Unit 13 rammar @ Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Form ——_@ All modals (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal ‘ought to have only one form, ‘© Modals are followed by the bare infinitive (simple or continuous) or the bare perfect infinitive eg Toby should be very ft by now. Toby should have recovered by now. ‘@ The semi-modals have to and need to change their form depending on person and tense ‘eg The doctor said |had/needed to give up red meat. Use Example Expressing ability now or generally ean run a kilometre in four minutes, Expressing decisions made now about future ability We can meet at the gym tomorrow, if you lke. Expressing ability in the past could —_| leould do fifty press-ups with one hand when | was younger. Expressing ability in present, future or general hypothetical situations Expressing ability in past «ould + perfect | /¢ould have roasted the potatoes, but |decided that boiling them hypothetical situations infinitive | was healthier. could | Ifonly!eould quit smoking! 7 fi love to be able to ft into these jeans again! (infinitive) ¥ fllbe able to leave hospital in a few weeks, apparently. (future) I've been able to swim since | was five. (present perfect) Example ‘Asking for and giving permission now, for the future or generally May /Could /Can | see the doctor, please? © May's more polite than could, and could s more polite than can, @ We don't usually use a modal to tak about past permission. 7 1was allowed to wear a knee support during the match. X-4eould wear knee support during themateh— © However, we do use could to talk about past permission in reported speech. ¥ Thecoach said | could wear a knee support during the match, Example ‘Asking for and giving advice You ought to/ should cut down on the amount of red meat you eat. ‘now, for the future or generally Modal Example should Griticising past behaviour ‘ought to He ought to /should have made more of an effort with his diet. (+ perfect infinitive)‘Modals: ability, permission, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 Modals: obligation and necessity Use Modal Example must /have to / need to pick up that prescription from the chemist on the way home. Expressing lack of needn't/ don'thaveto / | Youneedn’t/don’t have to /don’t need to pick up that obligation or necessity don't need to prescription from the chemist as I'll get it while t'm in town. Expressing past obligation had to Jhad to take the pills three times a day for two weeks. Expressing lack of past needn't (+ perfect infinitive) / | Ineedn’t have gone /didn't have to go/didn't need to obligation didn't have to/ didn't need to | go to the doctor. ‘must / have to / need to © There is usually no difference in meaning between must and have to. However, we are sometimes < _ more likely to use must for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do) and have to for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do). © We can also use will have/need to to express future obligation 7 You'll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future. © Iris unusual to use must for questions, We usually use have/need to, 7 Do!have/need to take this medicine before every meal? © ‘Must cannot be used as an infinitive. Use to have to, ¥ Id hate to have to have injections every day. