ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY, KARAIKUDI

NEW SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS PATTERN (w.e.f.2017-18)

B.Sc., BOTANY PROGRAMME STRUCTURE

Course Hrs./ Marks Total
Part Title of the Course Cr.
Sem. Code Week Int. Ext.
I 711T Tamil / Other Languages – I 3 6 25 75 100
II 712E English – I 3 6 25 75 100
7BBO1C1 Core – I – Plant Diversity – I
(Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Plant 4 5 25 75 100
Protection & Bryophytes,)
---- Core – II – Plant Diversity – II
(Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & - 4* -- -- ---
III Paleobotany)
I ---- Core – III – Practical – I
- 3* -- -- ---
(covering the Core I ,II & IV)
Allied – I (Theory only) (or) 5 5 25 75 100
Allied – I (Theory cum Practical) 4 3 15 60 75
Allied Practical – I - 2** -- -- ---
7NME1A / (1) Non-Major Elective – I – 2 1 25 75 100
7NME1B / (A)jkpo;nkhopapd; mbg;gilfs;/ (B)
IV
7NME1C ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; /
(C) Communicative English
Total (Allied Theory only) 17 500
30 -- --
Total (Allied Theory cum Practical) 16 475
I 721T Tamil / Other Languages – II 3 6 25 75 100
II 722E English – II 3 6 25 75 100
7BBO2C1 Core – II – Plant Diversity – II 4 2 25 75 100
(Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms &
Paleobotany)
7BBO2P1 Core – III – Practical (covering 4 3 40 60 100
the Core I ,II & IV)
II
III 7BBO2C2 Core – IV – Cytology, Anatomy 4 6 25 75 100
and Micro techniques.
Allied – II (Theory only) (or) 5 5 25 75 100
Allied– II (Theory cum Practical) 4 3 15 60 75
Allied Practical – I
2 2 20 30 50
(Covering the Allied Courses I&II)
IV 7BES2 (3) Environmental Studies 2 2 25 75 100
Total (Allied Theory only) 25 700
30 -- --
Total (Allied Theory cum Practical) 26 725
I 731T Tamil /Other languages – III
3 6 25 75 100
II 732E English – III 3 6 25 75 100

416 B.Sc. Botany

 III 7BBO3C1 Core – V – Embryology of 4 6 25 75 100
Angiosperms and Plants tissue
culture
---- Core – VI – Practical – II
(Covering the core courses V & - 4* -- -- ---
VII)
Allied – III (Theory only) (or) 5 5 25 75 100
Allied–III (Theory cum Practical) 4 3 15 60 75
Allied Practical – II - 2** -- -- ---
7NME3A/ (1) Non-major Elective – II – (A) 2 1 25 75 100
7NME3B/ ,yf;fpaKk; nkhopg; gad;ghLk; / (B)
7NME3C goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; ,yf;fpa
tuyhWk; /
IV
(C) Effective Employability Skills
7SBS3A1/ (2) Skill Based Subjects – I 2 2 25 75 100
7SBS3A2/
III 7SBS3A3
V 7BEA3 Extension activities 1 -- 100 -- 100
Total (Allied Theory only) 20 700
30 -- --
Total (Allied Theory cum Practical) 19 675
I 741T Tamil /other language – IV 3 6 25 75 100
II 742E English – IV 3 6 25 75 100
7BBO4P1 Core – VI – Practical (Covering
4 4 40 60 100
the core courses V & VII)
7BBO4C1 Core – VII – Biochemistry and
4 5 25 75 100
Instrumentation
III Allied – IV(Theory only) (or) 5 5 25 75 100
Allied –IV(Theory cum Practical) 4 3 15 60 75
IV Allied Practical - II
(Covering the Allied courses III& 2 2 20 30 50
IV)
7SBS4B1/ (2) Skill Based Subjects – II
7SBS4B2/ 2 2 25 75 100
7SBS4B3
IV
7BVE4/ (4) Value Education / 2 2 100
7BMY4/ Manavalakalai Yoga / 25 75
7BWS4 Women’s Studies
Total (Allied Theory only) 23 700
30 -- --
Total (Allied Theory cum Practical) 24 725
V III 7BBO5C1 Core – VIII –Taxonomy of
4 4 25 75 100
Angiosperms & Economic Botany
7BBO5C2 Core – IX – Genetics and Plant
4 4 25 75 100
Breeding
7BBO5C3 Core – X –Plant Ecology and 4 4 25 75 100
Biostatistics

417 B.Sc. Botany

 7BBO5P1 Core – XI – Practical – III
(Covering the core courses VIII, 4 4 40 60 100
IX & X)
7BBOE1A/ Elective – I – A) Medical Botany
5 5 25 75 100
7BBOE1B (or) B) Mushroom Cultivation
7BBOE2A/ Elective – II – A) Seaweed
5 5 25 75 100
7BBOE2B Technology (or) B) Horticulture
7SBS5A4/ (2) Skill Based Subjects – I 2 2 25 75 100
7SBS5A5/ (2) Skill Based Subjects – I 2 2 100
IV
7SBS5A6/ 25 75
7SBS5A7
Total 30 30 -- -- 800
7BBO6C1 Core – XII – Plant Physiology &
4 6 25 75 100
Biophysics
7BBO6C2 Core – XIII – Micro Biology 4 5 25 75 100
7BBO6C3 Core – XIV – Biotechnology 4 5 25 75 100
III 7BBO6P1 Core – XV – Practical – IV 4 5 40 60 100
(Covering the core courses XII,
VI XIII & XIV)
7BBOE3A/ Elective – III – A) Biofertilizers & 5 5 25 75 100
7BBOE3B Biopesticides(or)B)Bioinformatics
7SBS6B4/ (2) Skill Based Subjects – II 2 2 25 75 100
7SBS6B5/
IV
7SBS6B6/ (2) Skill Based Subjects – II 2 2 25 75 100
7SBS6B7
Total 25 30 -- -- 700
Grand Total 140 180 -- -- 4100

** University Examinations will be held in the even semesters.

418 B.Sc. Botany

 B.Sc. BOTANY

I YEAR – I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO1C1

CORE COURSE - I – PLANT DIVERSITY – I

(Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Plant Protection and Bryophytes)

Unit I

Algae
General characters and classification of algae by Fritsch (1935). Structure, pigmentation,
food reserves and methods of reproduction of the following genera (Excluding
developmental studies)
a. Cyanophyceae – Oscillatoria,
a. Chlorophyceae – Oedogonium.
b. Xanthophyceae – Vaucheria.
c. Bacillariophyceae – Diatoms.
d. Phaeophyceae – Sargassum.
e. Rhodophyceae – Polysiphonia.

Unit II

Fungi & Lichens

A) Fungi - General characters and classification of Fungi, by C.J. Alexopoulos (1962).
Occurrence, structure, mode of nutrition and life history of the following genera:
(excluding developmental studies)
a. Phycomycetes – Albugo.
b. Ascomycetes – Claviceps.
c. Basidiomycetes – Puccinia.
d. Deuteromycetes – Fusarium.

B) Lichens - General features, types of Lichen, structure and reproduction of fruticose

lichen - Usnea

Unit III

419 B.Sc. Botany

 Economic importance of Algae, Fungi and Lichen
A) Algae - Algae as food and source of phycocolloid (Agar-agar, Algin, Carrageenan),
Diatomite, Algal parasites and Algal blooms. Potential of microalgae for SCP, β-
carotene, Biodiesel.

B) Fungi - Fungi as food, medicines, growth regulators (GA), industrial application

(enzyme production), agriculture application of Mycorrhizae, decomposers, harmful
effects (Food spoilage, Mycoses).

C) Lichens - Economic importance – food, Ecological importance - role in succession and

indicator of pollution.

Unit IV Plant protection

A) Plant pathology- An introduction about plant diseases. A study of the following plant
diseases with special reference to the causative agents, symptoms, etiology and control
measures.
a. Fungal disease

–
Tikka
disease.
b. Mycoplasma disease –

Little leaf of Brinjal

c. Bacterial disease

Citrus canker.
d. Viral disease

420 B.Sc. Botany

 Bunchy top of Banana.

B) Plant protection: Cultural practices, physical, chemical and biological controls and
quarantine methods.

Unit V Bryophytes
General characters and classification of Bryophytes by Rothmaler. Occurrence, structure,
reproduction and life history of the following genera (excluding developmental studies):
a. Marchantia
b. Polytrichum.

