

⮚ PPE usage is considered the last resort.

⮚ PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not eliminate the hazard.

⮚ Limitations of PPE: Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby.
Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times. Must be used properly. Must be
replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required when
respiratory protection is used.

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Module 9: Emergency Preparedness

The potential for emergencies and disasters to happen at all plant facilities, even
at home can be devastating in terms of casualties, business interruptions, loss of
capital investments, etc. These events cannot be avoided but the management
can reduce their frequency of occurrence and severity of damage when effective
preparation and planning is done. No matter how committed an industrial
company may be in terms of occupational safety and health program
implementation, the probability of an emergency may arise at the least expected
times. This module will help employees to make decisions and take appropriate
actions to keep a victim alive, keep injuries becoming worse and how prepare in
case of an emergency.

Emergency is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action.

However, a disaster is an extremely serious state of emergency where the
possibility of loss of life, severe injury or extensive damage to property exists. A
disaster may or may not be preceded by a state of emergency. Emergency
planning involves the development of a specific plan that details action/s to be
taken by trained personnel during an emergency in an effort to efficiently control
it and minimize its negative impact.

Disaster
Sudden, calamitous event bringing wide spread damage or suffering, loss or
destruction and great misfortune, often arriving without forewarning.

Design plans

Will provide established procedures and guidelines for the management and staff to
follow in the event of disaster.

▪ Communications
▪ General Emergencies
▪ Evacuation Procedures
▪ Natural Emergencies
▪ Man-made Emergencies
▪ Consideration for Emergencies
▪ Disaster Recovery

Response Plan Provide Guidelines

▪ Protect lives and properties
▪ Improve preparedness in the event of an emergency or disaster

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▪ Provide for orderly and efficient transition from normal to emergency operation ▪
Reduce losses associated with emergencies through improved enterprise resources ▪
Assign emergency authority
▪ Assign emergency responsibility
▪ Improve safety awareness, emergency and disaster readiness

Application of this plan

 Man Made Emergencies

• Hazardous material
• Transportation accident
• Terrorism
• Sabotage
• Kidnapping
• Fire
Natural Emergencies

• Typhoons
• Flood
• Earthquake

A. Communication

External Internal
- Telephone - two-way radio - personal contact - Cellphones - warning system -

megaphone

B. General Emergency Plan

1. Warning from Outside Agencies
Warning of a severe weather, typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions or other
emergencies which can be foretold by gov’t.

2. Warning from Within

It is the responsibility of the Building Captain, head of Communications
& Security in the ERT organization to notify all personnel and visitors
when it is necessary to evacuate the facility/building or go directly to
PAP.

3. PAP (Personnel/Pre-designated Assembly Point)

Personnel and visitors will immediately proceed to this area.

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4. Education and Training

A. Personal and Personnel Survival.
B. Drills
Fire drills shall be held at least annually or more often if
deemed necessary.

Familiarity with evacuation routes/plans

 Drills shall be held at both opportune and inopportune
times to cover almost any situation.

5. Special Duties
❑ Each head of department shall take notice of their
personnel’s attendance when each drill is conducted.
❑ Upon arrival at the pre- designated assembly point, the
department head shall count their personnel to assure
that all are accounted.
❑ The evacuation plan provides for checking of restrooms,
vacant rooms, specialty rooms and elevator to ensure
that all persons are aware and are heeding the warning.
❑ Each employee is assigned during his/her shift certain
task to conduct closing doors, windows, and turning off
lights in a disaster.
❑ ERT member from maintenance personnel shall shut off
electricity in an emergency and report for further
assignment.
6. Employees

❑ Don’t take time to get belongings when the alarm is

sounded.
❑ Certain employees will be designated by Area Marshall
to be responsible for closing windows, doors, turning off
the lights and equipment and other duties.
❑ Employees will proceed to the nearest exit and evacuate
the building in an orderly fashion to the designated area.

