INSTRUCTIONAL

LEARNING MATERIAL
IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
1
First Quarter - Week 2

For Internal Use Only

CHAPTER 3

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
In the previous lesson, you have learned about the properties of matter – physical and
chemical, as well as intensive and extensive. Your understanding will be used to learn how the
different forms of matter are classified.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson the students must be able to do the following:
• Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures;
• Use properties of matter to identify and separate substances; • Describe
separation techniques for mixtures and compounds.

Ready?

Halo-halo (from “halo” = mix) is one of the favorite

Filipino desserts. It is a mixture of sweet preserved beans (red
beans), coconut meat (macapuno), jackfruit, pounded dried
rice, sweet yam, cream flan, and shreds of sweetened plantain
which is filled with crushed ice and milk and topped with ice
cream.

Given the ingredients of halo-halo, how can you differentiate one ingredient from another?
Do all ingredients have the same properties? When you mix the ingredients, do the
ingredients react with one another? Or do the properties oof each ingredient remain the
same?
3. Pure Substance
or Mixture?

Soft drinks oxygen tank

4. Pure Substance
or Mixture?

red wine cereal

 5. Pure Substance
or Mixture?

copper wire gold metal

Answers:

1. Mixture
2. Pure Substance
3. Pure Substance
4. Pure Substance
5. Mixture

Go!

A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components; each of which retains its own
identity and properties. The parts or components of a mixture are simply mixed together physically
and can usually be separated. The properties of a mixture are a combination of different properties of
the components. For instance, the taste of the halo-halo is a combination of the tastes of the different
ingredients.

Mixtures are classified as heterogenous and

homogenous mixtures. Halo-halo is an example of a
heterogeneous mixture. Chicken macaroni soup (sopas)
is also a heterogenous mixture. In both examples, the
ingredients are not evenly distributed throughout the
mixture. One spoonful of chicken macaroni soup is
likely to have more chicken meat strips than loose in
another spoonful. Such mixture, in which composition is
not uniform throughout is a heterogenous mixture.

If you take a broth from the macaroni soup, the mixture of dissolved sugar or the milk and
the melted ice of the halo-halo, you will notice that the composition throughout these mixtures is
uniform. Two spoonful of broth is likely to have the same amount of salt and chicken flavor. These
examples are homogenous mixtures. They have the same proportion of components throughout. A
homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition throughout is uniform. Another term
for homogeneous mixture is solution.
 HETEROGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS

Separating Mixtures
There are various ways to separate a mixture depending on the properties of its components. The
following are some separation techniques:
1. Filtration – used for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid. For example, filtration can be
done to separate sand (insoluble solid, which does not dissolve in water) from a mixture of
sand and water mixture.

2. Evaporation – the process of converting liquid to gas, is useful in sorting mixtures such as salt
solution.

3. Chromatography – is good for separating mixtures of dissolved substances that have different
colors, such as inks and plant dyes.

4. Simple Distillation – is a process of separating a homogeneous mixture composed of two

substances with different boiling point.

5. Crystallization – is a chemical-liquid separation technique in which a mass transfer of a solute

from the liquid solution to pure solid.

Pure substances can be classified as elements or compounds. An element is the simplest form of
matter. Carbon (C) in charcoal and oxygen (O) are two of the known elements. A compound, on the
other hand, is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed
proportion. Hydrogen and oxygen in water are chemically combined, and in any amount of water
sample, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This illustrates that the proportion
of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in water is fixed.
 Keep Moving!
Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or a heterogeneous mixture.
Homogenous Mixture 1. natural gas Homogenous Mixture 6. whipped cream
Heterogenous Mixture 2. soda Heterogenous Mixture 7. soil
Heterogenous Mixture 3. sand in water Homogenous Mixture 8. rain
Homogenous Mixture 4. solutions Heterogenous Mixture 9. oil and vinegar
Heterogenous Mixture 5. cookies Homogenous Mixture 10. steel
1. Dishwasher Detergent- Phosphates, Citrates, and Polycarbonates
2. Perfume – Coumarin, Benzyl Benzoate and Phthalates
3. Lotion – Sodium Dioxide (NaOH), Water (H2O), Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Petroleum
(CnH2n+2), Glycerin (C3H8O3), Citric Acid (C6H8O7), Butylene Glycol (C4H10O2)
4. Alcohol - Hydrogen (H), Boron (B), and Carbon (C)
5. Deodorant – Aluminum chloralhydrate (AlnCl(3n-m)(OH)m)

Almost There!
Answer the following questions.