Text books:
1. Pandey B.P. – College Botany – Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes. Vol. I S.Chand & Co.,
Calcutta.
2. Vashista B.R. (2009) Botany for degree students. S. Chand & co., Calcutta.

Books for Reference:

1. Fritsch F.E. – The structure and reproduction of the Algae. Vol. I and II Vikas
Publications New Delhi.
2. Smith G.M, – Cryptpgamic Botany. Vol. I and II McGraw Hill Publication.
3. Chapman V.J and Chapman D.J the algae. MacMillan Press
4. Alexopoulos, C.J. Introductory Mycology. John wiley & sons, New York.
5. Parihar N.S. – An introduction to Embryophyta – Pteridophyta Central Book depot,
Allahabad.
6. Gangulee and Kar – College Botany. Vol. II.
7. Singh R.S. (1978) – Plant Diseases. Oxford & Co., New Delhi.
8. Kumar H.D and Singh H.N. – Text Book of Algae, Prentice Hall of India.

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421 B.Sc. Botany

 I YEAR – I / II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO2C1

CORE COURSE - II – PLANT DIVERSITY – II

(PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS & PALEOBOTANY)

(University Examinations will be held at the end of the Second Semester only)

Unit I

Pteridophyta

General characters and classification of Pteridophytes by K.R. Sporne, Stelar evolution in

Pteridophytes, Heterospory and origin of seed habit.
Structure and life history of the following genera (excluding developmental studies)
a) Psilotum and
b) Selaginella

Unit II

Pteridophyta

Structure and life history of the following genera (excluding developmental studies)
a) Equisetum and
b) Marsilea

Unit III

Gymnosperms

422 B.Sc. Botany

 General characters and classification of Gymnosperms by K.R. sporne. The structure and
life history of the following genera (excluding developmental studies)
a) Pinus and
b) Gnetum.
Economic importance of Gymnosperms.

Unit IV

Palaeobotany

Fossils and methods of fossilization – Geological time scale –carbon dating-Evolution

theories (Darwin and Lamarck)

Unit V
Contributions of Birbal sahni. A brief study of the following fossil plants:
a) Rhynia,
b) Lepidodendron,
c) Pentoxylon and
d) Williamsonia.

Text books:
1. Vashista, P.C (1997) – An introduction to Pteridophyta. Vikas publishing Co
2. Vashsta, P.C (1996) - Botany for Degree students. S. Chand & Co,. New Delhi.

Books for Reference:

1. Smith G.M. – Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II McGraw hill, New Delhi
2. Sporne K.R. Morphology of Pteridophytes. B.I Publications, New Delhi.
3. Parihar, N.S (1967). An introduction to Embryophyta Pteridophyta. Vol. II Central
Book Depot. Allahabad.
4. Rashid A. (1999). An introduction to Pteridophyta. Vikas Publishing Co., New Delhi.
5. Coulter J.M Chamberlain (1964).Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central Book
Depot. Allahabad.
6. Sporne K.R.(1971)The Morphology of Gymnosperms Hutchinson University
Library, London.
7. Chopra, G.W and Verma, Peritials (1988) Gymnosperms. Hutchinson University
Library, London.
8. Srivastava N. (1998) Gymnosperms. Pradeep Publication, Jalandhar,
9. Arnold C.A.(1947) An introduction to Palaeobotany. McGraw Hill Book Co., New
York.

423 B.Sc. Botany

10. Shuka, M.A. Sharma. M. (1992) Plant fossils. (a link with the past) (Abirba sahni Birth
century tribute) Birbal Sahni Institure of Palaeobotany Lucknow.
11. Andrews H.N. Studies of Palaeobotany.
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424 B.Sc. Botany

 I YEAR – I/II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO2P1

CORE COURSE - III – PRACTICAL – I

(Covering the Core I, II and IV)

(University Examinations will be held at the end of Second Semester only)

Practical related to core course -I

Algae
1. Microscopic observation and identification of following algal specimens–
Oscillatoria, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Diatoms and Polysiphonia.
2. Micropreparations of Sargassum axis, leaf and receptacles.

Fungi
1. To observe and identify.
Albugo infected leaf,
Puccinia infected leaf,
Stroma of Claviceps and
Fusarium..

Lichens
1. Microscopic observation on sectional view of Usnea thallus.
2. To observe and identify Usnea- soredia, Isidia and apothecium slides.

Display of Photographs and news paper clippings related with economic important of
algae, fungi and lichens as spotters (SCP capsules, biofertilizer pocket, agar stripes,
antibiotics vials, photographs of VAM, food spoilage, mycoces, lichen specimens and
photographs, photos of different kinds of pollution)

Plant protection
1. Observation of crop plants infected by the pathogens included in the
syllabus and study of symptoms, causative agents and etiology.
2. Chemical fungicides – Bordeaux mixture-spot at site.
Bryophytes
1. To observe and identify the specimens of Marchantia and Polytrichum.
2. Micropreparations of thalli of Marchantia and Polytrichum – axis & leaf.

Practical related to core course -II

Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms

Study of morphological and anatomical structures of the vegetative and reproductive

parts and microscopic observations of the following genera
Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum, Marsilea, Pinus and Gnetum.

425 B.Sc. Botany

 Palaeobotany

Observe and identify the fossil slides and photographs of Rhynia, Lepidodendron,
Pentoxylon and Williamsonia.
Photographs of fossils specimens of Birbal sahani.

Practical related to core course -III

Cytology

1. Photographs of Ultrastructure of plant cell, fluid-mosaic membrane model,

Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Nucleous, Golgi complex, Endoplasmic reticulum and
Ribosomes.
2. Micropreparation of cystolith(Ficus leaf), Raphides(Araceae members eg Arum
petiole) and starch grains(Potato and Rice grains)
3. Micropreparation of Onion root tips, showing the stages of mitosis.
4. Showing permanent slides/photographs of mitosis and meiosis .

Anatomy

1.Micropreparation of stem, root and leaf of dicot [Tridox] and monocot[Grass -

Cyanodon]
2. Micropreparation of Boerhavia  and Dracaena 
3. Nodal anatomy (Uni-Justicea, Tri-Azhadirecta and Multi-Aralea).
4. Observation of permanent slides related with meristem- simple and complex tissues

Submission of certified bonafide record Note Book is mandatory for the External Practical
Examinations.

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426 B.Sc. Botany

 I B.SC., MAJOR PRACTICAL BOTANY – 7BBO2P1
Core Course – III – Practical (covering the I, II and IV)

PLANT DIVERSITY I & II, CYTOLOGY, ANATOMY AND MICRO TECHNIQUES

EXTERNAL QUESTION
Time: 3hrs
Max. Marks: 60

1. Take T.S of A, B and C. Stain and mount in Glycerin. Identify, draw (3x8 =24)
sketches and label it. Give reasons. Submit the slides for valuation.
(Section-3, Identification-1, Diagram-2, Notes-2)
2. Identify, draw sketches and write notes on D,E,F & G (4x4=16)
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-2)
3. (1x3=3)
Draw sketches, identify and write notes on the given specimen ‘H’
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1)
4. Comment on ‘I’. (Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1)
(1x3=3)

5. Identify and write the genus and group of ‘J’ and ‘K’ (2x2=4)
(Genus – 1, Group - 1)
6. Record Note Book 10
Total 60

EXTERNAL

KEY AND SCHEME OF VALUATION

1. A (Algae),B (Pteridophyte/ Gymnosperm ),and C(Plant Anatomy)material

to be given(Section-3, Identification-1, Diagram-2, Notes-2) (3x8=24)
2. D (Fungi),E (Bryophytes),F (Lichen),G (Cytology) to be given
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-2) (4x4=16)
3. H - Materials to be given from fossils
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1) (1x3=3)
4. I - Materials to be given from Plant Pathology
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1) (1x3=3)
5. J and K -Identify and write the genus and group from Algae,Fungi, Lichen,
Bryophytes, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperm (Genus – 1, Group - 1) (2x2=4)
6. Record Note Book (10)

Total = 60

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427 B.Sc. Botany

 I B.SC., MAJOR PRACTICAL BOTANY – 7BBO2P1
Core Course – III – Practical (covering the I, II and IV)

PLANT DIVERSITY I & II, CYTOLOGY, ANATOMY AND MICRO TECHNIQUES

INTERNAL QUESTION

Time: 3hrs
Max. Marks: 40

1. Take T.S of A, B and C. Stain and mount in Glycerin. Identify, draw (3x5 =15)
sketches and label it. Give reasons. Submit the slides for valuation.
(Section-2, Identification-1, Diagram-1, Notes-1)
2. Identify, draw sketches and write notes on D,E,F & G (4x3=12)
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1)
3. (1x3=3)
Draw sketches, identify and write notes on the given specimen ‘H’
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1)