C. EVACUATION PROCEDURE
1. Employee seated near windows shall secure that the windows are close. 2. Any
employee next to a restroom or vacant room shall check that room and, if anyone is
there, instruct that person(s) to proceed to the PAP.
3. Employees are not to take anything with them unless ordered by the Area Marshall
for important documents or in case of fire.
4. Employee closest to the doors/stairways will leave first; then the last person out of
the room will close the door.

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5. Employees should move quickly and safely as possible without creating more
hazards than already encountered.
6. Keep calm and listen for information or instructions.
7. If primary exits are blocked, for any reason, then go to an alternative exit.
8. Department heads should account for all his/her personnel.
9. If a fire is in the corridor just outside the room or close enough to the exit route,
then close the door block all gaps around the door until a move can be decided.
 Delegation of Duties.
1. Floor warden
2. Building Captain
3. Head-count and reporting
4. Exit guards
5. Fire Extinguisher Squad
6. Hose and Nozzle Team
7. First Aiders
8. Search & Rescue Team

D. Considerations for Emergency Operations

I. Direction and Control.
Use of Emergency Response Team for emergency operation. To facilitate
policy making, coordination and control of operating force in a large scale
situation.

Aspects:
• Indicate in-charge of each emergency
• Determine when to issue order to evacuate the facility
• Identify individual responsibility for issuing evacuation orders and how it will
be announced.
• Chain of command to assure continuous leadership, authority and
responsibility in key positions.

• Assignment of operational and administrative support for emergency

response.

II. Emergency Information

-defining responsibility of the department and describing activation procedures.

-assignment of responsibility to assure employees understands the

warning signals, receive instruction, know and what to do in case of
emergency -include emergency response activities on the agenda of
regular supervisors meeting.

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-designation of information office as official point of contact during an emergency.

-timely forecast of all hazards that require emergency preparedness or response

action

Facility Shutdown

-defines and assigns responsibilities for the protection of company property

 and classified material before employee leave work stations.

Aspects:
▪ Indicate under what conditions shutdown must
▪ occurred to be considered
▪ Identify authority to shutdown
▪ Complete checklist for shutdown
▪ Diagrams to show where to turn everything off

III. Communication.
-Establishing, using, maintaining and providing back up for all channels of
communications needed for emergency response and recovery.

Aspects:
o Primary and back up communication with generator or extra batteries. o Two
way response radio communication between Bldg. Captain and Group Leader of
emergency response forces.
o Key telephone numbers for industry emergency assistance
organization.

IV. Emergency Services.

-plot plan of utility shut off, water hydrant mains, and building plan.

-traffic and security control.

-fire equipment storage

-damage assessment reports

-obtaining emergency medical support during emergency

-adequate water supply for drinking, firefighting and sanitation

A well-organized emergency procedure takes account of four stages:

⮚ Preliminary action- the most important part of the emergency procedure o

The preparation of a plan tailored to meet the specific requirements of
the site, products and surroundings

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o Briefing of employees on details of the plan, including the position of
essential equipment
o The training of personnel involved and appointment of competent persons
for certain actions.
o The implementation of a program of inspections of potentially hazardous
areas, testing of warning systems and specification of evacuation
procedures
o Specifying the date at which the plan will be re-examined and updated.
 ⮚ Action when emergency is imminent- when there is evidence that an
emergency is imminent, this stage will feature procedures for assembly of key
personnel, advance warning to external authorities and testing of systems
connected with the emergency scheme.
⮚ Action during the emergency-there may however, be unexpected
variations in a predicted emergency. Decision- making personnel,
selected beforehand for this purpose, will need to make precise and
rapid judgments to ensure that appropriate action follows the decisions
made.
⮚ Ending Emergency- there must be a procedure for declaring plant,
systems and specific areas safe, together with the reoccupation of
premises where possible.

The emergency plan should possess the following provisions:

1. The purpose of the emergency plan is to provide guidance on

the following:
a. A site emergency response organization’s structure and
responsibilities
b. Develop a sample emergency scenarios and their consequences c.
Establish emergency control resources (human, equipment, training, etc.)

2. Make sure that the emergency plan is up-to-date

3. The emergency telephone numbers must be provided,

including the senior personnel or people that must be notified in case of
emergency EMERGENCY is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an
immediate action.

