Letter on the Calendar Issue

This letter was originally written in 1968 to Dr. John Johnstone, Jr., of Kirkwood, MO., by Father [later Bishop]
Ephraim (Spanos) from Holy Transfiguration Monastery in Brookline, MA. It was written in answer to his questions
concerning the New Calendar and its adoption. In a revised form, it appeared as paper No. 2 in the St. Nectarios
Educational Series in 1975.

Dear Doctor:
I pray that this letter finds you well in the grace and peace of our Savior.
When we first received your letter concerning the new calendar and the manner of its adoption,
we were misled by Fr. Meyendorff's statement that the change had taken place as a result of the
adoptions of the Vatopedi Synod of 1923. We did not check to see whether in fact such a synod
had taken place and we took it for granted that it had. What was new to us was Fr. Meyendorff’s
contention that the new calendar had once been "adopted" by a synod of the Orthodox Church.
When our elder, Fr. Panteleimon, read our original answer to you, however, he informed us that
there was no such thing as a Vatopedi Synod of 1923. It was the Synod of Constantinople in 1923.
The Synod of Vatopedi was held in 1930—seven years after the change to the new calendar by the
Greek Church. This slip on the part of Fr. Meyendorff, however, is an understandable one, since
few are those who know just how some churches came to change to the new calendar. Most of the
material is in Greek anyway, to begin with.
The question, however, remains: did the Synod of Constantinople of 1923 adopt the new
calendar? The answer is no, because it is clear that the Synod made no adoptions whatsoever, but
only proposals. In fact, it is even clear that many Churches were even against having the new
calendar placed on the agenda for discussion, and, in fact, many other proposals for the agenda
were actually vetoed right on the floor. In connection with this, Vladika Averky of Holy Trinity
Monastery, Jordanville, wrote the following concerning the late Metropolitan Anastassy: "... while
still an Archbishop and administering the Orthodox Russian communities in and around
Constantinople, (Vladika Anastassy) courageously and resolutely opposed the innovations
calculated to overthrow the sacred canons, such as the introduction of the new calendar, a married
episcopate, twice-married priests, the abolition of fasts, shortening of the divine services,
permission for the clergy to wear secular dress, and so on, proposed [emphasis mine] by the ‘All-
Orthodox Congress’ in Constantinople, under the presidency of the Ecumenical Patriarch Meletios
IV, (Metaxakis) of sorry memory. This decisive action on the part of the then Archbishop
Anastassy evoked the warm admiration of all lovers of Orthodoxy, beginning with the Patriarch
of Antioch who expressed it in a special letter to the President of the Synod of Bishops of the
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia." (Orthodox Life, July-August, 1956, p. 6).
The fact that no adoptions were made by the Constantinopolitan Council is also brought out by
a telegram which the Patriarch of Alexandria, Photios, sent to the Ecumenical Patriarch when he
found out that the Synod of Greece was contemplating a change to the new calendar. I quote: "As
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a result of your Holiness's telegram, the Sacred Synod that is here with us came together and
decided the following: taking into consideration the letters from the Churches of Roumania and
Serbia, we abide in these things which have been dogmatized in former Synodal Congresses, and
we reject every addition or any change of the calendar before the convocation of an Ecumenical
Synod, [emphasis mine] which alone is capable of discussing this question, concerning which
Ecumenical Council we propose a speedy convocation. Cairo, January 15, (old calendar) 1924.
Patriarch Photios." Patriarch Photios also telegraphed the Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem and
Archbishop of Cyprus, and all joined their voices in agreement with him and protested against this
arbitrary action of the Synod of Greece. It is clear from his telegram that neither he, nor apparently
the other Patriarchs knew of any "adoption" of the new calendar by any previous council. Rather,
the exact opposite is true. Significant also is the fact that he proposed that an Ecumenical Council
be called to discuss the problem, and not just a "Pan-Orthodox" Council.
ECUMENICAL COUNCILS AND PAN-ORTHODOX COUNCILS
At this point, perhaps a word of explanation is necessary, as regards the differences between an
"Ecumenical and a "Pan-Orthodox" Synod. To begin with, the word "ecumenical" comes from the
Greek word oikoumene which means "inhabited world." However, this term was applied
especially to the Roman and later, the Byzantine Empire, since it was assumed by the
"Ecumenical" Council at the time, meant an imperial council—a council attended by bishops of
the whole empire, in contrast to a local, diocesan council. For this reason also, the councils were
called by the emperors, who also paid all the expenses involved. The decisions of these councils
were universally binding—that is, if, in fact, the decisions were in accord with the faith and
practice of the Church, and if they were accepted as truly "Ecumenical" Councils (some councils
called themselves by the name "Ecumenical" but were never accepted as such by the Church). In
addition, the Councils were always made up of orthodox bishops who came together to combat an
evil—either in the person of its proponents, or as expressed in writings—which threatened to
disrupt the traditional faith and practice of the Church.
Therefore, it should be understood that when Patriarch Photios of Alexandria called for an
Ecumenical Council, this by no means implied a gathering at which all "Christian" denominations,
including Protestants and Roman Catholics, would be represented. He meant precisely that bishops
of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church (i.e., the Orthodox Church) should come together
to settle an important internal matter, i.e. the calendar issue. Those who would claim that an
Ecumenical Council could not take place until all the heretical sects of "Christendom" unite and
come together in council in fact deny the very existence of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic
Church. When the Arians, Nestorians, Monophysites, etc., separated themselves from the Church,
this did not prevent her from continuing to have Ecumenical Councils. In fact, historically, this is
the only reason Ecumenical Councils were called: to combat heresy or schism or any other
deviation from the faith and practice of the Church.
THE "PAN-ORTHODOX" COUNCILS TO DATE
In contrast to this, the gatherings that have come together thus far under the title "Pan-
Orthodox" have had no such purpose, nor, in fact, have they come to any decisions whatsoever.
Strictly speaking, they have not even been "Pan-Orthodox" gatherings but only "Pro-Synods, " that
is, purely preparatory gatherings which are still trying to agree on what should or should not be
discussed at the proposed "Pan-Orthodox" synod, when and if it ever takes place. An Ecumenical