4. Comment on ‘I’. (Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1)

(1x3=3)

5. Identify and write the genus and group of ‘J’ and ‘K’ (2x1=2)
(Genus – ½, Group - ½)
6. Continuous assessment 5

Total 40

INTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME OF VALUATION

1. A (Algae),B (Pteridophyte/ Gymnosperm ),and C(Plant Anatomy) material

to be given(Section-2 Identification-1, Diagram-1, Notes-1) (3x5=15)
2. D (Fungi),E (Bryophytes),F (Lichen),G (Cytology) to be given
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1) (4x3=12)
3. H - Materials to be given from fossils
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1) (1x3=3)
4. I - Materials to be given from Plant Pathology
(Identification-1, Sketches-1, Description-1) (1x3=3)
5. J and K - Identify and write the genus and group from Algae, Fungi, Lichen,
Bryophytes, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperm) (Genus – ½, Group - ½) (2x1=2)

428 B.Sc. Botany

6. Continuous assessment based on the performance in the practical,
attendance, record submission etc (5)

Total = 40

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429 B.Sc. Botany

 I YEAR – II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO2C2

CORE COURSE - IV – CYTOLOGY, ANATOMY AND MICRO TECHNIQUES

Unit I

Microscopy
Principles, working mechanisms and structure of compound and electron microscopes (TEM
& SEM). Differences between electron microscope (EM) and compound microscope (CM)

Unit II

Cytology
Ultrastructure of plant cell and cell wall(chemistry and function).
Structure, chemistry and functions of plasma membrane (fluid-mosaic model only)
Structure and functions of nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosome and Gogi complex.
Eragastic substances –Cystolith, Raphides and starch grains
Cell division – Stages of mitosis and meiosis and their significances.

Unit III

Anatomy
Meristems: Shoot and root apical meristems-Theories on meristems- classification and
structure of simples and permanent tissues.

Unit IV

Anatomy
Primary structure of dicot and monocot stem and root.
Normal secondary growth in dicot stem and root.
Anomalous secondary growth in Boerhavia  and Dracaena  stems.
Structure of dorsiventral and isobilateral leaf.
Nodal anatomy (Uni-Justicea, Tri-Azhadirecta and Multi-Aralea).

Unit V

Microtechniques
Fixation, dehydration, embedding, hand sectioning, microtome sectioning, stain types,
staining and mounting. Preparation of double staining using saffranin and fast green. whole
mounts, temporary mounts, maceration and epidermal peeling.

Text books:
1. Pandey B.P (1978) Plant Anatomy, S. Chand & Co., Calcutta

430 B.Sc. Botany

 2. Vashista, P.C. (1968) A Text book of Plant Anatomy, S. Negin & Co.,
3. Prasad & Prasad. Outlines of Micro technique, Em Kay Publications, New Delhi.

Books for Reference:

Cytology
1. De Robertis, E.D.P & De Robertis, E.M.F (1980) Cell and molecular biology, Holt
Saunders International Editions, Philadelphia, Tokyo.
2. Rastogi, S.C. (1992) Cell biology, Tata McCraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Sundararajan, S., (2000) Cytology, Anmol Publication (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Verma, P.S., Cytology, S. Chand & Co., Calcutta.

Anatomy
5. Cutter, E.G (1969) Plant Anatomy, Part 1 Addison – Wesley Publishing Co.,
6. Eames, A.J. and MacDaniels, L.H (1972) Introduction to plant Anatomy.
7. Esau K. (1953) Plant Anatomy
8. Fahn. A. (1974) Plant Anatomy, Pergaman Press, New York.
9. Tayal M.S (1979) Plant Anatomy, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi.

Microtechniques
10. Gray. P. Hand book of basic Micro technique, Tata McGraw Hill Co., New Delhi.
11. Alen Peacock, H.J Elementary Micro technique, Em Kay Publications, New Delhi.
12. Sass – J. E Botanical Microtechnique, Oxford & IBH Publishing House Co., New Delhi.

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431 B.Sc. Botany

 II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO3C1

CORE COURSE - V – EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND PLANTS TISSUE

CULTURE

Embryology of Angiosperms

Unit I

Structure and development of micorsporangium, microsporogenesis, male gametophyte.

Structure and development of megasporangium, Types of ovules, Megasporogenesis,
Female gametophyte (Monosporic-[Polygonum], Bisporic-[Allium] & Tetrasporic type-
[Fritillaria].

Unit II

Fertilization- major events -syngamy-double fertilization and their significance

Endosperm – types (Nuclear, cellular, helobial) and ruminate endosperm
Functions of endosperms,
Structure and development of dicot (Capsella) and monocot (Najas) embryos.

Unit III

Polyembryony-Types , causes and practical values

Apomixis- Vegetative reproduction and Agamospermy
Parthenocarpy-chemical method of induction and practical applications

Plant Tissue Culture

Unit IV

Historical background.
Basic knowledge about tissue culture tools, medium, sterilization and techniques of tissue
culture.

432 B.Sc. Botany

 Micropropogation: techniques and applications
Callus induction and role of plant growth regulators in tissue culture
Protoplast culture: method of isolation, purification and culture of protoplast, hybrids.

Unit V

Anther culture. Production of haploids – Significance of haploids.

Production of Synthetic seeds & significance
Role of tissue culture in crop improvement.

Text books:

1. Bhojwani, S.S and S.P Bhatnagar 2008, The Embryology & Angiosperms, Vikas
pulishing Hourse Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Reinert, J. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. Satish Book Enterprises. Agra.

Books for Reference:

1. Johri, B.M 1982. Experimental embryology of Vascular Plants. Narosa Publishing

house. New Delhi.
2. Maheswari, P. Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms Tata-McGraw Hill
Publishing House Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Maheswari, P. Recent advances in Embryology.
4. Dodds, J.H Roberts, L.W Experiments in Plant tissue culture. Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge
5. Ignacimuthu, S. 1996. Basic-Technology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New
Delhi
6. Dubey, R.C 1993. A Text book of Bio-Technology, S.Chand & Co. Ltd., NewDelhi.
7. Trehan, K. 1991. Bio-Technology, Wiley Eastern Publishers. New Delhi.
8. Narayanaswamy, S. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., Ltd., New Delhi.

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433 B.Sc. Botany

 II YEAR – III / IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO4P1

CORE COURSE VI – PRACTICAL – II

(Covering the Core courses V & VII)

EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS, PLANT TISSUE CULTURE, BIOCHEMISTRY

AND INSTRUMENTATION

(University Examinations will be held at the end of fourth semester only)

Embryology of Angiosperms and plant tissue culture

1. To dissect out and mount Dicot embryo (Tridax)

2. To study and write critical notes on permanent micro preparations showing development
of anther, types of ovules, Embryosac, Dicot embryo and Monocot embryos.
3. Take T.S of anther (Datura/Cassia)
4. Plant tissue culture techniques, preparation of culture medium (Protocol).
5. Callus culture and embryo culture (Flow chart).
6. Production synthetic seeds-Sodium alginate method (Flow chart)

Biochemistry and Instrumentation

MAJOR EXPERIMENTS
1. Measurement of pH of a solution.
2. Preparation of Buffer and titration curves (acid and base)
3. Estimation of starch in plant tissues. (Colorimetric method)
4. Estimation of starch in plant tissues. (Gravimetric method)
5. Determination of complementary colours
6. Verification of Beer's Law.

MINOR EXPERIMENTS
1. Qualitative test for carbohydrates:
a) Starch.
b) Glucose.
2. Qualitative test for Proteins.
3. Qualitative test for Lipids.
4. Paper Chromatography: (Any one)
a) Separation of pigment by ascending Chromatography.
b) Separation of Dyes by Circular Chromatography.

Principle and working principles protocol of pH mater, colorimeter and centrifuge through
Photograph/ models.

