Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
City School Division of San Jose Del Monte
SAPANG PALAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH DEPARTMENT
Fatima V Area E, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Efficiency of Citrus Peel Essential Oil

And Aloe Vera Extract as an Anti-Bacterial
Hand Sanitizer

Submitted to:
SIR WILSON SANTIAGO
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion Teacher

Submitted by:
ARCILLA, KENNETH
ATIENZA, JOHN ARMAN
FERRER, MARK ANTHONY
FUSIN, HAZEL
MENDOZA, EMIEREY
SINGIAN, SHANIA
YUCHING, MARK CHADDEL

STEM 12-COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

April 2021
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings

throughout the research we worked to complete the research successfully.

We would like to express our deepest and sincere gratitude to our research advisory, Sir Wilson

Reponia Santiago, Grade 12 Curriculum Chairperson and Teacher in Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

at Sapang Palay National High School, for giving us the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable

guidance throughout this research. His dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired us.

He has guide us on the title selection to carry out the research and to present the paper works as clearly as

possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. We are extremely grateful

for what he has taught to us. Without his guidance, this research would not have been possible.

We are extending our grateful thanks to the panelists, Sir Grant Nobleza Armamento, Sir Carl Justine

Rodriquez and Ma’am Hannah Villar, for their supports, opinion and guidance. They guide us and give us

their best opinion on the title defense for this research. We are grateful for what they offer to us.

We would like to thank to our adviser, Ma’am Marilou Relox-Marfil, Special Science Teacher 1 and

an Advisory of Grade 12, STEM-Communication Technology, for giving us recommendation regarding on

our experimentation and for her support and guidance throughout this research. We are extremely grateful for

her support, and persistent help and on what she has offered to us.

In addition, we are extremely grateful to our parents for their love, prayers, caring, and sacrifices for

educating and preparing us for our future. For their love, understanding and continuing support to complete

this research work successfully.

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Table of Contents

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………………...i

Acknowledgement………..……………………………………………………………………......ii

Table of Contents………………………………………………...………………………………..iii

Abstract.............................................................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER 1

1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...1

1.2. Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………..5

1.3. Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………….5

1.4. Research Paradigm…………………………………………………………………………6

1.5. Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………….6

1.6. Scope and Delimitation………………………………………………………………….....6

1.7. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………..7

1.8. Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………...7

CHAPTER 2

2.1. Review of Related Literature and Studies…………………………………….…………...9

CHAPTER 3

3.1. Research Design….………………………………………………………………………..12

 3.2. Variables……………….…………………………………………………………………..12

3.3. Methodological Flowchart…………………………………………………………………13

3.4. Set-Ups……………………………………………………………………………………..19

3.5. Data Collection Procedures.………………………………………………………………..19

3.6. Research Instrument….………………………………………………………………….....20

3.7. Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………………………….20

CHAPTER 4

4.1. Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………………...21

4.2. Interpretation………………………………………………………………………………21

4.3. Presentation of Data……………………………………………………………………….22

4.4. Results………………….………………………………………………………………….31

CHAPTER 5

5.1. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………32

5.2. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...33

5.3. Recommendation………………………………………………………………………….34

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………. 35
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ABSTRACT

Nowadays, people are really prone to diseases just by simply touching a dirty things and commonly

the particularly one of the suspects on why people usually has germs in the body that sometimes causes to be

ill. That’s why the researchers decide to make an antibacterial hand sanitizer that made from orange peel

essential oil and aloe vera gel to fight the bad ones. Having eco-friendly and natural type of materials has

been using in many ways to produce a certain product that can be used as an alternative.

This paper provides an information about the variable that is being used. The researcher chose the

citrus fruits to make it into anti-bacterial hand sanitizer because of the protein of vitamin C most citrus have

from common illness like colds, cough, and sneeze. Aloe vera for its anti-microbial, antifungal and

antiviral properties. Another factor is because these materials are easy to find, abundantly available and

comparatively cheap. The main purpose of conducting this study is to utilize citrus peel essential oil and aloe

vera extract as an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer. We researcher help create a product which is cheaper and

could use the same quality as the one through the use of oranges. It is also aims to help people who do not

have enough money to buy expensive hand sanitizer, especially on this time of pandemic. In addition, the

researchers want to create new substance and discover if this will works. The researcher do some different

set-up to test the feasibility of both orange peel oils and aloe extract as an hand sanitizer by changing the ratio

of the ingredients until they come up to the right ratio that makes the organic hand sanitizers more effective

and efficient. This research paper use the moldy bread experiment to test the produced product and observe

in a few days.

This papers concludes with conclusion and recommendations that the orange peel essential oil and

aloe vera extract is effective to use an alternative ingredients in making anti-bacterial hand sanitizers.
FFICIENCY OF CITRUS PEEL ESSENTIAL OIL AND ALOE VERA EXTRACT AS AN ANTI-BACTERIAL HAND
SANITIZER

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, around 2.5 billion people (35% of the world population)

do not have access to adequate hygiene, including clean water, sanitizers, and other sanitation product.

Educational campaigns have been undertaken to improve hygiene in the home, but people in developing

nations frequently cannot afford soap or other basic products to maintain good health. The resulting lack of

hygiene may lead to the spread of infections. (Beumer, Rijkelt, et. al., 2019).

Increasing world population has led to increased agricultural waste that causes environmental

pollution and fruit processing industries produce large amount of waste materials, which leading to

environmental pollution. Therefore, converting the agricultural waste to wealth should be

considered. People are familiar with instant lifestyle, including the application of personal hygiene

that aimed to prevent contagious and opportunistic pathogen to induce infections. One example of

personal hygiene practiced by people is shown by the use of hand sanitizer as an alternative way to

clean hands, despite of using water and soap. As a commercial product, hand sanitizers are largely

available in the market and considered to be effectively worked due to its alcohol content.

Unfortunately, the application of alcohol based hand sanitizer may cause skin irritation (J. Scscitatio,

2020), therefore an alternative strategy to search non-alcohol based sanitizer should be done.

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Hand sanitizer is widely used in the world when there is a limited source of soap and water.

Hand sanitizer is liquid generally used to decrease infectious agents on the hand. It is generally more

effective at killing microorganisms and better tolerated than soap and water. Hand sanitizers were

developed for use after washing hands or for those time when soap and water are not available and

mainly produced using 60% of alcohol as an active substance. Therefore, many hand sanitizers’

products are highly dominant with alcohol smell. . They are gels that contain alcohol in order to kill

germs present on the skin. The alcohol works immediately and effectively in order to kill bacteria

and most viruses. (Wijana, S. et al. , 2020)

Hand washing and hand sanitizers reduce microbial populations in different ways. Hand washing-

whether done with “antibacterial” soap or plain soap-physically removes microorganisms from the skin,

literally washing the live microbes down the drain. Hand sanitizers reduce levels of microorganisms by killing

them chemically, just disinfectants kill germs on environmental surfaces.

As stated in second paragraph, agricultural waste has led to increased due to increasing world

population. This agricultural waste can causes environmental pollution. Therefore, we people can use this

waste to create another product. The American Institute of Physics found that 15.6 million tons of citrus peel

waste are creates annually around the world. (Djilas, Sonja, et. al., 2009). This waste makes its way to landfills

and add to the growing accumulation of discarded materials in the environment. These statistics highlight the

need for new methods to improve hygiene by reducing and reusing waste. The researcher asked how an

antibacterial hygiene product could be created by using citrus peel and aloe vera gel extract.

Orange peel contains antibacterial factors such as vitamin C, citric acid, flavonoids, and phenolic

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compounds. (Table 1). These factors work in different ways to kill bacteria. For example, vitamin C facilitates

the killing of bacteria by the Fenton Reaction, in which reactive oxygen species are produced that are lethal

to bacteria. In the Fenton reaction, ferrous iron reacts with hydrogen peroxide to generate ferric iron and

antibacterial reactive oxygen species. Vitamin C aids in this process by converting ferric iron back to ferrous

iron, thus allowing the Fenton reaction to continuously produce reactive oxygen species. As an example of

the importance of this reaction, the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is killed by vitamin C due to the

reactive oxygen species that are produced. (Vilcheze, Catherine, et al. 2013) In addition to vitamin C, citric

acid is also effective in killing bacteria. Citric acid may acidify the bacterium’s environment, leading to

inhibition of bacterial replication. Oranges contain high amounts of vitamin C, citric Acid, flavonoids, and

phenolic compounds, suggesting that they have antibacterial properties. (Soltoft-Jensen, Jakob and Flemming

Hansen, 2007).

Vitamin C Citric Acid in juice Cellulose

pH
(mg per 100g) (mg per 100 g) Content (%)

Orange 58.30 452 3.2 - 3.96 15

Table 1: Properties of Orange Pee. The vitamin C and citric acid concentration, pH, and cellulose contents
of oranges peel.

Aloe Vera or aloe barbadensis mill, is a short succulent herb resembling a cactus, with green dagger

shaped fleshy, spiny and marginated leaves, filled with a clear viscous gel. Aloe Vera has potent antibacterial,

antifungal, and antiviral properties (Arunkumar, S, 2009; Sivakumur, VT, 2010). The antimicrobial effect of

aloe vera have been attributed to the plant’s natural anthraquinones which have demonstrated in vitro

inhibition of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Bacillus Subtilis. Aloe juice has been found to be bacteriostatic

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against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pycogenes and also Salmonella paratyphi (Reynolds T, 1999;

Agarry OO, 2005). Aloe Vera contains natural moisturizers that help retain moisture on dry and rough skin.

After you are finished sanitizing, the alcohol will evaporate off of your hand killing the germs, and the aloe

vera in our hand sanitizer will remain and form a protective layer on your skin leaving it soft for you.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, a hand sanitizer that does not contain aloe vera will

typically dry out your hands because of high content of alcohol in it. In order to be effective, a hand sanitizer

should contain at least 60% alcohol in it. Hand sanitizers without alcohol generally do not works as well as

for all classes of germs and they may just reduce the growth of germs and not kill them outright. Additionally,

hand sanitizers without alcohol may be more likely than those with alcohol to irritate and dry out the user’s

hands.

Nowadays, people are really prone to diseases just by simply touching a dirty thing, and commonly

the hands are particularly one of the suspects on why people usually has germs in the body that sometimes

causes to be ill, but not all bacteria that the people have are infectious, there are some bacteria that is good

for the body, that helps the body function perfectly. That’s why the researchers decided to make an anti-

bacterial hand sanitizer that made from orange peel and aloe vera, to fight off the bad ones. First, the

researcher used alcohol, aloe vera gel and essential oil from orange peel to make that sanitizer. We mixed all

the ingredients and then after that we stirred it and come up to an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer. Anti-Bacterial

Hand Sanitizer made from orange peel essential oil and aloe vera extract is cheaper that the original ones that

people can afford.

The researcher chose the citrus fruits to make it into anti-bacterial hand sanitizer because of the

protein of vitamin C most citrus have from common illness like colds, cough, and sneeze. Aloe vera

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for its anti-microbial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Another factor is because these materials are easy

to find, abundantly available and comparatively cheap. Also we researcher help create a product which is

cheaper and could use the same quality as the one through the use of oranges. It is also aims to help people

who do not have enough money to buy expensive hand sanitizer, especially on this time of pandemic. We

people badly need sanitizer to protect, maintain healthy and be avoided on the virus which is the COVID-19.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study is to utilize citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-

bacterial hand sanitizer. Specially, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. How effective is the citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer

compared to other product?

2. Does it have side effect?

3. Can the anti- microbial hand sanitizer made from essential oil from citrus peelings and aloe vera achieve a

desirable and pleasant fragrance as not to aggravate one’s sense of smell?

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Anti-bacterial hand
 Citrus peel essential oil sanitizer
 Aloe vera extract  Efficiency of
disinfection/sterility

Figure 1: Research Paradigm

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In this research the independent variables are citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract, the

essential oil of citrus peel were identified to have a potent antibacterial and anti-microbial activity and because

of the citrus peels high vitamin C which facilities the killing of bacteria by the fenton reaction and the aloe

vera extract because it contains antioxidants, vitamin A and C, and it is highly anti-inflammatory. Its

antimicrobial properties and rate of sterility will serve as dependent variable of the study. These dependent

variables shows the efficacy of citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer.

Hypothesis:

Ho: Citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract are not effective as an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer.

H1: Citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract are effective as an anti- bacterial hand sanitizer.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on the efficiency of citrus peel essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-

bacterial hand sanitizer. The researchers will collect citrus (orange peel) waste from various fruits store at

sampol market and for aloe vera, they will try their best to collect it from various place where aloe vera plant

can be found. The researchers will seek permission first and express gratitude to the owner before collecting

the variables needed. The researchers will examine the effectiveness of a citrus fruits as an anti-bacterial hand

sanitizer through the use of Moldy Bread Experiment. The production of anti-bacterial hand sanitizer and

investigating the efficiency of anti-bacterial hand sanitizer was conducted at one of the researchers resident

who’s place is suitable for the experiment. The study will delimits from the collection of variables from

various placed due to pandemic, therefore the researcher will follow the health protocol to maintain our safety.

Other than that, the study will not covers any other topic beyond the scope of the research.

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Significance of the Study

The result of the study entitled, “Efficiency of Citrus Peel Essential Oil and Aloe Vera Extract as an

Anti-Bacterial Hand Sanitizer” will significance to the following:

Students. The hand sanitizer will help the student’s hand clean and germ free, with a good smell and scent

from the organic ingredients.

Community. The hand sanitizer will somehow be used by the Department of Health as a more effective and

affordable hand sanitizer if it will satisfy them. It can be used also in travelling, in malls and specially, on

health care facilities as a hand sanitizer instead of using soap and water.

Researchers. As a STEM students, we researchers could make use of the findings and the skills acquired

during the research process to have better and more productive possibilities to create more collaboration with

research in order to enhance our experience in conducting studies.

Future Researchers. The researcher will inspire students to create a new product and to discover more

about the product. Also, they will make the students more curious and interested in the product.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding to this study, the following terms are defined in the context of this research.

Aloe Vera. As being defined in the study, it is a succulent plant used in alternative medicine. For centuries,

the plants has gained immense popularity for its beauty, health, skin care and medicinal properties. Aloe vera

are being used in this study as the second among the two variables in making anti-bacterial hand sanitizers.

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Anti-Bacterial. As being described in the study, it is anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their

growth or their ability to reproduce.

Anti-Microbial. As used in the study, it is an agent that kills, slow down, or stop the spread of

microorganisms. Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi such as mold and mildew.

Bread. As used in the study, bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by

baking. Throughout recorded history, it has been a prominent food in large parts of the world. The study used

bread to test also the effectiveness of the produced sanitizer, researchers used the sanitizer and touch the bread

with the hand and they will observe if the bread will form molds.