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Council does not have to have anyone else decide for it what it is going to discuss, because the
object of its discussion (e.g., heresy) is very likely threatening to tear the Church apart at the seams.
There is, therefore, no need (nor time) for the Council to quibble over what the subject of
discussion will be. If an Ecumenical Council were to be called today, for instance, it would have
to deal with the following urgent matters: (1) the lifting of the anathema by Constantinople (in
view of the fact that the anathema was, like the decisions of the local Constantinopolitan councils
of the 14th century, accepted by the whole of the Orthodox Church, and especially in view of the
fact that Rome has not yet renounced the heresy—but even added others since then—of the
Filioque which was condemned in the text of the anathema), (2) the uniate practices of several
"Orthodox" bishops and priests who have prayed together with heretics or have been present at
heretical services, or who have even given the Holy Mysteries to heretics, and (3) the calendar
issue. Significant is the fact that Patriarch Photios (together with the other bishops who voiced
their protest with him) completely disregarded the "Pan-Orthodox" Synod as an institution, in spite
of the fact that one had taken place only one year previously. Significantly, also, Metropolitan
Eirenaios of Cassandria (diocese of Greece) referred to this council under Metaxakis as the "anti-
Orthodox Council" of 1923.
The real issue, however, is that the calendar was changed by a few in spite of the opposition of
the vast majority of the Orthodox, and that it was engineered by men who were not particularly
interested in whether or not what they were doing was right, or whether it would scandalize their
people. Meletios Metaxakis, who at various times served as Archbishop of Athens, Ecumenical
Patriarch, and Patriarch of Alexandria, was a known reformer and Freemason. He became
Ecumenical Patriarch "by the grace of Venizelos" (the then Prime Minister of Greece—another
reformer) and not "by the grace of God…" When Venizelos fell in 1923, the faithful of
Constantinople rose up in protest against Metaxakis. Some even jumped the wall of the
Patriarchate, found him and gave him a beating, and the man was forced to flee for his life. It was
after this that he became Patriarch of Alexandria in 1926, (again through political means), which
incidentally was also the period during which that Patriarchate changed to the new calendar (in
Constantinople he was Meletios IV; in Alexandria he became Meletios II, —what next?).
Metaxakis was even given a Masonic funeral (Athenagoras of London was an eyewitness as his
archdeacon). What Metaxakis wanted was an Anglican Church with an eastern tint, and the faithful
people in Greece knew it and they distrusted everything he did. While in Athens, he even forbade
the chanting of vigil services (!) because he considered them out of date and a source of
embarrassment when heterodox—especially Anglicans—visited Athens. The people simply
ignored him and continued having vigils secretly.
Besides advocating the new calendar at Constantinople, Metaxakis also wanted a shaven clergy,
no rassa, marriage after ordination for both priests and bishops, shorter services, etc. (Most of these
things have been adopted in America—it seems only we here have been faithful to the Synod of
Constantinople).
Another indication that nothing—including the new calendar was adopted at Constantinople is
that Archbishop Chrysostom Papadopoulos of Athens had to lie in order to convince the Synod of
Greece concerning some anathemas that had been hurled against the new calendar by Jeremias II
of Constantinople in 1583, (the Constantinopolitan Councils of 1587 and 1593 also condemned
the Gregorian Calendar). Papadopoulos told the Synod that the anathemas were a forgery (some
years before his election as Archbishop, Papadopoulos had written an excellent essay concerning
the impossibility of changing the church calendar—in it he quoted the anathemas of Jeremias).

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The essay is found in the Pyrsos Encyclopedia, printed in Athens. In fact, even as Archbishop, just
one year before the Church of Greece changed to the new calendar, he wrote the following in a
related report: "No Orthodox Autocephalous Church can separate itself from the rest and accept
the new calendar without becoming schismatic in the eyes of the others." ("Report to the
Committee of the Department of Religion" Jan., 16, 1923) Some years later it was established
beyond a shadow of a doubt that the anathemas of Jeremias were authentic, and that the Archbishop
was, in fact, lying only in order to quiet the troubled consciences of some of the bishops. If the
new calendar had in fact been adopted in Constantinople in 1923, Papadopoulos could have used
this as a reason for changing. That he did not is clear proof that the Council held by Meletios
Metaxakis made no adoptions.
WHY WAS THE CHANGE MADE?
As Archbishop, Papadopoulos was pressured both by Metaxakis and the government. Hence it
is clear that the change was made not out of religious motives (since Papadopoulos himself
admitted that any church which changed would become schismatic), nor as Fr. Meyendorff says
in order to follow the adoptions of a synod, but it was made at the urging of parties that were
known to be indifferent to the Church's needs (such as the Greek government) or known innovators
like Metaxakis, and the people resented it and many remained old calendar.
At the Council of Vatopedi of 1930, the Churches that are now new calendar had already
changed by then—hence even here no claim can be made that the changes were made on the basis
of synodal decision (Incidentally, Vatopedi is the only Monastery on the Holy Mountain which
follows the new calendar. It changed because the government of Venizelos promised the
Monastery that if it adopted the new calendar, its holdings and possessions would not be
confiscated. They were confiscated anyway.) At this council, the representatives of the Serbian
and Polish Churches (the Churches of Russia, Georgia, and Bulgaria were not represented at the
Council; Russia and Georgia were not present because, at the time, they were weathering the third
wave of persecutions under Stalin, Bulgaria was not present because the "Bulgarian Schism'' was
still in effect) asked for a separate chapel. When the Greeks insisted that they all celebrate together
the slavs refused, excusing themselves by saying that the language was different, as well as the
typicon, and that there would be confusion. The Greeks kept insisting and the Slavs kept refusing,
and in fact, to the end of the Council, the two did not concelebrate, and it became clear that the
Slavs considered the calendar issue important enough at the time to separate themselves from the
Greeks. When they said that their "typicon" were different, the calendar obviously weighed heavily
as a part of that difference. At this council also Bishop Nicholas of Ochrid (who later came to
America and is now buried at St. Tikhon's Monastery) vehemently defended the old calendar. In
fact, the Serbian Church even supported the old calendarist movement in Greece by sending them
Chrism across the border secretly.
SIGNS FROM GOD ABOUT THE TRADITIONAL CALENDAR
Many signs and wonders from God also took place among the people, so that it might become
clear that our Lord Himself did not disdain to be found among the simple and unlettered, but
fervent and faithful souls whom Metaxakis and Papadopoulos mocked and derided for becoming
agitated over such trivial matters. One of the most astounding signs from God took place during
the all-night vigil for the feast of the Exaltation of the Precious Cross, in the year 1925. In the little
country chapel of St. John the Theologian at the foot of Mt. Hymettus (which was then miles

