EXERCISE I

In the following, unless otherwise stated, A denotes an m × n real

matrix, N = AT A, M = AAT and S an n × n real symmetric matrix

1. If x, y are any two vectors in Rn show that

(a) kx + yk2 + kx − yk2 = 2 {kxk2 + kyk2 } (Parallellogram Law)

(b) kx + yk2 − kx − yk2 = 4(x, y)

2. If u, v are linearly independent vectors Rn which of the following sets

of vectors are linearly independent

(a) S = u, u + v
(b) S = u + v, u − v

(c) u + v, u + 2v

(d) u + 2v, 2u + 4v

3. Let S be the set of vectors in R4 given by

1 1
   
 1   1 
u1 =  
u2 = 
 
1 2
  
   
0 0
1 1
   
 1   −1 
u3 =  ,

u4 =  
0 0
  
   
0 0

Answer the following:

(a) Show that S is linearly dependent

(b) Find a basis for L[S]

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 (c) Use Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization on the above basis to get
an orthonormal basis for L[S]

4. Which of the following subsets of R4 form a subspace of R4 ?:

 
x1
 

 

x2

   

(a) W = x =  : x1 , x2 ∈ R
 
x1 + x2

   
 
x 1 − x2
 
 
x1
 

 

0

   

(b) W = x= 
: x1 , x2 ∈ R
x2
 

   
 
x1 − x2
 
 
x1
 

 

x2

   

(c) W = x= 
: x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R
x3
 

   

 
1
 

5. In the above example for each of the subsets forming a subspace find
the following:

(a) A Basis for W

(b) dimension of W

(c) dimension of W ⊥

(d) An orthonormal basis for W

(e) An orthonormal basis for W ⊥

(f) Decomposition of the vector

1
 
 1 
x=
 
1

 
1

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 as the sum of a vector in W and a vector in W ⊥
6. Let A be a 3 × 4 real matrix. The following data is known about A:
(a) The vectors
1 1
   

1  0  1  0 
u1 = √  ,

u2 = √ 
 
1 −1
 
2  2 
0 0
is an orthonormal basis for RAT ,

(b) The vectors

0 0
   

1  1  1  1 
ϕ1 = √  ,

ϕ2 = √ 
 
0 0
 
2  2 
1 −1
is an orthonormal basis for NA ,

(c) The vectors

   
1 1
1   1 
v1 = √  0  , v 2 = √  0 

2 1 2 −1

is an orthonormal basis for RA ,

(d) The vector  

0
 1 
ψ1 =  

0
is an onb for NAT , and

(e) u1 , u2 and v1 , v2 are such that

Au1 = 2v1
Au2 = 4v2

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Answer the following questions with respect to this matrix:
(a) What is the Rank of A?

(b) What is the Rank of AT ?

(c) What is the nullity of A?

(d) What is the nullity of AT ?

(e) What is the Rank of N where N = AT A?

(f) What is the Rank of M where M = AAT ?

(g) What is the nullity of N ?

(h) What is the nullity of M ?

(i) Does the system Ax = b where

 
1
b= 0 
 

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have a solution? If so

(j) Is the solution unique? If not

(k) what is the general solution?, and

(l) what is the optimal solution?

(m) What is the orthogonal projection of the vector

 
1
b= 2 
 

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 onto RA ?

(n) What is the orthogonal projection of the vector

 
1
b= 2 


3

onto NAT ?

(o) Decompose the vector b above as the sum of a vector in RA and

a vector in NAT

(p) Find the vector in RA that approximates the above vector b with
least square error

(q) Find the vector in NAT that approximates the above vector b with
least square error

(r) Does the sytem Ax = b have a solution, where

 
1
b= 2 


3

If yes then find the general solution and if No, give reasons

7. Show that NS = NS 2

8. Is RS 2 = RS ?

9. Is ρS = ρS 2 ?

10. Is NS 3 = NS

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11. Is RS 3 = RS ?

12. Is NS r = NS for any positive even integer r?

13. Is NS r = NS for any positive odd even integer r?

14. Is RS r = RS for any positive integer r?

15. Is Rank of AT AAT A same as the Rank of A?

16. Which of the following statements are TRUE and which are FALSE?

(a) The matrices A and AT have the same Range

(b) The matrices A and N have the same Range

(c) The matrices A and M have the same Range

(d) The matrices AT and N have the same Range

(e) The matrices A and N have same Null space

(f) The matrices AT and N have same Null space

(g) The matrices A and M have same Null space

(h) The matrices A and N have same Null space

(i) The matrices AT and N have same Null space

(j) The matrices AT and M have same Null space

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 (k) All the matrices A, AT , N, and M have the same rank and same
nullity

(l) All the matrices A, AT , N, and M have the same rank but all need
not the have same nullity

(m) All the matrices A, AT , N, and M need not have the same rank
but all have same nullity

17. If S is a 10 × 10 real symmetric matrix whose characteristic polynomial

is cS (λ) = (λ − 1)3 (λ + 1)2 (λ − 5)4 (λ + 5) then

(a) dimension of Null Space of (S − I) =

(b) dimension of Null Space of (S + I) =

(c) dimension of Null Space of (S − 5I) =

(d) dimension of Null Space of (S + 5I) =

18. For each statement below determine if it is TRUE OR FALSE (GIVE

REASONS)

(a) We can construct a 10 × 6 real matrix A such that the character-

istic polynomial of N = AT A is cN (λ) = (λ − 2)2 (λ − 3)2 (λ + 1)2

(b) We can construct a 10 × 6 real matrix A such that the character-

istic polynomial of N = AT A is cN (λ) = (λ − 2)2 (λ − 3i)2 (λ + 3i)2

19. For each statement below determine if it is TRUE OR FALSE (GIVE

REASONS)

(a) The matrices M and N have the same positive eigenvalues but
may have different multiplicities

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 (b) The matrices M and N have the same eigenvalues and same eigen-
vectors

(c) The matrices M and N have the same Null Spaces

(d) The matrices M and N have the same Range

(e) We can find a vector x ∈ Rm such that

(M x, x) = −12

20. Consider the system

3x + 6y = 5
4x + 8y = 10

Show that all the least square solutions for the above system lie on the
line
11
x + 2y =
5

21. Consider the system

α(ax + by) = b1
β(ax + by) = b2

where αb2 6= βb1 .

Show that all the least square solutions for the above system lie on the
line
αb1 + βb2
ax + by =
α2 + β 2