Citrus Peel. As being described in the study, it is the skin of fruits such as lemons, oranges, limes or

grapefruits. Citrus peel are being used as the first variables in this study in making anti-bacterial hand

sanitizers.

Essential Oil. As used in the study, are compounds extracted from fruit’s peel or plants. The oils capture

the plants or fruit peel’s scent and flavor, or ‘essence”. Essential oil from citrus peel are being use as one of

ingredients in making anti-bacterial hand sanitizer.

Extract. As being defined in the study, it is the way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with

others substance. Orange peel and aloe vera are being extracted in this study.

Hand Sanitizer. In this study, it is a liquid, gel or foam that helps destroy a wide range of germs on your

hands.

Molds. As used in the study, a mold or mould is a fungus that grows hat can the form of multicellular called

hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeast. Molds is being used to

test the effectiveness of the produced sanitizers.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature relevant to the concept of the present study. It also analyses some

studies and materials from the internet to provide sufficient background and information essential for the

accomplishment of this study. It sought to collect claims of previous studies about efficiency of citrus peel

essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer. This information will serve as a great

support to reach the goals of the research.

Citrus Peel (Orange)

Citrus fruits considered a precious resource of soluble and insoluble fiber with numerous benefits

such as removing the toxic effects in the body (Pragasam et al, 2013). Citrus species considered a rich source

of aromatic compounds, particularly, fruit peel, citrus fruit have about 400 compounds of volatile and non-

volatile compounds. From ancient time, essential oil of used for medicine and aromatic purpose. Nowadays,

the essential oil used in different pharmacy and cosmetic and other related industries, for their antispasmodic

and antimicrobial activity (Jung UJ et al, 2004).

Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutacaeae. These plants are

large shrubs or small tress, reaching 5-15m tall, with spiny shoots and alternatively arranged evergreen leaves

with an entire margin. The flowers are solitary or in small corymbs, each flower 2-4 cm diameter, with five

(rarely four) white petals and numerous stamens; they are often very strongly scented (21 food, 2015).

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Orange peel has a potential valuable composition that can be develop into high quality products.

According to Rivas et al. (2008), orange peel composed of 16.9% soluble sugar, 9.21% cellulose, 10.5%

hemicellulose and 42.5% pectin. Mamma et al. (2008), mentioned that orange peel is a raw material which

can be direct utilized in daily life such as animal feed and organic fertilizer.

Orange peel has been fed to cattle, where it can drastically reduce the existence of pathogenic bacteria,

such as E. coli and Salmonella, in the intestine of cattle. Ultimately, cutting down the internal bacteria number

in living cows could reduce into lower rates of dangerous pathogens in the meat. Other than that, orange peel

can be used as an organic fertilizer by composing up to 3 months (Guerrero et al, 1995). The use of orange

peel waste as an organic fertilizer seems to below cost if compared with chemical fertilizer which can pollute

the soil.

According to Grohmann et al. (1996), orange peel also can be used to produce fuel ethanol.

Bioethanol is an alternative fuel derived from biological renewable resources. It is a good substitute for

gasoline in spark-ignition engines. Fermentation process to produce value-added products such as fuel ethanol

from orange peel while minimizing waste disposal would enhance the profitability of the citrus industry.

Rivas et al. (2008) mentioned that orange peel also can be used for production of citric acid. Citric acid is a

natural preservative mainly used to add an acidic flavor and more than a million tonnes are produced every

year by fermentation. Orange peel has a potential as one of the waste which can convert into something that

is valuable.

Aloe Vera (Gel)

Aloe vera is known to contain around 75 potentially active constituents: vitamins, enzymes, minerals,

sugars, lignin, saponins, salicylic acids and amino acids (Atherton P., 1998). According to Peter A., (2002),

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another constituent of aloe vera includes saponins. These are soapy substances from that gel are capable of

cleansing and having antiseptic properties. The saponins perform strongly as anti-microbial against bacteria,

viruses, fungi and yeasts. Aloe vera gel has been reported to have a protective effect against radiation damage

to the skin (Robert DB, and Travis EL, 1995).

Yates A. (2002) mentioned that aloe vera grow to around 60-100 cm (24-39 inches) tall and spreads

by offsets. The leaves are think and fleshy, of green and gray-green color with small white teeth on the

margins. Some varities show white spots or flecks on the stems. It is a summer flowering plant, producing

yellow tabular flowers about 2-3 cm long on a long spike. D. P. West and Y. F. Zhu, (2003) stated that its

moisturizing effect have also been studied in treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure

where aloe vera gel gloves improved the skin integrity, decrease appearance of acne wrinkle and decrease

erythema. Scientist evidences have proven that the constituents of gel and leaf are distinct from each other.

Some of investigators believe that the leaf, but one clear feature is that the gel and leaf can complement one

another in their medicinal capabilities ( O.O. Agarry, 2005).