1. How are mixtures classified? (5pts)

 Solutions, suspensions, and colloids are the three types of mixtures based on
particle size. The physical properties of the components in a mixture are preserved.
Filtering, boiling, and other physical techniques can be employed to separate the
components using these qualities.

2. What are the various ways to separate a mixture? (5pts)

• Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it through a media in which the
components travel at different rates, either in solution or suspension, or as a vapor (as in gas
chromatography).
• Distillation is a useful technique for separating mixtures of two or more pure liquids.
Distillation is a purification procedure that involves vaporizing and then condensing and
isolating the components of a liquid combination.
• Evaporation is a method for separating homogeneous mixtures containing one or more
dissolved solids. The liquid components are separated from the solid components using this
procedure. The technique usually entails heating the mixture until no more liquid remains.
Unless it is not vital to isolate the liquid components, the mixture should only contain one
liquid component before applying this approach. Because all liquid components will
 evaporate over time, this is the case. This approach can be used to separate a liquid from a
soluble solid.
• Filtration is a separation method for separating pure substances from mixtures that contain
particles that are big enough to be collected by a porous medium. Given the type of mixture,
particle size might vary significantly.

3. Compare and contrast: (15pts)

a. Pure Substance and solution
A solution is made up of two or more pure substances mixed together. They can't
be broken down into anything else, either physically or chemically. The composition
of a pure substance and a mixture is what distinguishes them. There is just one type
of compound in a pure substance. It could be the same atom or molecule. Mixtures
are made up of a variety of different chemicals. However, in order to properly
comprehend the nature of these compounds, it's necessary to examine them
individually.

b. Element and compound

Compounds and elements are comparable in that they are both made up of
elements and that they are both pure substances because they only contain one sort
of molecule. The only difference between an element and a compound is that an
element contains only one atom, whereas a compound has two or more.

c. Compound and mixture

Compounds and mixtures have commonalities in that they are both made up of
two or more components and can be separated and then mixed with different
ingredients to create a new mixture or compound.  Compounds and mixtures are
made up of different elements or different atoms.

You are a Finisher!

CHAPTER REVIEW
Section 1
Key Concepts

• A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components, each of which retains its own
identity and properties. A mixture may be classified as homogeneous and heterogeneous.
 • A mixture in which composition is not uniform throughout is a hetegeneous mixture. • A
homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition throughout is uniform.

Another term for homogeneous mixture is solution. • There are various ways to separate
mixture depending on the properties of its components. Filtration, evaporation,
chromatography, simple distillation and crystallization are some separation techniques.

• Pure substances can be classified as elements or compounds.

• An element is the simplest form of matter.

• A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a

fixed proportion.

Key Words

• Mixture

• Heterogeneous Mixture

• Homogeneous Mixture

• Pure substance

• Compounds

• Solution

• • Elements

CHAPTER 4

MEASUREMENTS

Chemistry is an experimental science. As such, measurements are important in

conducting experiments, recording data and observations, and making conclusions. However,
 measurements are not related to experiments done in the laboratory. In fact, the moment you
were born, you were already measured. Your length and mass were taken.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson the students must be able to do the following:

• Differentiate precision and accuracy;

• Determine the different sources of errors in measurements.

Ready?
Time, size, distance, speed, direction, weight, volume,
temperature, pressure, force, sound, light, energy—these are
among the physical properties for which humans have
developed accurate measures, without which we could not live
our normal daily lives. Measurement permeates every aspect
of human life.
Can you cite some situations in daily life where a
measurement is important?

For example, cooking rice we need to measure the water and the rice properly. For
measuring, the rice cup that came with your rice cooker can be useful. If you're using the
smaller rice cup to measure both rice and water, make sure you fill the rice cooker to the
marked water line. This will ensure that you have enough water and that the smaller rice cup
is taken into account.

