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Evolution of Society

This document provides an overview of human societies and the development of civilization over time. It discusses that human existence began less than half a million years ago, with permanent settlements based on agriculture starting before 12,000 years ago. Large scale civilizations date back no more than 6,000 years, while the industrial age began no more than 300 years ago. It traces the growth of populations from 6 million 10,000 years ago to an estimated 10 billion by 2100. The document also examines the transition from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial societies and discusses how early civilizations in areas like North Africa and West Asia introduced innovations in tools, trade, urbanization, industries, and more beginning around 4000-3000 BC.

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221 views12 pages

Evolution of Society

This document provides an overview of human societies and the development of civilization over time. It discusses that human existence began less than half a million years ago, with permanent settlements based on agriculture starting before 12,000 years ago. Large scale civilizations date back no more than 6,000 years, while the industrial age began no more than 300 years ago. It traces the growth of populations from 6 million 10,000 years ago to an estimated 10 billion by 2100. The document also examines the transition from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial societies and discusses how early civilizations in areas like North Africa and West Asia introduced innovations in tools, trade, urbanization, industries, and more beginning around 4000-3000 BC.

Uploaded by

diptoranomesbah
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOC 101/3101: Society, Environment and

Engineering Ethics

Lecture: Society
Timeline of Earth

Age of the planet Earth is about 4.5 billion years but existence of
human beings started before half a million year.

Permanent settlement Large scale civilizations History of industrial age


(based on agriculture) date back no more than stared no more than 300
started before 12000 6000 years years back
years.
• Spread of human beings creates more complexities and
conflicts among different groups.

In 10000 BCE- In 1804 AD- In 1927 AD- 2021 AD- 2100 AD-
Total Total Total Total Population
population population population population is will be 10
was only 6 was about 1 was about 7.5 billion
million billion approximately billion (estimated)
2 billion
• Humans generally do not live alone, isolated from
each other. Instead, individuals tend to live in
communities with other people related by ethnicity,
nationality, religion, or some other cultural element. A
human society is a group of people who share a
common lifestyle and organization
• The human society has been viewed as a unique and
complex society. Because of its dynamic features, it is
capable of developing and improving its structures.
• One of the basic components of society is people.
Meaning of Society
• Composed of a large number of people who form
relatively organized, self-sufficient, enduring body
• Society is composed of interacting individuals and
interacting groups sharing a common culture.
• Society is a systematic network of social relations and it
is the venue where the dynamics of cooperation and
conflict occurs.
• In sociological terms, society refers to a group of people
who live in a definable community and share the same
culture.
Types of Society

Society

Pre-industrial Industrial Post-industrial

Hunter and Horticulture Agricultural


Pastoral society
gatherer society society society
Formation of Ancient Societies:
• Human being is always busy to survive with all
difficulties. For survival, they used the natural elements
like different limbs of the body from the ancient time.
They innovated some non-natural equipment for
survival- we may call them technologies.
• Archeologists think that Heidelberg man did not know
how to use of tools or equipment or weapon. They only
used the stones or branches of tree.
• In the second and third phase of Ice age, human beings
lead life like animals. There was no use of any special
tools or equipment at those phases. Human being
started using tools and equipment in the 3rd and 4th
phase of ice age. Weapons were made by rubbing one
stone with another.
• Primarily men were the hunter and women joined next.
• People didn’t have permanent settlement.
• Neanderthal man started using fire. They could not
produce it rather they collected it from lava or wildfire.
They did not use clothes because of the high
temperatures. They used to cover their body with Neanderthal man
animal skin during winter.
• In the 4th phase of Ice age, human being required
permanent settlement. They started living in the cave.
But in plain areas where there were no hills of any kind,
people started living by digging the soil.
• The discovery of new tools and new means of production brought about changes
in the structure of society.
• They felt the need to unite with the neighbors as it is difficult to catch a colossal
prey with little manpower. Combining five or six small group, they created tribe
• Current Climatic condition of Europe started after the 4th Phase of Ice Age.
During that time there was a massive changes in the climatic condition. Many
species were extinct and many moved from Europe to Asia and Africa.
• It would become difficult to the hunters to hunt animals and they thought
alternative way of food collecting.
• Fishing took the place of hunting animal.
• People started domesticating animals. They started domesticating animals not
only for food but also using their skin as a good source wool for clothing.
• Women invented agriculture and dominance of women started since then.
Innovation of agriculture gave birth the matriarchal family in society.
Rise of Civilization

• The first civilization started in North Africa and West Asia in 3000 BC. The road
to the emergence of Civilization started at least before 4000 years of North
African and West Asian civilization.
• One of the key features of civilization in early era was to introduce irrigation in
Agriculture.
• Later people started innovating and using new technologies, weapons,
equipment, tools and techniques.
• Expansion of trade and commerce started steadily.
• People usually used to live on the bank of revivers from the very beginning of
human civilization. They used to fishing along with performing agricultural
activities.
• Along with the development of Agriculture, the early
civilizations had made progress in industries as well.
• Urbanization was one of the special features of earliest
civilization. Urbanization meant, at the early age, the
gathering of people. Gathering of the people was seen in
the areas where food certainty was assured.
• Gradually the pottery industry began to improve. Earlier
pottery was made by hand, later wheels were used. A new
class emerged in the society called potter. Simultaneously,
stone arts were being improved.
• Lead mining took the civilization into a new era. The use of
lead, bronze, silver gradually increased.
• Scientific innovations were noticeable in the earlier
civilizations. Innovations of wheels, measurement scale,
time counting system, artistic and architectural design,
letters, communication technology, irrigation etc. are some
of the remarkable achievement of early civilizations.
• Development of Civilization has adverse impacts on
nature.

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