Submission of certified bonafide record Note Book is mandatory for External Practical
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434 B.Sc. Botany

 II YEAR – III / IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO4P1

CORE COURSE VI – PRACTICAL – II

(Covering the Core courses V & VII)

(University Examination will be held at the end of fourth semester)

EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS, PLANT TISSUE CULTURE, BIOCHEMISTRY

AND INSTRUMENTATION

EXTERNAL QUESTION
Time: 3 hours
Max-marks- 60
1. Taking a lot from the set of the experiments, write the procedure, 1x15= 15
complete the experiment, tabulate the data and interpret the result
2. A- Demonstrate the given experiment. 1x7= 07
3. B - Dissect and display anyone stage of the dicot embryo from the given 1x10= 10
material, mount in Glycerin and submit it for valuation. Write notes and
draw sketch.
4. C - Dissect and display anyone stage of the anther from the given material, 1x10= 10
mount in Glycerin and submit it for valuation. Write notes and draw
sketch.
5. D & E - Write critical notes. 2x4= 08
6. Submission of Record note book 10
Total 60
EXTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME FOR VALUATION
Time: 3 hours
Max-marks- 60
1. Major biochemistry experiments prescribed in the syllabus
1. Requirement- 2
2. Procedure-5 3
3. Results &
Data-5
4. Interpretation-

2. A - Minor Biochemistry experiment prescribed in the syllabus

1. Identification- 2. Notes-3
3. Demo-3
1
3. B - Dicot embryo from Tridax to be given for material
1. Slide-5 3. Notes-2 ½
2. Sketch -2 ½
4. C - Anther from Datura/Cassia

435 B.Sc. Botany

 1. Slide-5 3. Notes-2 ½
2. Sketch-2 ½
5. D - Protocol-tissue culture (photograph/model)
E - Apparatus - pH meter/ colorimeter/ centrifuge
1. Identification 2. Protocol/
- Principle-2
1 3. Diagram- 1
6. Submission of Record note book -10
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II YEAR – III/IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO4P1

CORE COURSE VI – PRACTICAL – II

(Covering the Core courses V & VII)

(University Examination will be held at the end of fourth semester)

INTERNAL QUESTION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 40

1. Taking a lot from the set of the experiments, write the procedure, 1x10= 10
complete the experiment, tabulate the data and interpret the result
2. A- Demonstrate the given experiment. 1x5= 05
3. B - Dissect and display anyone stage of the dicot embryo from the given 1x7= 07
material, mount in Glycerin and submit it for valuation. Write notes and
draw sketch.
4. C - Dissect and display anyone stage of the anther from the given material, 1x7= 07
mount in Glycerin and submit it for valuation. Write notes and draw
sketch.
5. D & E - Write critical notes. 2x3= 06
6. Continuous assessment 05
Total 40
INTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME FOR VALUATION
Time: 3 hours
Max-marks- 40
1. Major biochemistry experiments prescribed in the syllabus
1. Requirement- 1 3. Interpretation-
2.Procedure-4 1
2. Results & Data-4

436 B.Sc. Botany

2. A - Minor Biochemistry experiment prescribed in the syllabus
1. Identification- 2. Notes-2
1 3. Demo-2
3. B - Dicot embryo from Tridax to be given for material
1. Slide-3 3. Notes-2
2. Sketch -2
4. C - Anther from Datura/Cassia
1. Slide-3 3. Notes-2
2. Sketch-2
5. D - Protocol-tissue culture (photograph/model)
E - Apparatus - pH meter/ colorimeter/ centrifuge
1. Identification 2. Protocol/
- 1 Principle-1
3. Diagram- 1
6. Continuous assessment based on the performance in the practical,
attendance, record submission etc -05
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 II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO4C1

CORE COURSE - VII – BIOCHEMISTRY AND INSTRUMENTATION

Biochemistry

Unit I

Structure of atoms and bonds

Basic concepts of Biochemistry, Brief account of atoms, bonds – Ionic, Hydrogen,
Covalent, Co-ordinate – Vander walls forces and Base concepts, chemical equilibrium and
buffer, Molecular structure and properties of water. Isomerism.

Unit II

Enzymes
Classification, Nomenclature, Properties, Enzyme catalysis and activation
energy,Mechanism of enzyme action, enzyme inhibition, factors affecting enzyme activity,
co-enzymes and prosthetic groups.

Unit III

Macromolecules
Classification, structure and properties of the following
a). Carbohydrates b). Lipids c). Proteins

Instrumentation

Unit IV
Structure, Principles, Measurement and Uses of pH meter, colorimeter and centrifuge

Unit V
Electrophoresis – Principles and Methods (AGE & PAGE).
Chromatography – Basic Principles, Types (Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography) and its
applications.
Text books:
1. Jain J.L. Fundamentals of Biochemistry S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
2. Jeyaraman J (1995)–Techniques in Biology–A college level study–Higgin Bothams
Chennai.
3. Jeyaraman J (1995) – Laboratory manual in Biochemistry, Wiley
Eastern Ltd, Chennai.
Books for Reference:
1. Conn E.E. and Stump – Outlines of Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd. Chennai.
2. Lehninger A.L. – Biochemistry. Kalyani's New Delhi.
3. Ambika Shanmugam – Fundamentals of Biochemistry for Medical students – 12, III
Cross St., West CIT Nagar, Chennai.
4. Plummer D.T. – An introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Bombay.
5. Annie & Arumugam – Biochemistry & Biophysics, Saras Publications. Nagercoil,
Kanyakumari Dt.
6. Varma S.K. – Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
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III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO5C1

CORE COURSE-VIII – TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Taxonomy

Unit I

Aims and significance of Taxonomy

ICN principles.
a.Author citation.
b. Type concept.
c.Effective and valid publications
Brief knowledge about Botanical Survey of India (BSI).
Herbarium techniques.

Unit II

Types of classifications- Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic.

Outline the following classification and their merits and limitations
a)Artificial system- Carl Linnaeus ,
b)Natural system -Bentham and Hooker,
c) Phylogenetic system- Engler and Prantl
Taxonomic evidences from molecular, numerical and chemicals.

Unit III

Basic knowledge in morphology of Angiosperms.

Brief study of the following families with special features and economic importance.

a. Annonaceae
b. Tiliaceae
c. Rutaceae
d. Anacardiaceae
e.Cucurbitaceae
f.Apiaceae

Unit IV

a. Rubiaceae
b. Asclepiadaceae
c. Sapotaceae
d. Euphorbiaceae
e. Liliaceae
f. Orchidaceae
g. Poaceae
Economic Botany

Unit V

Brief study of the following economic products with special reference to the Botanical name,
Family, morphology of useful part and uses.

a. Cereals – Paddy & Maize.

b. Pulses – Green gram & Soya beans.
c. Fruits – Mangoes & Grapes.
d. Spices & Condiments – Cardamom & Garlic.
e. Essential Oils – Sandalwood oil & Lemon Grass oil
f. Beverages – Coffee & Cocoa
g. Dyes – Saffron, Indigo
h. Fibres – Cotton & Sissal hemp
i. Latex – Rubber & Gutta-percha
j. Wood & Cork – Teak wood & Cork.

Text books:

1. Vashishta P.C. 1974. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi
2. Kochhar, S.L. Economic Botany in the Tropics, Macmillan India. Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Verma,V. Text Book of Economic Botany.
4. Pandey, B.P.1980. Economic Botany. S.Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi

Books for Reference:

1. Gupta, R.K. 1992. Text book of systematic Botany. Atma Rain & Sons.
2. Heslop Harrison, New concept in flowering plant Taxonomy.
 3. Jeffrey,C. 1982. An Introduction of plant taxonomy, Allied publishers private limited.
4. Jones, B.S. Plant systematics, Mc Graw Hill publications. New Delhi
5. Lawrence G.H.M.1955. In Introduction to plant taxonomy. Central Book Depot,
Allahabad.
6. Rendle,A.B.930.The Classification of flowering plants,Vol.I and II cup vikasstudents Edn.
7. Hill. A.W. 1951 Economic Botany, McGraw Hill publishing house. New Delhi

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III YEAR – V SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: 7BBO5C2

CORE COURSE - IX – GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Genetics

Unit I
Mandelian Genetics – Monohybrid, Dihybrid Crosses – Mendel's Laws – Test and Back
Crosses, Lethal Genes and Incomplete dominance – Co-dominance. Interaction of genes –
Dominant (12:3:1) and Recessive (9:3:4) Epistasis.

Unit II
Linkage, crossing over and Mapping of Chromosomal genes, Two point, Three point
crosses– Neurospora tetrad analysis. Extra chromosomal inheritance in Plants – Male sterility in
Maize, Sex determination in plants. Polygenic inheritance –Ear length of maize, Multiple allele-
ABO blood groups

Unit III
Central Dogma-DNA as genetic Material – Griffith’s Experiment, RNA as Genetic material
in TMV. Structure of DNA, Semi - conservative mechanisms of replication – Transcription,
Types of RNA, RNA polymerases, Ribosomes, rRNA, tRNA, Genetic code – Initiation,
Elongation and Termination of Transcription and Translation.