Aloe vera has been used in traditional and folk medicines for thousands of years to treat and cure a

variety of diseases. The fresh gel mainly consists of water (99.1%) and mesophyll cells (0.9% dry matter),

which can be divided into three distinct fractions: cell wal (20.4%), micro-particles (32.2%) and liquid gel

(% of total sugars). The efficacy of aloe vera gel to treat burn wounds, genital herpes, and seborrheic

dermatitis have been shown in clinical trials. The major application of aloe vera gel remains as a skin

moisturizer in cosmetics and as a treatment for sunburns, for which it has proven its effectiveness (Dal’Belo

SE et al., 2006)

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Methodology is a systematical theoretical of methods applied to the fields of study. It comprises the

theoretical analysis of the body and principal associate with brand of knowledge. The methods section of this

paper is all about the research design that will be used in this study. Moreover, this section also states the

research instruments and the statistical treatment used in the study. The variables and Set-ups are also included

in this section. Lastly, the details regarding the data collection procedure and methodological flowchart were

included in the section of this paper.

Research Design

The experimental method of research was used to this study. To define this type of research design,

Dhaka (2014), stated that experimental research design is a systematic and scientific approach to research in

which researcher manipulate one or more variable, and controls and measure any changes in other variables.

The main objectives of experimental research design is to improve the precision of the result in order to

examine the research hypotheses. This design will be used since the main purpose of this study is to examine

the efficiency of citrus orange peel essential oil and aloe vera gel extract as an anti-bacterial hand sanitizer.

Variables

The researchers used the following variables to conduct this experimental study. The variables used

in this study are the following:

Orange Peel Essential Oil. The researchers used essential oil from orange peel as the primary ingredients

needed to conduct the study. Orange essential oil from peels were used because of antibacterial and

antimicrobial factors such as high protein in Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds

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that can kill bacteria in different way. Orange essential oil is extracted from the rind of the sweet orange,

citrus sinensis. This is done by following procedure to extract the essential oil from orange peel.

Aloe Vera Gel. The researchers used gel from aloe vera leaves as the secondary ingredients needed to conduct

this experimental study. Aloe vera gel were used because of its anti-microbial, anti-fungal, and antiviral

properties that will help also to kill bacteria. Aloe vera is gel from the leaves of aloe plants. People have used

it for thousands of years for healing and softening the skin. Aloe has also long been a folk treatment for many

maladies, including constipation and skin disorders.

Gathering of Materials

Extraction of Essential Oil from Orange Peel

Extraction of Aloe Vera Gel

Preparation of Set-ups

Making of Set-ups

Set-up 1 Set-up 2 Set-up 3

Anti-Bacterial Hand Anti-Bacterial Hand Anti-Bacterial Hand
Sanitizer Sanitizer Sanitizer

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Testing of Produced Hand Sanitizer

Data Gathering

Conclusion

Figure 2. Methodology Flowchart

A. Gathering of Materials.

The researcher collect orange peel and aloe vera as the materials needed. The orange peel were used

in this research can be acquired in the various fruits store in the sampol market and for aloe vera were collect

and provide by the members who have the aloe vera plants. Orange peel will undergo extraction process to

produce oil and for aloe vera were extracted also to get the gel needed in the study. Other materials like

isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) were provided by the researchers. Other than that, glycerin and containers

needed were brought at pharmacy and shopee (online store), while the equipment and tools were also provided

by the researchers (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Materials and Ingredients

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B. Extraction of Essential Oil from Orange Peel

The researcher followed the following procedure to extract essential oil from the orange peel that is

needed for the experimentation. The researchers cut the orange peel into smaller pieces as shown in figure 4,

then put the exact amount of coconut oil together with the orange peel and placed on the small casserole then

boil it for 40 minutes (Figure 5). And lastly, the researcher filter it so only the created essential oil from the

peels will be only things that is left (Figure 6). After extraction of oil from peels, the oil should set aside for

the next process.

Figure 4. Slicing the Orange Peel

Figure 5. Cooking the Orange Peel

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Figure 6. Filtration of Essential Oil

C. Extraction of Aloe Vera Gel

The researcher extracted gel out of aloe vera. The aloe vera leaves were cut and remove the outer

green skin layer with the use of knife, filleting the skin away from the gel inside (Figure 7). After removing

skin, they cut the aloe vera gel stripe into cubes as shown in Figure 8, then placed into blender and blended

into a gel. After that, the gel produced should set aside for the next process.

Figure 7. Removing the Green Skin Layer of Aloe Vera

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Figure 8. Cutting the Gel Strip into Cubes

D. Preparation of Set-ups

After gathering all the necessary materials, the researchers prepared the essential oil extracted from

orange peel, gel extracted from aloe vera leaves, other materials and all the needed equipment and tools. Each

set-ups has varying ratio and concentration of needed ingredients. The equipment (blender) and tools (strainer,

almires, knife, bowl and small contatiner) were provided by the researchers.

E. Making Set-ups

When the preparation of materials were done, the researchers made a set-up where each materials are

in their proper places and position that was used in the experiment.

