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Math 112 Topic 2 Powers of Sines and Cosines

The document discusses integrating powers of sines and cosines. It introduces integrals of the general form of ∫sin^m v cos^n v dx where v is a function of x and m and n are real numbers. It then considers several cases for evaluating such integrals based on whether m and n are odd or even, and demonstrates examples using trigonometric identities like sin^2 x = 1 - cos^2 x.

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Angelie Umambac
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102 views

Math 112 Topic 2 Powers of Sines and Cosines

The document discusses integrating powers of sines and cosines. It introduces integrals of the general form of ∫sin^m v cos^n v dx where v is a function of x and m and n are real numbers. It then considers several cases for evaluating such integrals based on whether m and n are odd or even, and demonstrates examples using trigonometric identities like sin^2 x = 1 - cos^2 x.

Uploaded by

Angelie Umambac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Powers of Sines and Cosines

We now consider the problem of integrating the powers of sine or cosine or the product of
such powers. In general, we shall integrate a trigonometric integral of the form

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣𝑑𝑥


Where v is a differentiable function of x and m, n, are real number.
If m = n=1 or m = 1, n ≠ 1 or m ≠ 1, n = 1, the integral can be easily be evaluated by the
method of substitution.

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
4
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
5
3
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
3

In this section, we shall deal with integrals of the general form given above but with m, n
≠ 1. Consider the following cases:

Case I. when m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write

sinmv cosnv = (sinm-1v cosnv) sinv

Since m is odd, then the m-1 is even and therefore we may use the trigonometric identity
sin2v = 1- cos2v
m-1
to express sin sin v in terms of the powers of cosv. Then, the given integral is reduced
to the form
∫(𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒗)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒅𝒙
which can now be evaluated by use of Formula I4 by letting u = cosv.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙

Solution:
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎−𝟏 𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒗) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐯
where v = 4x,
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑−𝟏𝟒𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙

= ∫(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙


= ∫(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 using the identity of sin24x
= ∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝟒𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 then by distributive law
𝟏
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙. , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = −𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙, 𝒏𝒇 = − 𝟒
get the integral of (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝟒𝒙)

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 54𝑥


=− ( − )+𝐶
4 3 5

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝟒𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝟒𝒙
=− + +𝑪 Ans.
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟎

Case II. When m is any number and n is a positive odd, we may write
sinmv cosnv = (sinmcosn-1v) cosv
and then use the identity
cos2v = 1- sin2v
to reduce the integral to the form

∫(𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒗)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒗𝒅𝒙

which can now be evaluated by Formula I4 with u = sinv.


Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (sinmcosn-1v) cosv
where v = x
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 by using identity of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 then by distributive law
= ∫(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 get the integral of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙, 𝒏𝒇 = 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙
= 𝟏( − )+𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓 𝒙
= − +𝑪 Ans.
𝟑 𝟓
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution: This belongs to Case II with m = 0 and n = 5 then sinm = sin0 = 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (sinmcosn-1v) cosv
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥, we have (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)2
= ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 using the identity of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 multiply 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 twice because of its power
= ∫(1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 integrate each term
2
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − + +𝐶
3 5
Case III. When m and n are both even integers (either both positive or one positive and one zero)
we may write
𝑚 𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑣 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣) 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣)2
And then use one or both of the following identities:
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑣 =
2 2
To reduce the given integral into an integrable form. The identities above are used repeatedly when
m or n or both are greater than 2.
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution: This is Case III with m = 4 and n = 0.
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2
= ∫( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 using the identity of sin2x

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

1−2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= ∫(1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= 4 ∫ (1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 using the identity of cos2x time 2
2

1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= 4 ∫ (−2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 reorder the terms and get the lcd of 1 +
2 2

1 2 + 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= ∫ (−2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= ∫ (−2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= 4 ∫ (−2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 reorder the terms again
2
1 3 1
= 4 ∫ (2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 integrate each term

1 3 1
=4 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥

1 3 1
=4 [2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥]
1 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1 sin 4𝑥
= [ − 2( ) + 2 ( 4 )] + 𝐶
4 2 2
1 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
= [ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + ]+𝐶
4 2 8
𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙
=
𝟖
−
𝟒
+ 𝟑𝟐
+𝑪 Ans.

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