Get Set!
List ten (10) measurement devices and their uses


Measurement Devices Uses

A ruler, also known as a rule or line gauge, is a
tool used to measure distances and draw straight
Ruler lines in the fields of geometry and technical
drawing, as well as engineering and
construction.
A tape measure, often known as a measuring
tape, is a hand tool used to measure distance or
size. It's similar to a much longer flexible ruler,
with a case, thumb lock, blade/tape, hook, and
occasionally a belt clip. The readings on a tape
Tape Measure
measure can be in imperial, metric, or both.
They're a common measurement instrument
that's utilized in both professional and domestic
settings.
It is used to determine the difference in electric
potential between two points in an electric
Voltmeter circuit. It is linked in a parallel manner. It has a
high resistance and hence draws very little
current from the circuit.
A multimeter is a device that can measure a
variety of electrical properties. A conventional
Multimeter multimeter may measure voltage, resistance, and
current, and is referred to as a volt-ohm-
milliammeter (VOM) since it has voltmeter,
ammeter, and ohmmeter functions.
It is used to determine the direction and speed of
the wind. It's also a common instrument at
Anemometer weather stations. The phrase comes from the
Greek word anemos, which means "wind," and
it refers to any wind speed instrument used in
meteorology.
A caliper is a precise measuring instrument that
can measure multiple dimensions of an object
in one tool, including thickness, outside
Caliper diameter, internal diameter, length, width, and
depth. It's a pretty comprehensive instrument
for measuring numerous dimensions. It is
capable of accurate measurement.
It's used to keep track of how hot or cold
something is. A list of circumstances where a
thermometer could be useful is provided below.
- To determine the temperature of the
Thermometer surrounding environment. - During a doctor's
physical examination, to take your body
 temperature. - To identify if a person is sick and
has a fever by taking their body temperature.
A speedometer is a device that measures the
speed of a moving vehicle. It keeps track of the
Speedometer speed in kilometers per hour. The distance
traveled by the vehicle is recorded on the
odometer. People who build roads and survey
land use odometers as well.
A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood
pressure monitor or blood pressure gauge, is a
blood pressure measuring device that consists
Sphygmomanometer of an inflatable cuff that is used to collapse and
then release the artery under the cuff in a
controlled manner, as well as a mercury or
aneroid manometer to measure the pressure.
A protractor is a measuring instrument for
angles that is often made of transparent plastic
Protractor or glass. Simple half-disc protractors exist.
Advanced protractors, like the bevel protractor,
feature one or two swinging arms that can be
employed to aid in angle measurement.

Go!
The study of matter requires a certain degree of measurements, a process of
determining the extent of the dimensions, quantity or extent of something.
 Precision and Accuracy
Precision of a set of measurements refers to how close each measurement is to one another. It
is the consistency of a result. The precision is poor if the measurements have a wide deviation from
the average value.
Accuracy, on the other hand, refers to the closeness of the average value to the actual or true
value, or most probable value. Precise measurements are most likely to the accurate.

a. Low precision b. Low accuracy c. High accuracy d. High accuracy

Low accuracy High precision Low precision High precision

Uncertainty in Measurements
A measured quantity contains some digits that are exactly known and one digit that is estimated. The
estimated digit produces uncertainty in measurements.

Random Error (indeterminate error)

• Is the uncertainty that arises from a scale reading which results from the uncontrolled variables
in the measurements. It causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes
from unpredictable changes during an experiment.
Examples:
a. When weighing yourself on a scale, you position yourself slightly different each time.
b. Measuring your height is affected by minor posture changes.

Systematic Error (determinate error)

• Is the uncertainty that may come from a flaw in the equipment used or designed for an
experiment. These errors are usually caused by measuring instruments that are incorrect
calibrated or are used incorrect.

Examples:
a. A worn-out instrument
 b. An incorrect calibrated or tared instrument
c. A person consistently takes an incorrect measurement

Unit of Measurements
The International System of Units is the modern form of the metric system.

Base quantity Name Symbol

Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Kelvin K
temp.
Amount of Mole mol
substance
Intensity of light Candela cd
The name of the fractional parts and the multiples of the base units are constructed by adding
prefixes.

