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Sas 44

The document discusses stages of cancer progression from in situ to metastasis, grades of cancer cell differentiation, lifestyle factors that can promote or prevent cancer development, important nursing interventions during cancer diagnosis, procedures for extravasation of chemotherapy drugs, processes involved in cancer development and spread, and risk factors for cervical cancer.

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Sistine Rose Labajo
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38 views

Sas 44

The document discusses stages of cancer progression from in situ to metastasis, grades of cancer cell differentiation, lifestyle factors that can promote or prevent cancer development, important nursing interventions during cancer diagnosis, procedures for extravasation of chemotherapy drugs, processes involved in cancer development and spread, and risk factors for cervical cancer.

Uploaded by

Sistine Rose Labajo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAS 44

1. D

Stage II cancer is associated with limited local spread. Stage 0 denotes cancer in situ or at the point of
origin only; stage I denotes tumor limited to the tissue of origin with localized tumor growth. Stage III
denotes extensive local and regional spread. Stage IV denotes metastasis such as to the liver.

2. C

Benign tumors are usually encapsulated, have normally differentiated cells, and do not metastasize.
Malignant tumors are rarely encapsulated, have poorly differentiated cells, and are capable of
metastasis.

3. B

The promotion stage of cancer is characterized by the reversible proliferation of the altered cells.
Changing the lifestyle to avoid promoting factors (dietary fat, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol
consumption) can reduce the chance of cancer development. Cigarette smoking is a promoting factor
and a carcinogen. Daily exercise and vitamins alone will not prevent cancer. Surgery at this stage may
not be possible without a critical mass of cells, and this advice would not be consistent with the nurse's
role.

4. A

Grade II cells are more abnormal than grade I and moderately differentiated. Grade I cells differ slightly
from normal cells and are well-differentiated. Grade III cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated.
Grade IV cells are immature, primitive, and undifferentiated; the cell origin is difficult to determine.

5. A B C D E F

Changing a person's lifestyle can limit cancer promotors, which is key in cancer prevention.
Immunizations such as human papilloma virus (HPV) can prevent cervical cancer. Use of sunscreen (SPF
15 or greater) can prevent cell damage and development of skin cancer. Cigarette smoke can initiate or
promote cancer development. Alcohol intake combined with cigarette smoking can promote esophageal
and bladder cancers. Management of weight can reduce the risk of cancer. Genetic testing (i.e., APC
gene) identifies the predisposition of colorectal cancer.

6. A B E

Maintaining hope, exhibiting a caring attitude, and being available to actively listen to fears and
concerns would be the first nursing interventions to use as well as assessing factors affecting coping
during the diagnostic period. Providing relief from distressing symptoms for the patient and teaching
them about the diagnostic procedures would also be important. Realistic long-term goals and teaching
about the type of cancer cannot be done until the cancer is diagnosed. Giving the family antianxiety
medications would not be appropriate.
7. B

Because extravasation of vesicants may cause severe local tissue breakdown and necrosis, with any sign
of extravasation, the infusion should first be stopped. Then the protocol for the drug-specific
extravasation procedures should be followed to minimize further tissue damage. The site of
extravasation usually hurts, but it may not. It is more important to stop the infusion immediately. The
health care provider may be notified by another nurse while the patient's nurse starts the drug-specific
extravasation procedures, which may or may not include sterile saline.

8. D

Immunologic surveillance is the process in which lymphocytes check cell surface antigens and detect and
destroy cells with abnormal or altered antigenic determinants to prevent these cells from developing
into clinically detectable tumors. Metastasis is increased growth rate of the tumor, increased
invasiveness, and spread of the cancer to a distant site in the progression stage of cancer development.
Tumor angiogenesis is the process of blood vessels forming within the tumor itself. Immunologic escape
is the cancer cells' evasion of immunologic surveillance that allows the cancer cells to reproduce.

9. D

The principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) and time, distance, and shielding are essential
to maintain the nurse's safety when the patient is a source of internal radiation. The patient's
medications, nutritional supplements, and time needed to complete care will not protect the nurse
caring for a patient with brachytherapy for cervical cancer.

10. D

Like other viral and bacterial venereal infections, human papillomavirus is a risk factor for cervical
cancer. Other risk factors for this disease include frequent sexual intercourse before age 20, multiple sex
partners, and multiple pregnancies. A spontaneous abortion and pregnancy complicated by eclampsia
aren't risk factors for cervical cancer.

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