Amalia F.

Furaque
BSEE-4A
Technopreneurship

1.4 Review Questions

1. Give an example of a simple technology. Explain what knowledge it is based on and the
problem it is solved.

One of the very concrete example is mobile phone technology. The mobile phone is stimulating
one of the most important technological revolution in human history. Mobile phone technology is
a form of technology that is mostly used in cellular communication and other related aspects. It
uses a form of platform where by many transmitters have the ability to send data at the same time
on a single channel. The very first mobile phones were not really mobile phones at all. They were
two-way radios that allowed people like taxi drivers and the emergency services to communicate.
Precisely, it was on April 3, 1973, an employee and executive named Martin Cooper from
Motorola company who invented the first mobile phone. These early mobile phones are often
referred to as 0G mobile phones, or Zero Generation mobile phones. However, most phones today
rely on 3G, 4G or 5G mobile technology. Mobile telephony has a long history that started off with
experiments of communications from and to moving vehicle rather than handheld devices. The
mobile technology is rapidly evolving; over the years, its uses are becoming diverse and is
gradually replacing some similar sources in the market that are also used for communication, post
office and land lines. Long distance communication will be no more a problem, paying bills online
and networking is possible, transferring soft copy of files and documents is easier and other
problems encountered in daily life. Mobile phones are usually used as a means of communication,
transferring of files, equipped with internet connectivity making it easy to browse online,
commercialization in corporation industry and other aspects. Several features of mobile phones
give a big help to the society to fulfill some major problems such that it has presently transformed
into a digital world and has made life and business much easier. Moreover, because of mobile
phones, everything will become possible.
2. Give five examples of pain points from your personal life.
 Online Class
Online class is more complicated than traditional class method especially students in rural
areas that do not have a stable internet of connectivity and low budget for financing regular
load. Although, virtual class is more economical and safer than traditional method but the
assurance of the university that students will gain more learning cannot be totally
maintained, and one of the main reason is the kind of environment that students have. I do
believe that school is still the best place to study.
 Everyday Dandruff
Never find a best solution on how to lose or minimize dandruff. Dandruff really affects
students focus in online class, doing household chores and other personal life.
 Over thinking
As a student, who’s is not yet finished in college degree always think on how to have a
stable life and job in the future. Un ending thinking that somehow affects mental and
emotional in personal life.
 Body pain from monthly menstruation
Body pain experienced by girls during period days affects its mood swing. Well, monthly
period is normal but there is no cure to prevent from body pain caused by monthly period.
 Updates of phones and laptops
On my experience, my mobile phone and laptops continues to update to the point that the
system cannot manage the update anymore. Phones and laptop down its mobility, it’s get
hang all the time.
3. What is the role of entrepreneurship in society?
 Entrepreneurship refers to the concept of developing and managing a business venture in
order to gain profit by taking several risks in the corporate world. Simply put,
entrepreneurship is the willingness to start a new business. Entrepreneurship has played a
vital role in the economic development of the expanding global marketplace.
Entrepreneurship become a viable option of most people who wants to have a stable life in
future as it becomes a maintaining reliable source of income and the most important way
to create a stable job. Entrepreneurs that create small or big corporations are necessary for
the progress of economy from small to large community. Moreover, it is the society that
 will benefits because of entrepreneurship, the more productive in business, the more
progress and developed community.
4. Explain why solutions and problems are “intimately combined or related.
 Solutions are efficiently made because of a certain problem. They are intimately related in
favor of the idea of people never stop to find solutions for something which is not yet fixed.
Its cringed to say that “Why people bother to provide solutions if there is no problem” but
the problem itself cannot be fixed without providing solutions.
5. Give a real life example of a need and its root cause(s).
 Funding problems

In life of poor and middle class people, managing funds in daily expenses become a serious
problem especially to the poor who don’t have a stable job to finance their daily expenses.

 Root causes
1. Middle class and poor people accumulate and buy more liabilities than assets.
2. Don’t have a small business to rely on.
3. Don’t have a stable job.

1.5 Assignment A

History and Evolution of Automobiles

The word automobile comes from the Greek word “autos” meaning self and the Latin word
“mobilis” or movable, therefore automobile means a vehicle that moves itself. Most
definition of automobile states that automobile primarily run on roads, have seating for one
or more people, typically have four wheels and constructed for the transport of people and
goods. In history of an automobile, major parts of automobile like wheel and wheel cart
plays a vital role for the invention of automobile.

Invention of wheel

The wheel is considered one of the great mechanical inventions at all time. The wheel has
been use of a man since the beginning of the civilization. The invention of the wheel
happened in the late Neolithic age. The first use of the wheel for transportation was in
Mesopotamian chariots in 3200 BC. Wheels have been used in industrial or manufacturing
 applications before they were used in vehicles. Early wheels were simple wooden disks
with a hole for the axle. However, due to the structure of wood, a horizontal slice of tree
trunk is not suitable, as it does not have a maintaining strength to support weight without
collapsing. By this scenario, another innovation of wheel has been discovered.

Invention of wheel cart

Wheel cart is a vehicle used for transport, using two wheels. A handcart is pushed
or pulled by one or two more people. However, some history tells us that animals instead
of men, were used for pulling the carts, as they were more powerful. Nowadays, animals
are still used for pulling carts primarily for agricultural purposes in rural areas. Carts have
been mentioned in literature as far back as the 2 nd millennium BC. Carts have been in
continuous use since the invention of wheel. There are different types of cart such as the
common horse cart, bullock cart, ox cart and carabao cart.