F. Testing of Produced Sanitizer

After the production of anti-bacterial hand sanitizer in different set-ups, the research will test its

efficiency and effectiveness through observation. The researcher will test the produced hand sanitizer using

the Moldy Bread Experiment, it is where the bread is being touch with the produced product and will see if

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the bread will have mold after few days. They prepared fresh bread for each set-ups. For the experiment, they

placed three different slice of bread for each set-ups in separated baggies. One bread slice was put in the

baggie untouched or being control, one was touch with dirty hands and the other one was touch by the

researcher who used hand sanitizer (Figure 9). They observe the bread forming mold on each set-ups after a

few days. After this process, they will now come up for conclusion.

Figure 9. Moldy Bread Experiment

G. Gathering and Recording of Data

During the experimentation process, the researchers recorded data and their observation. The

recording methods are in the form of a video and picture. On the other hand, after the experimentation, they

gathered all need and necessary data that has benefit the project.

H. Conclusion

After experimentation, trials and errors, and gathering data. The researcher made a conclusion

regarding on the results of the study and give some recommendation to the research.

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Set-Ups

In testing the efficiency of orange peel essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-bacterial hand

sanitizer. The experiment will go under three trials. The researchers will change the ratio of the ingredients

each trial to know the amount ratio makes the sanitizer more effective.

In the first set-ups of the experiment, the researchers used 30ml of 70% alcohol, 5ml of aloe vera gel, 2.5ml

of essential oil from orange peel and 5ml of glycerin (Figure 10). The second set-ups used a 30ml of 70%

alcohol, 2.5ml of aloe vera gel, 5ml of essential oil from orange peel and 5ml of glycerin (Figure 11). And

the last set-ups used 30ml of 70% alcohol, 7.5ml of aloe vera gel, 7.5ml of essential oil from orange peel and

5ml of glycerin (Figure 12). In each set-ups the only things that they differ is the ratio of each ingredients but

the procedure and environment on where they are made are overall the same.

Amount
Trials
70% of Alcohol Aloe Vera Gel Essential Oil Glycerin
Trial 1 30ml 5ml 2.5ml 5ml
Trial 2 30ml 2.5ml 5ml 5ml
Trial 3 30ml 7.5ml 7.5ml 5ml

Table 2. Ratio on each Set-Ups

Data Collection Procedure

The researcher followed the following procedures on making hand sanitizer and prepared the

materials needed which is orange peel, aloe vera, rubbing alcohol, glycerin and containers. These are mostly

found at homes and are cheap on the market. The researcher brought the materials to be able to make hand
needed

sanitizer. The following are the step being followed to collect data:

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Permission to Conduct the Study. The researchers will ask permission first to the subject teacher to conduct

the study at Area B, Sapang Palay, San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan.

Collection of Variables. The researchers collect variables that much needed in the study. The orange peel

will gather from sampol market at fruit store. Aloe vera will gather from researcher neighbor’s background.

Preparation of Materials. The researchers prepare the materials needed. These are the orange peel, aloe

vera, glycerin, ethyl alcohol, and container that can be mostly found on homes and are cheap in the market.

Conducting Experimentation. The researchers will start to conduct the experiment by extracting the

essential oil from orange peel and gel from aloe vera, then mix it together with glycerin and ethyl alcohol.

Gathering and Recording of Data. The researcher will do observation and record the data of the

experimentation by taking pictures, video or even take notes.

Research Instrument

To provide and gather as much information and relative evaluation, experimental method was used.

In this study, the researcher will be using the experimental approach. The tools used by the researchers are

discussed. This is an experiment where the researcher manipulate one variable and control and measure any

change in other variables. In this research instrument, the researcher control the independent variable which

is the organic hand sanitizer and watches the effect on the dependent variable which is the number of molds

that are present on the bread having a hand that uses the organic hand sanitizer.

Statistical Treatment

To answer the Problem posed in this study, the following statistical tools were used in analyzing the

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data collected

1. Descriptive Statistical analysis, it is used to describe the features of data and shows or summarize data in

the form of table

2. Sensory Analysis is used as a scientific discipline that applies principles of experimental design to use of

human senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing) for the purposes of evaluating consumer products.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All data that are collected and processed in this study will be discussed through statistical analysis

(ANOVA), interpretation, discussion and presentations of data to determine if the essential oil of orange peel

and aloe vera extract can be alternative in making anti-bacterial hand sanitizers.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The researchers will use 4 main features which are color, fragrance, texture and viscosity. To be able

to have results, it will undergo on different ways of observation. And the results will present by the researcher

through inserting picture and tables of the bread day-by-day.

The researchers will used the moldy bread experiment to know the efficiency and effectiveness of

produced sanitizers. They observed the bread on day 1 to day 7 (Figure 10-16). Also they used table to

describe the features or data and shows or summarize the data based on the observation.

The following pictures are the observation of the researchers from day 1 to day 7:

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 10. Day 1: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 10. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 1 and

being compared on the controlled set-up and dirty hand set-up. All the bread in the Sanitizer and controlled

set-up is still fresh, while the dirty hand set-up start to form molds, as you can see there is yellow things on

the bread.