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General Procedures In Response To Different Types Of Emergencies.

FIRST AID – is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill.

ROLE OF FIRST AIDER:

1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician. 3. He will
assist the physician when he arrives.
OBJECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID:

1. To alleviate suffering of the victim.

2. To prevent added injury to the victim and to prevent further harm.
3. To prolong the life of the victim.

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE:

1. Survey the scene.

2. Do the primary survey of the victim.
3. Activate medical assistance or transfer facility.
4. Do the secondary survey of the victim

SHOCK is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough

blood to circulate throughout the body following a serious injury.

OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID TO SHOCK VICTIMS:

1. To improve circulation of the blood.

2. To ensure adequate supply of oxygen.
3. To maintain normal body temperature.

WOUND is a break in the continuity in the body either internal or external.

FIRST AID for closed wounds:

I – ice application provided to the affected portion of the body.

C – compression over the affected portion.

E – elevate affected portion above the heart to reduce swelling.

S – splint or immobilize

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FIRST AID for open wounds:

C – control bleeding
C – cover wound with dressing
C – care for shock
C – consult or refer to physician

EARTHQUAKE - What to do:

 ✔ Act quickly! Protect your body from falling debris by getting under a sturdy desk, table or
doorway

✔ Keep away from glass windows and free standing furniture.

✔ When outside, stay away from tall buildings, move to an open field.
✔ At the end of initial shock, evacuate building when given clearance by the Chief Marshal
✔ Go to the assembly area assigned near your position.

FIRE EMERGENCY – If you discover

a fire:
Activate fire alarm (break glass)

✔ Call for help, dial your hot line number

✔ Try to extinguish fire if knowledgeable to do so.
✔ Do not take any personal risks.
✔ Follow instructions of evacuation team guide. Proceed to the assembly area.

EVACUATION
✔ On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects and go for the nearest exit near
you.
✔ Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location If you
are away from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor. Do not attempt to
return to your own floor Security will take any other action.

BOMB THREAT
✔ If a bomb or suspicious object is discovered – do not touch it, clear the area Notify
security office
✔ Prevent other personnel from going into the area

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✔ Security will take any other action required

IF YOU RECEIVED A CALL…

✔ Attract the attention of another staff member to ring your local hotline ✔ Record details of
threat as per procedure given: do not hang up your phone ✔ Try to record exact words;
keep the caller TALKING (try to obtain as much information as possible)
✔ Security will take further action required

QUESTIONS TO ASK…
 ✔ When is the bomb going to explode?
✔ Where is it right now?
✔ What does it look like?
✔ What kind of bomb is it?
✔ What will cause the bomb to explode?
✔ Who place the bomb?
✔ Why?
✔ Where are you?
✔ What is your name?
DO NOT HANG UP THE PHONE!

SECURITY
✔ Most Senior Security Officer on-duty shall respond when an emergency arising from fire,
earthquake and explosions occurs upon notice given by the Chief Marshal ✔ The
compound shall be cordoned to prevent unauthorized person’s entry ✔ Security Officers
shall supervise crowd control to prevent employees and looters around the affected area.
✔ Follow the safe and orderly evacuations of employees to the assembly area.

Module 10: Machine and Equipment Safety ∙ The

Supervisor is primarily responsible for ensuring the safe use of tools. ∙ The use

of hand and portable power tools must be accompanied with proper ∙

orientation.

∙ The use of right tools for the job eliminates potential hazards thus ensuring
quality of work.

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Hand tool accidents from;
∙ Human carelessness
∙ Not knowing the right tool for the job ∙
Ignorance of safety precautions
∙ Failure to maintain/keep the tools properly ∙
Not instructed for the correct usage

Basic tool check

✔ Are the tools right for the job?
 ✔ Are the tools in safe working condition?
✔ Are the tools being used properly? ✔ Are
the tools kept in a safe place? HAND TOOLS
SAFETY TIPS
✔ Keep tools clean
✔ Check tools for good working condition
✔ Use the right size and type for the job
✔ Carry tools in tool box, bag or belt ✔
Do not use excessive force on the tool ✔
Wear appropriate PPE

MAIN TYPES OF PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

INJURIES CAUSED BY:

Wheel Breaking

• choose, right wheel for the task.