Invention of automobile

From the invention of wheel and wheel cart, people were working on a system that
could be self-propelled, meaning that the system can run without any man or animal force
required for moving it. The very first model of an automobile was in a form of a toy at
year 1672. This model is an steam engine, in which steam plays an important role for the
momentum of a toy. In year 1769, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot developed the first self -
propelled road vehicle (military tractor) for the French army. In year 1806 improvement
in automobile was developed, the first car powered by an internal combustion was
appeared. This car used fuel gas instead of steam. Also in late 1832, another designer of
automobile named Robert Anderson developed an electric carriage in Scotland.
Meanwhile, engineers continue to designed automobile until it developed a car which is
powered by gasoline or petrol fueled engine. Moreover, it was Karl Benz, a German
engineer who designed and patented the very practical model in 1885. Karl Benz built
an automobile powered by his own four stroke cycle gasoline engine in Mannheim,
Germany in 1885. Years later, automobiles continue to evolve and people gave credit to
several people who create different models of car named, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm
Maybach, George Selden, Charles Duryea and his brother Frank.
Innovations of automobile in year 1990’s

Many important innovations have shaped the modern car and dictated auto mobile
engineering. Automobiles have change a lot since 1990s, the automobiles demand and
supply continue to develop. The following list shows the innovations happen in 1990’s
period up to present.

 The starter rendered hand cranks obsolete

Early cars needed a way to rotate (crank) the engine initially, to allow it to run on its own
power. Early engines used a variety of methods to achieve this, from gun powder, cylinders
to springs, to brute force-using the iconic crank handle. However, this method was
inconvenient, difficult and could even be dangerous. The first electric starter was
developed in England in 1896 by H.J Dowsing. The first U.S patent in 1903, with a patent
for an improved version in 1911. The first cars to have electrical starters installed were
produced by Cadillac 1912. Moreover, hand cranks were still supplied by some
manufactures as the production of cars in year 1948-1990 as a viable option in case the
starter or battery failed to start the car.
 The diesel engine is more efficient
The diesel engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel and is still today the highest thermal
efficiency of any practical internal combustion engine. Also, diesel engine is more
economical than gasoline engine.
 Automatic transmission made driving easier
Automatic transmission, or self-shifting transmission is another great innovation in
automobile engineering. The automated system frees the driver from the need to change
gear ratios manually as the vehicle is on the move. The automatic transmission was
originally developed in 1921 by a Canadian citizen Alfred Munro. His design was patented
in 1923 and acquired UK and US patents in 1924 and 1927 respectively.
 Power steering made diving more pleasurable
Power Steering is another great innovation in automobile engineering and helps driver steer
their cars more easily. The use of electric actuators allows drivers to exert much less effort
when turning the steering wheel than in not power assisted steering fitted vehicles,
especially at low speeds or when stationary.
 Early inventions of power steering were patented in 1876,1902. And 1904, but none of
these made into production. In 1926, it was Francis Davis who devised the first practical
system. Chrysler Corporation was the first to make power steering commercially available
in passenger car, incorporating the technology into their 1951 Imperial. Today, most
vehicles come with power steering as standard.
 Airbags: saving lives with the power of air
After the seat belt, airbags are one of the most important innovation in vehicle safety. They
are designed to inflate extremely quickly during collisions, impacts, or sudden rapid
deceleration and deflate equally as fast.
 Stability control help stop skids
Electronic stability control helps correct a skid if a car starts to slide. It is, in effect, an
improvement in the anti-lock brake systems that preceded it. Electronic Stability Control
produces a marked improvement in car safety, especially during emergency situations.
 Flashing turn signals let other drivers know your intentions
Early forms date to 1907, but the version patented in 1938, but the version patented in 1938
is the one now used widely and is generally required on all street- legal cars. These signals
are required to blink on and off at a rate between 60 and 120 “blinks per minute”.
 The blind spot mirror helped drivers spot each other with ease
These mirrors are designed to help the driver see areas around their car which are normally
obscured from view. Usually attached to a car’s side-view or wing mirrors, these simple
devices help make driving a lot safer.
 LED headlamps were also an interesting development
LED are yet another important innovation in automobile engineering. They began first to
appear in around 2004, and have strength to strength ever since. LED headlamps tend to
have longer lifespan and consume less electricity compared to halogen, tungsten, and high
intensity discharge alternatives. LED also have lower maintenance costs and increased
visibility. From around 2006, the first series- production LED low beams began to be
factory- installed in vehicles.

There are lots of automobile innovations but I only selected few commons innovation.
References:

https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/item/who-invented-the-automobile

https://www.history.com/topics/invention/automobiles

https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/ivas101.pdf

https://amp.interestingengineering.com/20-greatest-innovations-and-inventions-of-automobile-
engineering-from-the-first-engine-to-today

Individual Assignment B

Read about the Ishakawa diagram and together with the “5 Whys”, identify the root cause(s) of a
need or pain point. You may use your own example of a need or pain point or any one of the
examples given in this module.

Reduced work hours/ service cut off

Since the introduction of lockdown, companies, banks, shopping malls, schools,

department stores, food corporation, automobile terminals, offline transactions and other
business industry offered a limited time for servicing customers. Usually banks operates
at 8 hours per day but through pandemic, some banks shortened its working hours. Also,
without pandemic shopping malls can operate an early as 8am-10 pm, but now in
shortened because of curfew. Moreover, schools, restaurants, department stores and other
matters also change its policy services.

 Root causes

1.Increasing no. of active cases

2.Enhance community quarantine

3. Strict policies regulation

4. Limited personnel are preferred to work