Plant Breeding

Unit IV
Plant Breeding Organizations(ICAR,IARI, CRRI, IRRI), Plant introduction-merits and
demerits, Methods of plant breeding - Pure line selection, Mass selection, Clonal selections.
 Unit V

Hybridization –procedure and achievements, Heterosis-theories on heterosis, Role of

mutation and polyploidy in crop improvements.

Text books:
1. Genetics – P.K.Gupta Rastogi Pub. Co. Meerut 1999
2. Chaudhary, R.C. (1991) Introduction to plant breeding, Oxford IBH Publishing Co.,(p)
Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Culcutta – 261 pp.,
3. Breeding of Asian field crops by Borlough et al.,

Books for Reference:

Genetics
1. Principles of Genetics – R.H.Tamarin (McGraw-Hill Company Inc. 2002)
2. Concepts of Genetics VI edn. W.S.Klug and Cummings M.R.Prentice Hall 2000.
3. Schaurns Genetics IV edition S.Elrod, W.Stans Field.
4. Genetics – A Molecular approach T.A.Brown
5. Principles of Genetics – Snustand et al.
6. Essentials of Molecular Biology – Malacinski.
7. Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding – J.R.Shanna Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Com. Ltd.
1994
8. Molecular Biology – II edition – D’Ffeifelder, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi

Plant breeding

1. Allard (1960) Principles of Plant breeding, John Wiley Publications, N.Y.

2. Hayes,H.K., Immer, F.R. & Smith, D.C. (1967) Methods of Plant breeding, Reinholt
Publication, N.Y.
3. Baudai, M.M. (1974) Practical plant breeding, Oxford IBH publication, New Delhi.
4. Chandrasekaran, S.N. & Parthasarathy, S. (1975) Cytogenetics and Plant breeding,
Vradhachary & Co., Chennai.
5. Hari Har Ram (1998) Vegetable breeding – Principles and practices, Kalyani Publishers,
Ludhiyana, New Delhi, Noida (UP) Hyderabad.
6. Chopra, V.L. (1998) Plant breeding theory & Practices (2 nd edition), Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co.,(p) Ltd., New Delhi & Calcutta – pp.,
7. Vijendra Das, L.D. (1998) Plant breeding, New Age International (p) Ltd., Publishers,
New Delhi, Bangalore, Calcutta, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Mumbai,
Pune – 334 pp.
8. Singh, B.D. (1999) Plant breeding – Principles & Methods, Kalyani Publishers – 702pp.

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 III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO5C3

CORE COURSE - X – PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS

Plant Ecology

Unit I
Ecosystem: Concepts of Ecosystem and its components – Biotic and abiotic, Types of
Ecosystem (Pond and Forest Ecosystem), Dynamics of Ecosystem – Food chain – Food
web – Trophic levels – Energy flow and Ecological Pyramids.

Unit II
Vegetation: Plant Communities, Plant formation, Plant association and Plant consociation.
Plant succession-stages of plant succession-hydrosere , Xerosere , climatic community, soil
erosion-causes and conservation methods.

Unit III
Phytogeographical regions of India and its climatic zones. Biodiversity-Definition-types-
hot spots in India- Endemism- IUCN- red data book, causes of loss of biodiversity,
conservation methods- ex situ and in situ conservations-Biosphere reserves (Gulf of
Mannar).

Unit IV
Environmental deterioration – Pollution – Air pollution: causes, Particulate matter, Ozone,
Acid rain and green house effect. Water Pollution: Fresh water pollution – Sewage
contamination, Industrial effluents, Toxic chemicals (Pesticides and Herbicides). Marine
Pollution – Thermal Pollution – Radio active pollution – Preventive measures of pollution.
Deforestation: Cause, Effects and preventive measures.
Biostatistics

Unit V
Statistics, data, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data: Tabular,
Graphical; Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of
dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variation, standard deviation; Chi-square test for
goodness of fit.
Text books:
1. Sharma P.D. – Elements of Ecology, Rastogi Publication, Meerat
2. Fundamentals of Biostatistics I.A.Khan and A.Khanurn Ukaaz Pub. Hyderabad.
Books for Reference:
1. Introductory Practical Biostatistics B.N.Misra and M.K.Misra. Darbari Prokashan,
Kolkata 1992.
2. Biostatistics – Zar
3. Odum, E.P. – Fundamental of Ecology, Saunder co, London
4. Kumar H.D. – Modern concepts of Ecology, Vikas publishing house, New Delhi
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 III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO5P1

CORE COURSE - XI – PRACTICAL – III (Covering the Core courses VIII, IX & X)

Taxonomy of angiosperms and economic Botany

1. Dissect out the floral parts of plants coming under the families prescribed in the theory
syllabus. Write descriptions in technical terms, Draw diagrams of vegetative and floral
parts. Draw floral diagram and write floral formula.
2. Preparation of artificial keys and identification of fresh and herbarium plants using flora.
3. Field study to a floristic rich area is must for a period of three days only under supervision
to observe and collect the plants in their natural habitats,
4. Submit minimum of twenty herbarium Plants with a proper field note book with correct
identification for external valuation
5. Identify the economic products related to theory syllabus and write Botanical name,
family and uses.

Genetics and Plant breeding

6. Observe the genetic variations among inter and intra specific plants.
7. Workout the genetic problems – monohybrid, dihybrid, testcross and backcross.
8. Inter and intra-specific hybridization techniques.
9. Calculate and draw a genetic map
10. Demonstration of Emasculation experiment
11. Photographs, Demonstrations, Setups, Instruments, materials connected with genetics and
Molecular biology. DNA/RNA Model, DNA Replication. Chemical mutagens, Thyamine
dimer, Nucleosome, Plasmids, Enzymes.

Plant ecology and biostatistics

12. Arrive primary data from the given sample (leaves/pods) and give diagrammatic
representation (Histogram), Calculate mean, median and mode and standard deviation.
13. Ecological field study-Quadrats and Line transect methods of vegetation study.
14. Morphological and anatomical features of hydrophytes, xerophytes and
halophytes(vivipary)

Submission of certified bonafide record Note Book is mandatory for External Practical

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 III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO5P1

CORE COURSE XI – PRACTICAL – III

(Covering the Core course VIII, IX & X)
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS, ECONOMIC BOTANY, GENETICS, PLANT
BREEDING, PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
EXTERNAL QUESTION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 60

1. A & B Work out the specimen and identify their respective families through (2x5= 10)
elimination process
2. C-Solve the genetic problem and interpret (1x3= 03)
3. D -Analyze the vegetation in already constructed quadrate/transect. Tabulate (1x5=0 5)
the observed data and calculate frequency density and abundance. Express the
result through the graph.
4. E Measure the given sample and tabulate the data. Find out the mean and (1x5= 05)
standard deviation
5. F & G – Write Genus and Family.

(2x2= 04)
6. H & I- Write Botanical name, Family, Morphology of useful part and uses. (2x4= 08)
7. Submission Herbarium & Field note book (15)
8. Submission of Record note book (10)

Total = 60
EXTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME OF VALUATION
Time: 3 hours
Max-marks- 60
1. A & B – Angiosperm specimen selected from families in the syllabus
a. (Identification-1, Elimination process -2, Reason -2) (2x5=
10)
2. C- Genetic problem (Monohybrid /Dihybrid/test cross/back cross)
a. (Derivation – 2, Interpretation 1)
(1x3=03)
3. D Analyze the vegetation in already constructed quadrate/transect. (1x5=05)
a. Tabulate the observed data and calculate frequency density and
b. abundance. Express the result through the graph. (Procedure-2,
c. Tabulation-1, Graph-1, Interpretation-1)
4. E Measure the given sample and tabulate the data. Find out the mean (1x5=05)
and standard deviation (Procedure & Measurement -2, Data -2,
Comment -1)
5. F & G – Angiosperm specimen selected from families in the syllabus
 a. (Genus-1, Family-1)
(2x2=04)
6. H & I- Economic products prescribed in the theory syllabus
a. (Name-1, Family ½, Morphology ½, Uses-2)
(2x4=08)
7. Submission Herbarium & Field note book -
(15)
8. Submission of Record note book
(10)
Total = 60
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III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO5P1

CORE COURSE XI – PRACTICAL – III

(Covering the Core course VIII, IX & X)
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS, ECONOMIC BOTANY, GENETICS, PLANT
BREEDING, PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
INTERNAL QUESTION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 40
1. A & B Work out the specimen and identify their respective families through (2x5= 10)
elimination process
2. C-Solve the genetic problem and interpret (1x3= 03)
3. D -Analyze the vegetation in already constructed quadrate/transect. Tabulate (1x5=0 5)
the observed data and calculate frequency density and abundance. Express the
result through the graph.
4. E Measure the given sample and tabulate the data. Find out the mean and (1x5= 05)
standard deviation
5. F & G – Write Genus and Family.