Scientific Notation
• It is a simple way to write or to keep track of very large or very small numbers without
having to deal with a lot of zeros.
• It provides a convenient way of recording results and doing calculations.
To convert scientific notation:

Rules in Evaluating Significant Figures

Examples
Rule
a. 124 mL has three significant figures
1. Non-zero digits – all non-zero digits are b. 6352 g has four significant figures
significant. c. 6.867 mm four significant figures
a. 8.09 g has three significant figures
2. Captive zeros – zeros between non-zero b. 80.9 mL has three significant figures
digits are significant. c. 236.005 m has six significant figures
a. 0.04 L has one significant figure
3. Leading zeros – zeros to the left of the b. 0.000 071 km has two significant
first non-zero digit are not significant. figures
They are placeholders and are used to c. 0.00373 m has three significant
locate a decimal point. figures
 a. 0.500 g has three significant figures
4. Trailing zeros – zeros at the end of a b. 125.00 mL has five significant figures
number and to the right of a decimal c. 3.000 000 000 mm has ten significant
point are significant. figures
a. The zeros in numbers that do not have
5. Final zeros – zeros at the end of a number a decimal point such as 200 m, 5000
that lies to the left of an understood m and 12,300 m may or may not be
decimal point may or may not be significant. The number of significant
significant. numbers in 5000 m can be one, two,
three or four. However, if such zeros
were known measured values, then
they would be significant.

Rules for Significant Figures in Fundamental Operations Addition and

Subtraction
When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer cannot have more decimal places than
those in the least accurate measurement. This means that the answer should be rounded to the same
number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places.

Sample problem:
Calculate the sum of three masses: 120.0 g + 34.506 g + 13.15 g. Give the answer to the correct
number of significant figures.
120.0 g
13.15 g
34.506 g 167.656 g Multiplication and
Division
When measurements are multiplied or divided, it is the significant figures, not the number of decimal
places, in each measurement that are counted. The answer cannot contain more significant figures
than those in the least accurate measurement.

Sample problem:
What is the density of an object with a mass of 3.250 g and a volume of 9.37 mL?
3.250 g
9.37 mL = 0.346851 g/mL

Run the World!

Answer the following questions. (5pts each)
1. What is the importance of measurements in experimental science?
 Measurements are necessary for comparing objects since they serve as the foundation
for comparing them. The act of determining the size or quantity of anything is known as
measuring. As a result, it's vital to get some metrics right; distance, time, and precision are all
good examples.

2. What is the difference between precision accuracy?

The accuracy of a measurement relates to how close it is to the true or acceptable value.
Precision, on the other hand, refers to how closely two measurements of the same thing are
related. Precision is not synonymous with accuracy. As a result, you can be exact without being
precise, and you can also be precise without being precise.
3. How do the sources of error affect precision and accuracy?
Precision, which refers to how consistent a measurement is under similar
conditions, is largely impacted by random error. On the other side, systematic error
impacts the measurement's accuracy, or how close the observed value is to the true
value.

Keep Moving!
Give the scientific notation for each of the following number.

1. 0.012345698632 = 1.2345698632 × 10-2

2. 1 230 945 = 1.230945 × 106
3. 87 576 788 432 234 543 = 8.7576788432234543 × 1016
4. 11 987 = 1.1987 × 104
5. 0.098547899 = 9.8547899 × 10-2

Almost There!

Give the number of the scientific notation for each of the following measurements.

1. 2,365 mm = 2.365 x 10³ mm

2. 309 cm = 3.09 x 10² cm
3. 5.030 mL = 5.030 x 100 ml
4. 0.00767 g = 7.67 x 10-3 g
 5. 3.60 x 10³ = 3600

You are a Finisher!

CHAPTER REVIEW
Section 1
Key Concepts
• The precision of a set of measurements refers to how close each measurement is to one
another.
• Accuracy refers to the closeness of the average to the actual or true value or most probable
value.

Key Words
• Precision
• Accuracy

Section 2
Key Concepts
• Significant figures in a measurement consist of all the digits known with certainty plus one
more digit that is uncertain or estimated.
• When combining measurements with different degrees of accuracy and precision, the
accuracy of the final answer cannot be greater than that of the least accurate measurement.
• When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer cannot have more decimal places
than those of the least accurate measurement.
• When measurements are multiplied or divided, the significant figures, not the number of the
decimal places, in each measurement are counted.
Key Words
• Significant figures