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Lecture 13 - LA

This document discusses subspaces and provides examples to illustrate the definition and properties of a subspace. A subspace W of a vector space V is itself a vector space that satisfies the properties of vector addition and scalar multiplication. The examples show determining whether given subsets of vector spaces satisfy the properties to be considered subspaces.

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Hafiza Iqra Maqbool
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97 views9 pages

Lecture 13 - LA

This document discusses subspaces and provides examples to illustrate the definition and properties of a subspace. A subspace W of a vector space V is itself a vector space that satisfies the properties of vector addition and scalar multiplication. The examples show determining whether given subsets of vector spaces satisfy the properties to be considered subspaces.

Uploaded by

Hafiza Iqra Maqbool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subspaces

Linear Algebra
Lecture#13
Definition
Let V be a vector space and W is the subset of V then W is called
subspace of V if W is itself a vector space.

OR

W is called the subspace of V if


i. 𝑢, 𝑣 𝜖 𝑊 then 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜖 𝑊.
ii. If 𝑢 𝜖 𝑊 and 𝑘 is any scalar then 𝑘𝑢 𝜖 𝑊.
Example 1: Let 𝑉 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅 is a vector space and let
𝑊 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ∧ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅}. Is 𝑊 is subspace of 𝑉 with operations
defined on V?

Solution:
i. 𝑢, 𝑣 𝜖 𝑊, 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜖 𝑊
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑣 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
Then 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
= (𝑥1 −𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )
=0+0=0𝜖𝑊
ii. If k is any scalar and 𝑢𝜖𝑊 then 𝑘𝑢𝜖𝑊
𝑘𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑘𝑥1 , 𝑘𝑥2 = 𝑘𝑥1 − 𝑘𝑥2
𝑘𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 = 𝑘 0 = 0 𝜖 𝑊
W is subspace of V.
Example 2: Let 𝑉 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅 is a vector space and let
𝑊 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 ∧ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅}. Is 𝑊 is subspace of 𝑉 with operations
defined on V?
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑣 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
Now 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦22 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 2 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 ≠ 1 ∈ 𝑊
Example 3: Determine whether W is subspace of 𝑅3 .
𝑥
𝑊 = 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =3
𝑧
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝑣 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
Then 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (𝑥1 +𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑢+𝑣 =3+3=6
W is not a subspace of R3 .
𝑎 𝑏
Example 4: Let 𝑉 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 𝜖 𝑅 is a vector space of matrices of
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 0
order 2 × 2. Let 𝑊 = 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 𝑅 is a subset of V. Is W subspace of V
0 𝑏
with operations defined on V?
Solution:
𝑎1 0 𝑎2 0
1. Let 𝑢 = ,𝑣 =
0 𝑏1 0 𝑏2
𝑎1 0 𝑎2 0 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 0
Now 𝑢 + 𝑣 = + = 𝜖𝑊
0 𝑏1 0 𝑏2 0 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝑎1 0 𝑘𝑎1 0
2. 𝑘𝑢 = 𝑘 = 𝜖𝑊
0 𝑏1 0 𝑘𝑏1
W is a subspace of V.
Exercise:

1. Let 𝑉 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅 is a vector space and let 𝑊 =


𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ∧ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅}. Is 𝑊 is subspace of 𝑉 with
operations defined on V?
2. Let 𝑉 = 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅 is a vector space and let 𝑊 =
{(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1 ∧ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅}. Is 𝑊 is subspace of 𝑉 with
operations defined on V?
Exercise:
3. Determine whether W is subspace of 𝑅3 .
𝑥
𝑊 = 𝑦 𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 =0
𝑧

4. Determine if the following set is subspace of 𝑀2×2 .


𝑎 𝑏
𝑊= 𝑏 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 𝜖 𝑅
𝑐 𝑑

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