(2x2= 04)
6. H & I- Write Botanical name,Family,Morphology of useful part and uses. (2x4= 08)
7. Continuous assessment (05)

Total = 40
INTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME OF VALUATION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 40
1. A & B – Angiosperm specimen selected from families in the syllabus
a. (Identification-1, Elimination process -2, Reason -2) (2x5=
10)
2. C- Genetic problem (Monohybrid /Dihybrid/test cross/back cross)
 a. (Derivation – 2, Interpretation 1)
(1x3=03)
3. D Analyze the vegetation in already constructed quadrate/transect. (1x5=05)
a. Tabulate the observed data and calculate frequency density and
b. abundance. Express the result through the graph. (Procedure-2,
c. Tabulation-1, Graph-1, Interpretation-1)
4. E Measure the given sample and tabulate the data. Find out the mean (1x5=05)
and standard deviation (Procedure & Measurement -2, Data -2,
Comment -1)
5. F & G – Angiosperm specimen selected from families in the syllabus
a. (Genus-1, Family-1)
(2x2=04)
6. H & I- Economic products prescribed in the theory syllabus
a. (Name-1, Family ½, Morphology ½, Uses-2)
(2x4=08)
7. Continuous assessment based on the performance in the practical, (05)
attendance, record submission etc.

Total = 40
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 III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBOE1A

ELECTIVE COURSE - I (A) – MEDICAL BOTANY

Unit I

Ethnobotany and Folk medicines.

Definition; Ethnobotany in India: Methods to study ethnobotany; Applications of
Ethnobotany. Folk medicines of ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnoecology, ethnic
communities of India.

Unit II

Indian systems of medicine.

Siddha: Origin of Siddha medicinal systems, Basis of Siddha system, Ayurveda -
Definition and Scope. History, origin, panchamahabhutas, saptadhatu and tridosha.
concepts, Rasayana, , Unani: History, concept & treatments. Plants used in Siddha,
Ayurvedic and Unani treatments

Unit III

Pharmacology
Definition – Pharmacognosy – pharmacology – Phytochemistry – Phytochemicals –
Therapeutics uses taxonomy – Morphology of local medicinal plants.
Unit IV

Herbarium
Definition – Collection –Processing and preparation of medicinal plants. Preparation of
herbal drugs – Medicinally useful parts of plants. Vernacular and botanical names of local
medicinal plants.

Unit V

Herbal Garden
Establishment of Herbal Garden – pot culture and uses of medicinal plants (Jaundice,
cardiac, infertility, diabetics, Blood pressure and skin diseases).

Text books:
1. Sathyarathi et al – 1982 – Indian Medicinal Plants, Vols., I, II & III. ICMR, New Delhi.

Books for Reference:

1. J.S. Gamble – 1935 – Flora of the Presidency of Median vols. I, II & III. Govt. Press
Calcutta, India.
2. K.M. Mathew – 1989 – Flora and Tamil Nadu carnatic reprint herbarium, St.Joseph’s
College, Tiruchirappalli.
3. Anonymous – 2001 – CSIR – The Wealth of India Vol.1 – 20.CSIR, New Delhi.
4. K.M.Natkarni–1998–Indian Materia Medica,Vols. I,II&III.Popular Prakasam,New Delhi.
5. Chopra – 1980 – Glossary Indian Medicinal Plants – CSIR – New Delhi.
6. Anonymous – 1982 – Useful Plants of India – CSIR – New Delhi.

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III YEAR – V SEMESTER

COURSE CODE: 7BBOE1B

ELECTIVE COURSE - I (B) – MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Unit I
 Introduction and Importance of mushrooms; History of Mushroom's cultivation; Present
status of mushroom industry in India;

Unit II

Cultivable edible mushroom; Biology of mushroom; food value of edible mushrooms;

Uses of mushrooms, Poisonous mushrooms, and Medicinal mushrooms.

Unit III

Mushrooms farm structure; design and layout; Spawn principles and techniques of spawn
production; Principle and techniques of compost and compositing;

Unit IV

Cultivation techniques of White button mushroom, oyster mushroom; Management of

fungal, bacterial and viral diseases in mushroom; Competitors, pests and nematodes in
mushrooms.

Unit V

Post harvesting techniques ,preparation Mushroom Recipes and Economics of mushroom

cultivation.

Text books
1. Tripathi, D. P. (2005). Mushroom Cultivation. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.

Books for Reference:

1. Marimuthu, T. et al. (1991). Oster Mushroom. Department of Plant Pathology. Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
2. Nita Bhal. (2000). Handbook on Mushrooms. 2nd ed. Vol. I and II. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Pathak, V. N. and Yadav, N. (1998). Mushroom Production and Processing Technology.
Agrobios, Jodhpur.
4. Tewari Pankaj Kapoor,S.C.(1988).Mushroom Cultivation. Mittal Publication, New Delhi.
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 III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBOE2A

ELECTIVE COURSE - II (A) – SEAWEED TECHNOLOGY

Unit I

Seaweed resources in India and abroad. General features and life history of Rhodophyta
(Gracilaria) and Chlorophyta(Ulva).

Unit II

Chemical structure and their uses of various industral phycocolloids – Agar, Carrageenan,
Alginate and fucoidan

Unit III

Method for extraction of Agar, Carrageenan, Algin and fucoidan(any one method).

Unit IV

Methods of commercial cultivation of Seaweeds. Objectives – Site selection, Installation of

test plants, Kinds of test planting, Introduction of test plants. Preparation of the farm site and –
construction of farm – Line method, Rope & Raft methods, Net method – Floating bamboo
method – Mangrove stakes and nets-method.

Unit V

Seaweeds– Seed selection and preparation, Tying of seedings, Planting, Harvesting, Pre-
harvest activities, Harvesting procedures, Drying. Maintenance of the farm. Marking of
seaweeds.

Note: Two day field visit along the coast for studying seaweeds near to the Institute is
compulsory.

Text book:
1. The Biology of Seaweeds – S. Lobban and J. Wynne.

Books for Reference:

1. Biology of Algae – Bold and Wynne.
2. Elements of Marine Ecology – Tait.
3. Algae – Vashista.

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 III YEAR – V SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBOE2B

ELECTIVE COURSE - II (B) – HORTICULTURE

Unit I
Horticulture: Importance of Horticulture, Classification of horticultural crops – fruits,
vegetables, crops, climate, soil, water and nutrition needs of horticultural crops, Pruning
methods.

Unit II
Garden designs, types of gardens – formal, informal and kitchen garden & lawn
maintenance – floriculture, cultivation of commercial flowers –Rose and Jasmine, nursery
maintenance. Cultivation of important fruit trees (eg) Mango, Banana,

Unit III
Plant propagation methods; cutting, layering, grafting, budding,-- stock-scion relationship.
Use of plant regulators in horticulture – induction of rooting, flowering, fruit set and
development, flower thinning control of fruit crop.

Unit IV
Plant breeding and its scope. Methods; plant introduction, Selection: Mass selection, Pure
line selection, Clonal selection, Hybridization; procedure and achievements.

Unit V
Genetic basis and application in plant breeding, Role of polyploidy and Mutation in plant
breeding, Heterosis –theories and Inbreeding depression.

Text book:
1. Kumar, N. (1997) Introduction to horticulture, Rajalakshmi publications, Nagercoil, India
– (28 chapters & approx. 300 pages).