• don’t bend or stress wheel.
• ensure disc is compatible with grinder.

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• ensure disc is correctly fitted.
• wear correct PPE for the task

PNEUMATIC TOOLS DANGER

∙ Leaving airline where it may cause tripping hazard of be damaged by traffic ∙

Leaving tool with air supply switched on
∙ Disconnecting the hose from the tool using it to clean machine or clothing. ∙
 Squeezing the trigger before reaching the work

CARTRIDGE TOOLS
∙ Used for fastening fixtures and materials to metal, pre-cast, pre-stressed
concrete, masonry, block, brick, stone and wood surfaces

∙ Instructions for use, handling and storage be just as

DANGERS

∙ Free shots
∙ Ricochet
∙ Atmosphere causing explosion
∙ Projectiles fired through the work

SAFETY TIPS

✔ Do not use if your hands are wet or if standing on wet surfaces

✔ Make sure that you know how to use the tool properly

✔ If tools are misused, it can result in injury or spoiled work

COMMON ERGONOMIC
INJURIES

-arthritis

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INJURIES CAUSED BY…

⮚ Repeated overtime use of vibrating tool/equipment.
⮚ Tools/tasks which require twisting hand or joint movement.
⮚ Applying force in an awkward position.
 ⮚ Applying excessive pressure on parts of the hands, back, wrists or joints.
⮚ Working with the arms over-stretched or overhead.
⮚ Working with a bent back.

TAKE NOTE!
The injury/disease caused by poorly designed or unsuitable tools and work stations
often develop slowly over a period of months or years.

However, a worker will usually have some signs and symptoms for a long period of time
indicating that something is wrong.

THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Because power tools often come into close contact with the body, wearing the
appropriate personal protective equipment is necessary to prevent personal
injury.

NOTES:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Module 11 – Confined Space Safety

COURSE OBJECTIVES

To learn the procedures to be adopted to protect personnel working in confined spaces

as well as the guidelines for the deployment of safe and effective confined space
rescue operations.

INTRODUCTION

Confined space entry is a leading cause of occupational fatalities in this country

CONFINED SPACE FATALITIES

47% Air (Oxygen, Gases, Vapors)

21% Drowning (Engulfment)
19% Toxic (Liquids, Vapors, etc. above PEL)
10% Blunt Force Trauma
2% Electrocution (Mostly due to objects the victim took in with
them) 1% Burns

CONFINED SPACE

Limited means of egress

Can be bodily entered
Not designed for continuous occupancy
Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
Contains the potential for engulfment
Internal configuration that can trap or asphyxiate entrant
Any other serious safety or health hazards

EXAMPLES OF A CONFINED SPACE

Closed vessels, reactors, storage tanks, agitated pressure nutche filters,

mixers, boilers, big pipelines, large drying ovens

Pits, sumps / septic tanks, sewers, manhole, trenches, shafts, tunnels, ducts

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HOW TO IDENTIFY A CONFINED SPACE?

It is large enough and so configured that a person can bodily enter and perform
work
There are limited openings for entry & exit
Not designed for continuous occupancy
 Favorable natural ventilation does not exist
Holes on ground with more than 1 m depth, depending on hazard

situation FOUR TYPES OF HAZARDS IN A CONFINED SPACE

Presence of Hazardous Atmosphere

Configuration Hazard
Engulfment Hazard
Conditions Changing from Non Hazardous to Hazardous while

working PRESENCE OF HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE

Oxygen Enriched / depleted

Presence of Toxic, flammable Gases / liquids

Temperature Extremes
Presence of Dust
Absence of Free flow of air in & out

OXYGEN ENRICHED / DEPLETED

The acceptable range of Oxygen inside a confined space is between 19.5% to

23.5%
Man can live
3 weeks without food
3 days without water
only 3 min without oxygen

Oxygen is required by Human Body to carryout cellular

metabolism Less Oxygen (<19.5%) – Asphyxiation. Death
More Oxygen (>23.5%) – Faster Combustion

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Oxygen %
Impact on
Humans
19.5
Minimum
 Acceptable Oxygen Level

15 - 19 Decreased ability to work strenuously. Impair Coordination

12 – 14 Respiration rate increases. Poor Judgment

10 – 12 Lips turn Blue. Gasping for breath
8 –10 Mental failure, Nausea, Vomiting, Fainting.