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 11. Day 2: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 11. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 2. As

you can see, the bread with sanitizer 1, are forming a black spores mold while the two sanitizers are still no

mold. All bread on the dirty hand set-up are forming a little by little mold as on day 2. Controlled group are

still fresh.

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 12. Day 3: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 11. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 3. As

you can see, the bread with sanitizer 1 and sanitizer 2, are seems to have black spores mold, yellow spores,

white cotton fuzz while the bread with sanitizers 2 are still no mold. All bread on the dirty hand set-up are

forming mold as on day 3, dirty hand 1 and 3 still not many molds compare on dirty hand 2 that seems to

have a lot of mold already. Controlled group are still fresh.

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 13. Day 4: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 11. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 4. As

you can see, the bread with sanitizer 1, are slightly covered by the blue green mold with a little black spores,

as for sanitizer 3, the yellow spores is growing and starting to form white cotton fuzz while the bread with

sanitizers 2 are still no mold. All bread on the dirty hand set-up are forming mold as on day 4, dirty hand 2

seems already covered by the mold compared on the dirty hand 1 and 3.. Controlled group are still fresh.

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 14. Day 5: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 11. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 5. As

you can see, the bread with sanitizer 1, are covered by the blue green mold with a little black spores, as for

sanitizer 3, the yellow and blue spores is growing and forming a lot white cotton fuzz while the bread with

sanitizers 2 are still no mold. All bread on the dirty hand set-up are forming mold as on day 5, dirty hand 2

already covered by the mold same on the dirty hand 1 and 3.. Controlled group are still fresh.

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 15. Day 6: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 11. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 6. As

you can see, the bread with sanitizer 1, are covered by the blue green mold with a little black spores and white

cotton fuzz, as for sanitizer 3, the yellow and blue spores is still growing and still forming a lot white cotton

fuzz while the bread with sanitizers 2 are now having a little white cotton fuzz at the bottom side. All bread

on the dirty hand set-up are now moldy as on day 6. Controlled group are now have a little white cotton fuzz.

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Sanitizer 1 Sanitizer 2 Sanitizer 3

Controlled 1 Controlled 2 Controlled 3

Dirty Hand 1 Dirty Hand 2 Dirty Hand 3

Figure 16. Day 7: Sanitizers, Controlled and Dirty Hand

Figure 11. shows the different set-up of bread (with sanitizer, controlled and dirty hand) on day 7. As

you can see, the bread with sanitizer 1 and 3 as on day 7, they are now completely mold, but compared to the

dirty hand 1 to 3, it has more moldy than bread with sanitizer. However the bread with sanitizer 2, is now

forming its mold, as you look on the picture, it has three light blue green color mold at different spot on the

bread. Controlled group is also forming a little by little white hairy mold on the side of the bread.

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Sample Set-Up 1

Anti-Bacterial Hand
Features
Sanitizer 1
Color Light Yellow
Smell like citrus
Fragrance
essential oil w/ alcohol
Texture Smooth
Viscosity Runny

Table 3. Represent the color, fragrance, texture and viscosity of Sanitizer 1

First Set-Up Ratio:

 30ml of 70% alcohol 5ml of aloe vera gel

2.5ml of essential oil of citrus peel 5ml of glycerin

Physically, it has a light color and it is not sticky. You can see it has more foam and aloe vera particles.

Based on the scent, alcohol is evident with the hint of citrus essential oil.

Sample Set-Up 2

Anti-Bacterial Hand
Features
Sanitizer 2
Color Yellow
Smells like citrus
Fragrance
essential oil
Texture Smooth/watery
Viscosity Sticky

Table 4. Represent the color, fragrance, texture and viscosity of Sanitizer 2

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Second Set-Up Ratio:

 30ml of 70% alcohol 2.5ml of aloe vera gel

 5ml of essential oil of citrus peel 5 ml of glycerin

Physically, it has slightly foam than the previous sample and the bubbles are evident. Based on the

scent, you can smell the citrus essential oil than alcohol.

Sample Set-Up 3

Anti-Bacterial Hand
Features
Sanitizer 1
Color Yellowish
Fragrance Smells like alcohol
Texture Watery
Viscosity Runny

Table 5. Represent the color, fragrance, texture and viscosity of Sanitizer 3

Third Set-Up Ratio:

 30ml of 70% alcohol 7.5ml of aloe vera gel

7.5ml of essential oil of citrus peel 5 ml of glycerin

Physically, it has the most foam amongst the two. As you observe its physical appearance, it looks

like a smoothie and runny. Yellowish is very evident. The scent of alcohol is dominant.

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The general problem of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Citrus Peel Essential Oil and

Aloe Vera Extract as an Anti-Bacteriall Hand Sanitizer.

Specifically, the study answered the following:

Problem 1: How effective is the citrus eel essential oil and aloe vera extract as an anti-bacteriall hand sanitizer

compared to other product?