Books for Reference:

1. Bose, T.K. & Mukherjee, D. (1972) Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH publishing Co.,
Kolkatta, Mumbai, New Delhi – 385pp.
2. Sandhu, M.K. (1989) Plant propagation, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, Bangalore,
Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune – 287pp.
3. Lex Lauries & Victor H. Rice (1950) Floriculture – Fundamental and Practices. McGraw
Hill Publishers, N.Y.
4. Naik, South Indian fruits and their culture, Vardhachary & co., Chennai.
5. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of horticulture, McGraw hill Book Co.,
6. Gardener, Basic horticulture, Mac millan, N.Y.
7. Randhawa, Ornamental horticulture in India, Today & Tomorrow Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Sundararajan, J.S. Muthuswamy, J. Shanmugavelu, K.G. balakrishnan, A guide to
horticulture, Thiruvenkadam Printers, Coimbatore.
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 III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO6C1

CORE COURSE - XII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS

Plant Physiology

Unit I
Water relation: Water in relation of plants – Absorption of water – Physico-chemical
processes plant cell as an Osmotic system – plasmolysis – significance and practical application.
soil water – Mechanism of water absorption & factors affecting absorption of water. Ascent of
Sap-, Transpiration-types-Mechanism of stomatal movement(Stewart theory)-Guttation –
Translocation of organic solutes, Evidences – mechanism.

Unit II
Photosynthesis:Introduction-pigment systems-Light Reaction – Photosynthetic unit – PSI
& PSII cyclic and noncyclic reactions–Dark reaction – C3 & C4 Cycle, CAM path way.

Unit III
Respiration:Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration, R.Q – Mechanism of Respiration
Glycolysis – T.C.A. Cycle – Terminal Oxidation – Electron Transport, phosphorylation, pentose
phosphate pathway and photorespiration.

Unit IV
Plant Growth Regulators and Physiology of Flowering
Role of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid & Ethylene in plant growth, Seed
dormancy- causes and method of breaking dormancy, Photoperiodism & Vernalization –
phytochrome, properties and role in flowering. Biological clock-circadian rhythm.

Biophysics
Unit V
Bio-Energetics: Laws of Thermodynamics – concept of free energy – Redox potential –
ATP as a high energy compound – Role of chloroplast and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.
Photophysiology: Nature of light – solar radiation, Absorption and emission – Biological
Energy conversion – Fluorescence and Bioluminescence.
Text books:
1. GILL.P.S. Plant physiology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi – 1.
2. Jain, V.K. Fundamentals of plant physiology, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
3. Dr. Salilbose. Elementary Biophysics.
Books for Reference:
1. Frank,B.Salisbury and Cleon W.Ross.Plant physiology,Publishers and Distribution,NewDelhi
2. Ray Noggle G and George J. Fritss. Introductory plant physiology. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Devlin and Barker – phytosynthesis. Affiliated East - West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Casey, E.J. Biophysics – affiliated East – West Press Pvt., Ltd. New Delhi
5. Albert L. Lehniger. Biophysics – concepts and mechanics.
6. Fulleretal. Biophysics – concepts and mechanics.
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III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO6C2

CORE COURSE - XIII – MICROBIOLOGY

Unit I

Introduction
Introduction and scope of Microbiology – Discovery of Microorganisms. Contributions
of F.Redi, J.Needham, Spallanzani, L.Pasteur and R.Koch. Microbial Taxonomy – Major
characteristics used in taxonomy (classical and molecular) – Bergey’s systemic bacteriology –
Major groups – characteristics of representative genera – Morphology of Bacteria (size, shape) –
cell structure - Gram Positive and Gram Negative Cell Wall – Capsule – Slime layer – Pili –
Flagella (Structure and arrangement).
.
Unit II

Bacteria
Nutritional types of microorganism –– Growth curve of Bacteria – Reproduction –
vegetative and asexual - Anaerobic respiration – Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentations –
Microbial Genetics: Bacterial Chromosomes – Plasmids – Gene transfer mechanism in Bacteria
(conjugation, Transformation and Transduction).

Unit III

Viruses
Viruses: Discovery, physiochemical and biological characteristics – Classification
(Baltimore) –general structure with special reference to viroids and prions – replication (general
account) – DNA virus (T-phage) – lytic and lysogeneic cycle – RNA virus (TMV) -
Mycoplasma: Properties and salient features.

Unit IV
 Immunology
Immunology – Types of immunity (innate and acquired) – Antigens – types and
properties – Antigen and antibody reactions – Monoclonal antibodies – production and
applications – Immunofluorescence, ELISA, and RIA – microbial production of antibiotics –
immnuoglobulins.

Unit V

Applied Microbiology
Microbial interaction – between microbes – with plants – Rhizosphere, Mycorrhizae,
Phyllosphere - legume / Rhizobium symbiosis . Analysis of Drinking water for coliforms –
MPN test – Sewage treatment – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary treatments – Bioremediation
and Biomagnifications.

Text books:
1. Text book of Microbiology – R.C.Dubey & D.K.Maheshwari S.Chand & Co. New Delhi.
2. Microbiology – Pelczar, Chan and Krieg. Tata – McGraw Hill 1993
Books for Reference:
1. Microbiology with CD Prescott, Harley and Klein (McGraw – Hill companies, Inc 2002)
2. Microbial Ecology lVth Edition – R.M. Atlass and Bartha R.
3. Microbiology – A Lab Manual J.G. Cappucino and N.Sherman Addision Wesley 1999
4. General Microbiology – H.G.Schlegel.
5. Modem Concepts of Microbiology – H.D.Kumar
6. Instant Notes in Microbiology – J.Nicklin et al
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 III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO6C3

CORE COURSE - XIV – BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I Introduction & Recombinant DNA technology

Definition
Basic Principles, history and scope.
Tools of genetic engineering.
Techniques of gene manipulation and its applications,
Recombination of DNA.
Cloning vectors-PBR 322,Ti plamid, YAP
Cloning of Insulin gene.

Unit II Agricultural Bio-technology

Bio-fertilizers Mass cultivation and uses of

a. Bacterial biofertilizers – Rhizobium, Azospirillum
b. Algal biofertilizers – Anabaena, Nostoc
c. Fungal biofertilizser – Mycorrhiza (VAM)
Plant Pesticides -Bio insecticides

Unit III Industrial Biotechnology

Fermentation Technology
a. Production of ethanol
b. Production of Penicillin
Vaccines – Types, Source, production and uses.
Biofuel – Hydrogen Production

Unit IV

Mushroom cultivation and it's nutritional value

Paddy straw mushroom.
Oyster mushroom.
Biogas production – Methanogenesis.
Waste treatment – Aerobic and anaerobic. Reusage of Sewage.

Application of Recombinant DNA technology

Unit V
Bio-pesticides, Biomining, Bioleaching, Transgenic plants- Bt cotton, Flavar savor tomato.
Text books:
1. Ignacimuthu, S. 1996. Basic Bio-Technology. Tata-McGraw, Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Dubey, R.C.1993. A Text book of Bio-Technology. S.Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Trehan, K. 199l. Bio-Technology. Wisley Eastern Publishers, New Delhi.

Books for Reference:

1. Kumar, H.D.1993. A Text book of Bio-Technology. East West Affiliated Press Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Srivastava "H.S. An Introduction to Bio-Technology. Rastogi Publishing Company
Meerrut.
3. Treven, M.D.S. Baffery, R.H.Goulding and F.Standbury. Bio-Technology – The
biological principles. Tata-McGraw, Hill Publishing, Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Wiseman, A. Principles of Bio-Technology. Surrey University Press. U.K.
5. Attwood, Introduction to Bio-Informatics.
6. Misener, Bio-Informatics, Methods and protocols.
7. Mishra, Bio-Informatics and human genome.

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 III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO6P1

CORE COURSE - XV – PRACTICAL – IV

(Covering the Core Courses XII, XIII & XIV)

Plant physiology and biophysics

Major Experiments

1. Determination of Osmotic Pressure – Plasmolytic method.

2. Measurement of Water Potential – Chardakov's method.[Falling drop method]
3. Determination of Suction Pressure – Weighing method.
4. Rate of Photosynthesis – Hydrilla Experiment of Willmont's Bubbler using different
colour filters.
5. Rate of Photosynthesis using different concentrations of sodium-bicarbonate (Bubble
method).
6. Extraction and separation of Photosynthetic Pigments by Chromatography techniques (any
one method).
7. Determination of Chlorophyll pigments by Arnon method.