6 – 8 8 min exposure is fatal, 6 min exposure is 50% fatal, 4-5 min possible recovery 4 –
6 Coma in 40 seconds. Death

Most common reason for Oxygen depletion which lead to fatality is:

Accidental use of Nitrogen in place of compressed air for providing forced

ventilation into confined space

Enriched Oxygen Atmosphere (> 23.5% O 2) can cause flammable &

combustible materials to burn quickly & violently when ignited.

Caution: Never use pure O2 for ventilation

PRESENCE OF TOXIC, FLAMMABLE GASES / LIQUIDS

Handling of chemicals, reactions can lead to trapping of toxic / flammable

gases in a confined space.

Bio decomposition can lead to H2S, Methane in sewage systems.

Warm spaces decreases working efficiency and can make person tired soon.
Prone to more mistakes
Humidity Factors. Increased Fatigue
Steam heating while cleaning

PRESENCE OF DUST

Sensitizing, toxic dusts

Hampers visibility & work
Breathing difficulties

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ABSENCE OF FREE AIR FLOW
 Confined space not designed for permanent worker occupancy
After readying, the space should maintain the characteristics while work is going.
Entrant exhales carbon dioxide
Hence free flow of fresh air is required in & out of the vessel
Lack of it can lead to build of hazardous atmosphere

CONFIGURATION HAZARD

Are determined by the structure of the confined space and devices / equipment
connected to it.
It is space / equipment specific & hence difficult to list.
All such hazards shall be assessed by visiting the activity site and
appropriate preventive measures shall be taken.

EXAMPLES OF CONFIGURATION HAZARDS:

∙ Agitators in reaction vessels

∙ Slicks, wet surfaces. Slippery to work
∙ Very narrow openings that inhibit emergency evacuation
∙ Surface configuration such that toxic residues stick and cleaning prior to entry is
difficult

∙ Falling objects with top opening vessels.

ENGULFMENT HAZARD

Is when the entrant is fully drowned / trapped by falling material, thereby suffocating
him.

EXAMPLES OF ENGULFMENT HAZARD

A well digger is engulfed by falling sand

Powder stored in a hopper above can fill reactor
Flooding of confined space

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A confined space with a tapered bottom configuration can trap a worker
Of course, engulfment hazards are just one of the many types of
hazards associated with confined space entry. Confined space
work always requires careful planning and every effort should be
made to eliminate the need for entry. Below is a generic list of
confined spaces typically

present within Coal, A&C, Cement, Gypsum and Roofing sites. Each site is responsible
for identifying and labeling all confined spaces. In addition, spaces may become
confined spaces during their construction phase (e.g. tunnels, tanks, duct work).

CHANGING CONDITIONS OF SPACE

As work proceeds, the condition of the confined space alters, either due to work or due
to presence of the entrant inside:

While welding toxic fumes are generated

Generation of dust, fumes while scraping or cleaning
Human beings exhale CO2 whose concentration can increase, depleting oxygen

PREPARE SPACE FIT FOR ENTRY

Hazards have a potential to acutely affect the entrant and cause injury, even death
The entrant must be assured that the confined space has been made safe for
entry This process must be controlled through “work permit” and the entry must be
approved by competent persons only

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY: 5 STEPS

∙ Assessment through Work Permit

∙ Preparation & Certification for entry
∙ Precautions while entering
∙ Completion & Permit Closure
∙ Training