Based on the moldy bread experiment results, the produced hand sanitizer is effective. The product

on the 2nd set-up or the set-up 2 with the hand that uses the hand sanitizer with measured ingredients of 30ml

of 70% alcohol, 5ml of essential oil of citrus peel, 2.5ml of aloe vera gel and 5ml of glycerin had prevent the

growth of molds from the bread until day 6. The organic hand sanitizer shows an anti-bacterial and ati-

microbial effectiveness for preventing fungal growth because alcohol is a good drying agent. This means that

alcohol sucks up the moisture that the mold uses to reproduce on the bread. For it to be the reason why the

second hand sanitizer have less growth of molds compared to other set-ups. Comparing the organic hand

sanitizer to other commercial products, the produce hand sanitizer functions the same with other hand

sanitizer. Both the commercial and the produced hand sanitizer contains at least 60% alcohol, because it is

the main ingredient in most products and alcohol is very effective disinfectant that is also safe to put on your

skin. Alcohol’s job is to break up the outer coatings of bacteria and viruses. The produced hand sanitizer and

the commercial hand sanitizer and other anti-bacterial and anti-microbial products are also both not harmful.

The organic hand sanitizer also has a good fragrance just like the other commercially sold hand sanitizer.

Problem 2: Does it have side effect?

The researchers have conducted 3 experiments all in different measurements and along the way, they

tested it on their own hand and proudly, the researcher can say that it has no side effects or they didn’t have

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even a single rash after applying the anti-bacterial hand sanitizer made from essential oil of citrus peel and

aloe vera extract on their hands.

Problem 3: Can the anti- microbial hand sanitizer made from essential oil from citrus peelings and aloe vera

extract achieve a desirable and pleasant fragrance as not to aggravate one’s sense of smell?

The researchers discovered that the produced hand sanitizer achieved a desirable and pleasant

fragrance based on their observations and as you can see on the table presented above, the produced sanitizer

on set-up one tells that the fragrance is essential oil with alcohol. On second set-up smell like essential oil

from citrus peelings while on the third set-up states alcohol smell as the fragrance of the produced sanitizers.

The fragrance of all produced sanitizers seems to be positive and accepted by researchers’ sense of smell.

CHAPTER 5

DISSCUSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMRNDATION

Discussion

The result shows that the essential oil from citrus peels and gel from aloe vera can be used as an

alternative ingredients that is organic in making anti-bacterial hand sanitizer. The anti-bacterial hand sanitizer

in second set-up shows its efficiency and effectiveness through observation on moldy bread experiment and

by the sensory analysis as one statistical treatment used in this research. This sanitizer in second set-up can

last up to six day in preventing the growth of bacteria and fungi as shows on the picture in moldy bread

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experiment. The other hand sanitizer did not make it to last up to day 3, as you can see the mold starting to

form as on day 2, therefore the researcher concluded that the two other sanitizer is not effective. Comparing

the sanitizers on the molds present on the bread labelled as dirty hand, shows that the molds on dirty hand

set-up has a large amount of molds compared on the sanitizers. This shows that if you make this anti-bacterial

hand sanitizer, you should make it with the correct amount or ratio of the ingredients and followed correct

procedures to come up with the hand sanitizer and you will achieve the sanitizer that has effectiveness when

you use. In general, this experimental research has gone through a lot of process and we researcher did try

our best just to achieve the goal of the study.

Conclusion

The result of this study finds out the effectiveness and efficiency of anti-bacterial sanitizer from citrus

orange peel fruit essential oil and aloe vera gel extract through the moldy bread experiment. 1) The first set-

up that has a ratio of 5ml of aloe vera and 2.5ml of essential oil shows that the proposed product is not

effective based on the large amount of molds present in the bread. 2) For the second set-up that has a ratio of

2.5ml of aloe vera gel and 5ml of essential oil shows that the proposed product is effective because there is

no molds present in the bread. And lastly, 3) the third set-up that has a ratio of 7.5ml of aloe vera and 7.5ml

of essential oil shows that the proposed product is not effective based on the medium amount of molds found

in the bread.

Citrus orange fruit peel is known to its anti-bacterial and anit-microbial properties that can be used

in cleansing and contains a high quantity if vitamin c that makes the skin healthy and prevents it from drying.

The researcher use citrus fruit as a primary ingredients because of its cheap and availability especially in this

season.

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Based on the gathered data, the researchers concluded that the sanitizer is effective based on the

observation of the researchers in the moldy bread experiment.

Recommendation

After performing the experiment, the researchers recommend the following: 1) Put more Aloe vera

gel than the 70% rubbing alcohol to make the hand sanitizer condense or jelly. 2) Put more citrus essential

oil for the sake of your nose not to be irritated with the smell of original essence. 3) It is advisable to ware

personal protective equipment like hand gloves to maintain the cleanliness of the process in making sanitizer.

4) Use fresh orange to extract more essential oil. 5) The researcher suggest to try other methods of extraction

of the citrus fruits peel to be used if desired.

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