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outside of Athens, but which is now deep within the city limits—so much has the city grown. The
section is called St. John Holargos) over two thousand people had gathered to celebrate the feast
according to the old calendar reckoning. When Archbishop Papadopoulos got wind of it, he sent a
message to the Minister of Interior Affairs, who in turn sent the police to disperse the crowd and
arrest the priest. When the police arrived and saw the size of the crowd, they decided to wait until
the morning to arrest the priest. At midnight, just when the procession for Litya was taking place,
the people who were standing outside in the court of the little chapel suddenly saw a giant cross
forming in the heavens directly above their heads. The Cross, which was lying horizontally,
stretched from the little chapel to above the peak of Mt. Hymettus, and was in the form of the
Byzantine Cross, with three straight cross-bars. When the people saw it—it was most brilliant and
radiant in appearance—they all cried out in fear. The procession and the service came to a stop,
and the people fell on their knees weeping and chanting Kyrie eleison. The police, also, became
so terrified that they literally threw down their weapons and with tears began to pray with the
others. For a half hour the Cross remained thus in the sky and then slowly began to raise itself until
it finally stood straight up and down, and then it slowly disappeared. The next day, the Athenian
newspapers printed a full report with sketches showing how the Cross appeared above the chapel.
Such a sign has not taken place since the vision of St. Constantine, and also since the year 346,
when the Cross was seen in the heavens stretching from Golgotha to the Mount of Olives, when
St. Cyril was bishop of Jerusalem. The reaction to the appearance of this Cross over Mt. Hymettus
was characteristic. The pious became more pious; the others simply shrugged their shoulders or
tried to explain it away as a phenomenon brought about by some natural causes. It was this way
when our Savior worked miracles in the presence of thousands; why should it be different when
He worked this miracle? We ourselves know some of the people who were at that vigil and who
are still alive today. One of them became a nun and received the name Martha. She, incidentally,
still follows the old calendar.
In Greece, the real power of the old calendar movement became known during the German
occupation. Since the official, new calendar Church no longer had the support of the government
in persecuting the old calendarists (many died in prison, from starvation or ill treatment), the old
calendarist movement spread like wildfire. In Athens alone they had 500 tiny chapels and
churches, with a priest for every one of them! After the war and the return of the government, the
persecution was resumed and the movement again slackened. Even so, they have a giant convent
of four hundred nuns (about 1946-7 it had six hundred) and a large monastery with about 125-250
monks.
HAS THE CALENDAR ISSUE BEEN SETTLED?
One other point: if the calendar issue was settled once and for all at Constantinople, why was
there talk about raising the question at the second Rhodes Conference? In fact, the Church of
Greece threatened to boycott the meetings if the questions were raised, but the representatives of
the Jerusalem Patriarchate insisted that the calendar be placed upon the agenda for discussion, and
with good reason. The Jerusalem Patriarchate is especially interested in settling the calendar issue
because of its position as a place of pilgrimage. When Athenagoras met Pope Paul in Jerusalem,
he went afterwards to Bethlehem to attend the service for Christmas (which, of course, is
celebrated there according to the old calendar). In the meantime, the new calendarists were
celebrating Epiphany in Constantinople. By the time Athenagoras returned to Istanbul, Epiphany
had already been celebrated. In other words, Athenagoras himself, because of this calendar
confusion, celebrated two Christmases but did not celebrate Epiphany that year. Also, many pious