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ASSESSMENT THROUGH WORK PERMIT
 Assessment shall be done by authorized person who is conversant with the process
& engineering aspects of the confined space after a visit to the location Assess the
necessity of entry. Can the intended work be done without entry? If entry is
necessary, decontamination requirement, isolation requirement must be specified
on permit for implementation

Precautions to be taken while entry must be listed in the permit along with PPE
requirement

PREPARATION & CERTIFICATION FOR ENTRY

Permit must be correctly and accurately filled. The location

details purpose for entry and validity period must be
clearly mentioned
No entry shall be allowed without the permit
A permit shall not be valid for more than 8 hours
Entry can begin only after the sign of and approval by the
authorized person
Permit should be closed at the end of work

Names of entrant & standby person to be mentioned in

permit along with required PPE for entry

Discontinue Processing in the confined space

Isolate of confined space from all process & material
incoming lines Physically disconnect or at least provide
tail blind
If agitators exist, then de energize through electrical lock out.
Display cards at place of work & MCC room

Clean the space thoroughly and remove all materials liable to

present a hazard
Ventilate the space with fresh, uncontaminated air. Ventilate
at the rate of at least 4 volumes per hour.

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VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
 Volume of Confined Required Air Mover
Space Capacity

Cubic meters Barrel L/s CFM

16 100 472 1000

80 500 1180 2500

160 1000 2360 5000

800 5000 4720 10000

1600 10000 7080 15000

4000+ 25000+ 9440 20000

Test the atmosphere for oxygen concentration & absence of other hazardous fumes.
Record observations in permit
Test all areas of confined space. Gases heavier than air tend to concentrate at
bottoms and vice versa
As far as possible, avoid use of breathing apparatus as it becomes cumbersome in
emergencies. Level of cleaning must ensure this
Ensure the entry hole is sufficient for the person to enter

TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE

Verify presence of
safe work
atmosphere.
Test all areas of a confined space.
Top, Middle, Bottom
Methane is lighter than air.
Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.

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Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.
 Oxygen Deficiency.
Do not trust your senses
Do not get rushed
Know the meter response time
Periodically retest
PRECAUTIONS WHILE ENTERING

The entrant must be a trained person. He must be aware of hazards and

precautions associated with work.

A rescue attendant be provided who will keep a watch on the entrant and who
will respond in case of any emergency to the entrant.
Rescue attendant must be conversant with emergency procedures A safety
harness (belt) to be worn by the entrant to extricate in case of emergency
Recommended PPE must be worn.
Ensure adequate fresh air is supplied during entry

Avoid self-breather apparatus as it enhances combustibility hazards. First choice is

air mask with fresh air connection
Ensure availability of emergency equipment nearby
While entry, if there is a need to test the space, it should be done

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Respirators
Harnesses
Retrieval lines
Chemical protective clothing
Welding apron/sleeves
Gloves

Safety glasses

RESCUE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

Conscious Worker(s)
Unconscious Worker(s)

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COMPLETION & PERMIT CLOSURE
 SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR SYSTEMS (SARS)

SARS - SCBA
SARS - EEBD

In case of extension, the safety measures taken must be reconfirmed &

entry must be re approved
Oxygen check must be done afresh after an interruption
At the end of the work, the permit must be closed and signed off
Before taking the space back for processing, confirm the absence of people in
confined space and then close the same

TRAINING

To Entrant on all the likely hazards and about his responsibilities

To Rescue attendant on the same and also on emergency procedures

To Authorized persons (permit issuers) on Hazard assessment and also on above

Records must be available

RESCUE PROCEDURES:

CONSCIOUS WORKER(S) IN CONFINED SPACE

Evaluate the situation and secondary existing hazards.

If you feel dizziness and other strange condition tap or pull the lifeline to give signal
the standby man

Standby man has to pull the victim

UNCONSCIOUS WORKER(S)

Standby man to evaluate the visible and secondary hazards

Cordoned-off the area

Use SCBA to rescue

Another rescuer has to help pulling the lifeline while the victim and rescuer are
escaping
Provide immediate first aid

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RESPONSIBLE
 Attendant
Entrants
Supervisor and Foreman
Rescuer

AUTHORIZED ATTENDANT RESPONSIBILITIES

Know the hazards that may be faced during entry.