Minor Experimental Setups (Demonstrations only)

1. Thistle funnel experiment

2. Potato Osmoscope
3. Transpiration – bell Jar experiment
4. Ganong's Respiroscope.
5. Anaerobic Respiration
6. Fermentation (Khune's Tube)
7. Light screen experiment.
8. Mohl's half leaf Experiment
9. Lever Auxanometer
10. Clinostat
Photographic models of action and absorption spectra, red drop, growth regulators (Auxin, GA,
cytokine & ethylene)

Microbiology

1. Preparation of Nutrient Agar, Agar plates, Slants, Potato Dextrose Agar medium – PDA
2. Sterilization of Glassware and Media
3. Isolation of Bacteria, Fungi from Soil and water samples
4. Isolation of Pure Cultures of Bacteria by streak, Pour and Spread plate Techniques
5. Microscopic Observation of Bacteria, yeast and Molds using permanent slides
6. Motility of Bacteria – Hanging Drop Technique
7. Simple (Methylene Blue) and Differential Staining (Gram Stain) of Bacteria
8. Viable count of Bacteria by serial Dilution Technique
9. Dye Reduction test for assessing the quality of Milk
Biotechnology
Protocol and demonstration is important for all biotechnological experiments

1. Demonstration of Structural details – rDNA, Cloning vectors - PBR 322,Ti plamid, YAP –
transgenic Plants (photographs or models)
2. Flow chart or Photographic models of production of Ethanol, Penicillin, Vaccine, algal,
bacterial and fungal biofertilizers and hydrogen production.
3. Identification and cultivation of paddy straw mushroom, Oyster mushroom-Demo
4. Preparation of biogas from cow dung.
5. Modern biogas plant/simple laboratory method / sewage degrading microbes

Submission of certified bonafide record Note Book is mandatory for External Practical
Examination

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 III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO6P1

CORE COURSE - XV – PRACTICAL IV

(Covering the Core Courses XII, XIII &XIV)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

EXTERNAL QUESTION

Time: 3 hours
Max-marks- 60

1. A Taking a lot, ask for requirement, write the procedure, setup (1X15=15)
and perform the experiment as indicated, collect data/ measurements,
present them and interpret the results
2. B&C Write notes on given physiological spotters (2x3=06)
(Identication-1, Procedure/Notes-2)
3. D Demonstrate the experiment in Microbiology as indicated (1x10=10)
(Procedure-5, Demonstration-5)
4. E Perform Gram Staining using the given bacterial culture
Write the procedure and submit the slide for valuation.
(Procedure-6, Slide-2, Comment-2)
(1x10=10)
5. F& G Write notes on given spotter
(Identification -1, Diagram – 1½, Notes - 2)
(2x4½=09)
6. Record Note

(10)
Total = 60
 EXTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME OF VALUATION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 60

1. A – From physiology Major experiments

(Requirements-3, Procedure-4, Setup-4, and Result-2, Interpretation-2)
(1x10=15)
2. Physiology spotters (2x3=06)
B Minor Experiment
C- Photographic models of action and absorption, spectra, red drop,
growth regulators (Identication-1, Procedure/Notes-2)
3. D - Microbiology Experiments (any one Plating techniques) (1x10=10)
(Procedure-5, Demonstration-5)
4. E – Gram Staining (Positive/negative)
(Procedure-6, Slide-2, Comment-2)
(1x10=10)
5. F& G – Biotechnological spotters (photos/models/protocols)
(Identification -1, Diagram – 1½, Notes - 2)
(2x4½=09)
6. Record Note

(10)

Total = 60
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III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBO6P1

CORE COURSE - XV – PRACTICAL – IV

 (Covering the Core Courses XII, XIII & XIV)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

INTERNAL QUESTION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 40

1. A Taking a lot, ask for requirement, write the procedure, setup (1X10=10)
and perform the experiment as indicated, collect data/ measurements,
present them and interpret the results

2. B&C Write notes on (Identication-1, Procedure/Notes-2)

(2x3=06)
3. D Demonstrate the experiment in Microbiology as indicated (1x06=06)
(Procedure-3, Demonstration-3)
4. E Perform Gram Staining using the given bacterial culture
Write the procedure and submit the slide for valuation.
(Procedure-2, Slide-2, Comment-2)
(1x06=06)
5. F& G Write notes on given spotter
(Identification -1, Diagram – 1, Notes - 1½)
(2x3½=07)
6. Continuous assessment

(05)
Total = 40

INTERNAL
KEY AND SCHEME OF VALUATION
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks- 40

1. ‘A ‘ – From physiology Major experiments

(Requirements-3, Procedure-3, and Result-4, )
(1x10=10)
2. B&C- Physiology spotters (Identication-1, Procedure/Notes-2) (2x3=06)
3. D - Microbiology Experiments (any one Plating techniques) (1x06=06)
(Procedure-3, Demonstration-3)
4. E – Gram Staining (Positive/negative)
(Procedure-2, Slide-2, Comment-2)
(1x06=06)
5. F& G – Biotechnological spotters (photos/models/protocols)
(Identification -1, Diagram – 1, Notes - 1½)
(2x3½=07)
6. Continuous assessment based on the performance in the practical, (05)

attendance, record submission etc

Total = 40

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 III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBOE3A

ELECTIVE COURSE - III (A) – BIOFERTILIZERS & BIOPESTICIDES

Unit I

Biofertilizers – Definition, kinds, microbes as biofertilizers, Symbiotic associates –

Rhizobium taxonomy, Physiology, Host cell – Rhizobium interactions, mass cultivation,
inoculants and serology.

Unit II

Frankia woodland and Actinorhizal nitrogen fixing plants and its host plants,
Characteristics, identification, cultural methods and maintenance of Azospirillum, Azotobacter,
Azolla and Anabaena.

Unit III

Mycorrhiza – VAM association, types, occurrence, collection, isolation and inoculum

production.

Unit IV

Large scale production of biofertilizer, Organic farming, Carrier materials, general outline
of microbes as fertilizers, Rhizosphere effect microbial products influencing plant growth.

Unit V

Biopesticides – Definition, Kinds and commerce of biopesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis,

insect viruses and entomopathogenic fungi – its characteristics, physiology, mechanism of action
and application.

Text books:
1. Yaacovokan, (1994) – Azospirillum, CBS press.
2. Subba Rao, N.S. (2000) Soil Microbiology, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Ltd.

Books for Reference:

1. Verma A and Hock B. (1995) Mycorrhiza, ISBN.
2. Wicklow, D.T. and B.E. Soderstrom, (1997) Environmental and Microbial relationships.,
Springer ISBN.

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 III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7BBOE3B

ELECTIVE COURSE - III (B) - BIOINFORMATICS

Unit I
Bioinformatics – Definition – Biological & Specialized Databases – Nucleic acid sequence
databases: GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ – Protein sequence databases: SWISS – PROT, TrEMBL,
PIR_PSD – Genome Databases at NCBI, EBI, TIGR, SANGER – Virtual Library.

Unit II
Bioinformatics servers – NCBI – EBI – GENOMENET – Bibliographic resources and
literature databases – PUBMED, MEDLINE, AGRICOLA – Database Searching techniques –
ENTREZ – Data Mining – techniques & tools – Data Warehousing – Top Down & Bottom up
approaches.

Unit III
Sequence patterns & representation – consensus, regular expression, contigs, motifs and
blocks – Sequence Analysis – FASTA – BLAST – Scoring matrices – PAM and BLOSUM –
Pairwise alignments – Multiple sequence alignments – CLUSTALW and Pileup – dendrograms
and its interpretation.

Unit IV
Phylogenetic analysis – taxonomy and phylogeny – molecular evolution – Data used in
Taxonomy and Phylogeny – Phylogenic trees – Definition and description – types of trees – tree
construction – tree analysis – homologous – orthologous – paralogous – Phylip and phylogenetic
analysis.

Unit V
Application of Bioinformatics – Drug designing – Drug discovery cycle – Role of
Bioinformatics in drug design – Target identification – lead discovery – Structure-based drug
design – Modeling of target – small molecule interactions.
Text books:
1. Attwood, T.K. and D.J. Parrysmith, 2001, Introduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson
Education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Indian Branch, Delhi.
Books for Reference:
1. Bryan Bergersen, M.D., 2003. Bioinformatics computing. Pearson Education
(Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Indian Branch, Delhi.
2. Rastogi, S.C., Mamita Menderatta, Parag Rastogi, 2004. Bioinformatics – concepts,
skills and applications. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
3. Westhead, D. R. and J. H. Parish and R.M. Twyman, 2003. Bioinformatics. Viva Books
Private Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Sahai, S., 1999. Genomics and Proteomics: Functional and computational aspects. Viva
Books Private Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Hooman Rashidi H. & L.K. Buchler, Bioinformatics
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