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pilgrims came from Greece to celebrate Christmas in Bethlehem, not knowing that the Jerusalem
Patriarchate follows the old calendar (some of the pious do not even know that there is a calendar
issue. They are the truly blessed souls). They arrive in Bethlehem and discover that it is only St.
Spyridon's day and that Christmas is two weeks away. They have only arranged to stay for a few
days, and few are those who have made the provisions or have the money to wait two weeks. In
their dismay, they beg the priests there to chant a few Christmas troparia and, of course, the priests
refuse, because not only is it not Christmas according to their reckoning, but they are also in the
midst of the fast. The pilgrims return to Greece confused and disheartened since they did not get
to celebrate Christmas, even in Bethlehem, and Christmas has already been celebrated in Greece.
Therefore, that year they do not celebrate Christmas anywhere. This happens annually there—
hence Jerusalem's concern.
And another thing: Metaxakis also officially recognized the "Living Church" in Russia. This
gives you another indication about what kind of man he was. The calendar issue was, for him, an
insignificant matter in relation to the great plans he had for Orthodoxy. The people knew this too,
and anyone who was pious would never think of obeying anything he or his confederates
commanded.
However, the question remains, is the new calendar in itself a heresy, a deviation laying aside
all the secret or manifest motives its proponents may have, whether these motives be good or bad?
The answer is no. It would be crass heresy for us to say that this calendar is Orthodox and that one
is heretical. Even the anathemas which Jeremias II had against the new calendar were aimed at
stemming the tide of Uniatism which was seeping the Orthodox communities in Italy and Austria.
What is important is liturgical unity, and this is what the Fathers struggled for in centuries past (In
his time, St. John Chrysostom was a new calendarist and the Irish were old calendarists.)
LITURGICAL UNITY IS LOST
Yet, even liturgical disunity is not a heresy (but then neither is murder, slander or fornication—
yet the Church does not simply brush these off as matters not worthy of consideration), but it still
is a very great evil that has crept into the liturgical life of the Church. On February 4, the Church
celebrates the memory of the New Martyr, St. Joseph of Aleppo, who was martyred by the
Moslems in the year 1686. When the cadi (the Moslem judge) told the martyr: "Come now, man,
and become a Moslem, so that you may depart from the false faith and come to the true one, so
that I may have you by my side, and so that you may become a great ruler," the martyr Joseph
replied as follows: "O what a faith you have, so that you try to incite others also to believe in it!
Thrice-wretched and ill-fortuned ones that you are! And where did you find this faith which you
try now to call true? You wretched ones don’t even know when your ramazan (month of fast) is,
nor when your bayram (religious feast) is. You only sit about, waiting to see the moon, so that you
can begin your ramazan… and then again you keep watch to see the moon so that you can have
your bayram. And if it should chance to be cloudy, some of you have it before and others of you
after, and all the nations have you as a joke and they laugh at you," O hapless Orthodox, because
you can't even agree amongst yourselves when to fast and when to feast.
As it stands now—if one goes by the present methods which are used by the new calendarists
in the celebrating of Pascha—there is only one serious obstacle to making that change to the new
calendar: the fast of the Apostles. The canons concerning Pascha state that Pascha can fall only
between the 23rd of March and the 25th of April—never in May. This was done in order to provide

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for the feasts that follow Pascha also, because fifty days after Pascha comes Pentecost and one
week after Pentecost is Sunday of All Saints. On the Monday following Sunday of All Saints
begins the fast of the Apostles. But with the new calendar, Pascha falls into May at times. This
causes the feasts that follow Pascha to be pushed back so far, so as to completely obliterate the fast
of the Apostles. In fact, on some years Sunday of All Saints even falls after the feast of the Apostles
with the new calendar. According to the new calendar, (ever since the change was made), Pascha
has already fallen in May eight times, the last time in 1964, and will do so again in 1975.
THE ABOLISHMENT OF FASTING PERIODS
Now if you dislike fasting, or don't think that it's important enough to concern you, your
problem is solved. On the other hand, if you are an Orthodox Christian with passions and lusts and
failings and yet still desire to attain to that heavenly kingdom, you will not be so willing to
surrender this weapon. If you are a Christian like these who lived in Cappadocia in St. Basil’s time,
you will even seek to extend the length of the fast out of divine and burning love to attain freedom
from passions and thus, a more pure love for our dearest Savior.
As monks we are very well aware of the inadequacy of mere physical fast—a fast from foods
(although in the actual time of the fast my insatiate flesh would incline me to leave out the adjective
"mere"), and yet, as monks again, we are very much aware of its definite benefaction in the struggle
against the passions that constantly beset us. Even if you get annoyed with someone, at least you
don't have the strength to punch him in the nose, and at least that's somewhat of an improvement,
even though it's a left-handed one. The question is this: We are Christians, we are living in hostile
territory; we want to get to the other side, but an enemy stands between; will we ever get to the
other side if we keep disarming ourselves? The enemy wants to kill us if possible, and there are
only two solutions; kill him instead and cross over to the other side, or lay down your weapons
and join him and forget about the other side. "We don't want to fast, it's too hard in America" (In
one of his encyclical letters, Metropolitan Philaret stressed how easy it is to keep a fast here in
America*—which is so true what with all the fresh, canned and frozen foods available everywhere
throughout the whole year, in contrast to the "old country" in days gone by. But there goes weapon
number one); "the church services are too long, too monkish, too tiresome—shorten them" (Even
though the Apostle says "pray unceasingly." There goes weapon number two); "The Church is a
social as well as religious center—let's have picnics, bowling nights, ski trips, hay rides, beach
parties." (“Blessed are they who mourn...,” “And take heed to yourselves lest at any time your
hearts become burdened in debauchery and drunkenness and cares for this life..." "We have here
no abiding city…" "For sufficient is the time past for those to have accomplished the desire of the
pagans, walking as they in lasciviousness, lusts, drunkenness, revelings, carousing and unlawful
idolatries…" "All that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride
of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world…" "How can we cry for our sins (what sins?) when
we're having such a wonderful time, sponsored by the Church at that?" There goes weapon number
three.) Only one weapon remains; our pure and undefiled Faith. But, Doctor, how long will that
Faith last if the faithful think as they do in the above instances? One by one we lay down our
weapons, because this isn't important and that isn't important, and after all, we're only human.
Nevertheless, there are problems that face the Church when it continues in the old calendar,
and there are problems when a change to the new is advocated. But how can anything be solved
when you have "fanatical" new calendarists refusing even to discuss the problem? (At Rhodes,
Greece kept insisting that as regards to the calendar there is nothing to discuss!) Perhaps there is