Be knowledgeable in the use and care of applicable atmosphere sampling
equipment.
Conduct all atmosphere tests/sampling specified by the permit and render the
atmosphere safe
before entry can be made.

Be aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in Authorized Entrants.

Continuously maintain an accurate count of Authorized Entrants in the confined
space.

Remain outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another
Authorized

Attendant.

Communicate with Authorized Entrants as necessary to adequately monitor their

status.
Monitor activities inside and outside the confined space and order Authorized
Entrants to evacuate when necessary.

Summon rescue services if needed (by use of portable radio or

phone). Keep unauthorized persons out of the permit space.
Do not perform any duties that might interfere with monitoring

duties. AUTHORIZED ENTRANT RESPONSIBILITIES

∙ Recognize signs and symptoms of exposure.

∙ Properly use entry equipment.
∙ Communicate with the Authorized Attendant as necessary to enable the Attendant
to monitor Authorized Entrant status and to enable the Attendant to alert Entrants
of the need to evacuate the space.

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 ∙ Alert the Authorized Attendant whenever warning signs or symptoms of exposure
to a dangerous situation are recognized or a prohibited condition is detected.

∙ Exit from the space as quickly as possible whenever:

∙ An order to evacuate is given by the Attendant or the Entry Supervisor. ∙
Any warning signs or symptoms of exposure to a dangerous situation are
recognized.
∙ A prohibited condition is detected.

∙ An evacuation alarm is activated.

CONFINED SPACE SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES

∙ Know the hazards that may be faced during entry.

∙ Verify by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit, that
all tests specified by the permit have been conducted, and that all procedures
and equipment are in place before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to
begin.
∙ Terminate entry and cancel the permit as required.
∙ Verify rescue services are available and that the means for summoning them are
operable.
∙ Remove unauthorized individuals who enter or attempt to enter the permit space
during operations.
∙ See that entry operations remain consistent with the permit

∙ Ultimately, the Confined Space Supervisor is responsible for all confined space
entry activities.

RESCUER RESPONSIBILITIES

Understand the hazards of the space

Be certified in emergency first aid and CPR
Understand appropriate entry procedures
Know how to use rescue equipment
Practice confined space rescues at least annually

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY STEPS

∙ JO-Scope of Work
∙ Safety Orientation
∙ CSE Training
∙ TESDA NC II

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 ∙ Safety Inspection
∙ JHA/JSA/Risk Assessment
∙ Tools and Equipment
∙ PPE
∙ Communicate planned activity
∙ Energy isolation + confined space permit
∙ Toolbox meeting
∙ Shutdown the equipment
∙ De-energize the equipment

∙ Draining and Flushing

∙ Lock or tag out energy isolating devices
∙ Release or block any stored energy
∙ Verify zero energy state
∙ LMRA
∙ Start maintenance work and
∙ Re-commissioning
∙ Punchlist Items

Module 12 - Occupational Health

Occupational Health(OH) - defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at
work can be exposed to risks to their health and may contract a range of occupational
diseases and conditions. Some people may die as a result of a contact; others may be
permanently incapacitated, etc.

AIMS of Occupational Health:

1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate
to his capacity.

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 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGIC ERGONOMIC
HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS

⮚ Noise Forms: ⮚ Bacteria ⮚ Improper tools

⮚ Vibration ⮚ Liquids ⮚ Viruses and equipment
⮚ Extremes of ⮚ Solids ⮚ Fungi design
temperature ⮚ Gas ⮚ Insects/ ⮚ Unnecessary
⮚ Illumination Route of entry Parasites and unusual
⮚ Pressure ⮚ Inhalation design
⮚ Ingestion ⮚ Repetitive
⮚ Injection Motions
⮚ Skin ⮚ Stress at work
⮚ Eye
Contamination

Physical Hazards

1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the
meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication.

Three Characteristics of Sound:

❖ Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time;

measured in Hertz cycles per second.
❖ Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
❖ Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning

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