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only one solution that by-passes all of this and would make things immensely easier for the Church.
This would be if a universal, non-religious calendar were adopted throughout the world. This
would, in effect, force the Church back to the old calendar, since the new calendar would no longer
be new and the universal calendar would be too radical a change for almost everyone.
However, as our Fr. Daniel says, if the liturgical unity was broken, it was only because, in fact, the
bond of love did not exist even from before. The change to the new calendar was a thoughtless and
reckless endeavor that completely ignored the opinions and feelings of the other Churches. Now
that the damage has been done, I don't know how it's going to be remedied. In the official Church
of Greece, there is a strong movement calling for a return to the old calendar. This movement is
speaking in the name of Church Unity and also considers that a return to the old calendar would
help to counteract the uniate tendencies that exist in many quarters of that same Church. Here
again, the calendar has become a symbol of traditional Orthodoxy (which in actual fact, it is, since
those who are most fanatically new calendar also happen to be the most "ecumenical" minded).
The fathers here greet you and your family and pray that you are well, as of course I do also.

Ephraim monk and my guardian angel

P.S. I just remembered another interesting point. Metaxakis as Archbishop of Athens was also
instrumental in the break that took place between the Greeks and Russians here in America. As
soon as the Greeks formed a separate jurisdiction, Metaxakis placed them under the Synod of
Greece. When, later, he became Ecumenical Patriarch, he placed the Greek Church in America
under the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It would be interesting to find out if he tried to put the Greek
Archdiocese here under the Alexandrian Patriarchate when he became Meletios II of Alexandria.
He also had expressed the desire to become Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Endnotes
* The full text of Metropolitan Philaret's statement is as follows (from Orthodox Life, Nov.-Dec. pp. 4-5):

A crying violation of devoutness at the present time is manifested in the breaking of holy fasts which has become
firmly rooted in our society. Vain is the thought of certain people that fasts are essential only for monks and priests;
no, they are unconditionally obligatory upon all Orthodox Christians. Blessed Father John of Kronstadt advised not
to enter into close relations with those who did not keep the holy fasts, while St. Seraphim of Sarov did not even
consider as Orthodox those Christians who ignored fasts. Since we live in America, where by the way, it is so easy
and also beneficial for physical health to keep the fasts, this demand of the Holy Church remains unalterable, cannot
be waived by anyone and is binding upon all Orthodox Christians.
Another equally crying violation of piety is represented by the now beloved of Russian society so-called charity
balls and soiree, especially those organized during hours of Divine Services on the eve of Sundays and Holy Days. St.
John of Kronstadt, himself a performer of charity, taught that charity in the form of Soirees and balls was not Christian
charity, but merely inane entertainment and pandering to passions. We must all unswervingly explain to our flock the
necessity of fasts and about the mentioned balls and soirees, so destructive to the salvation of souls.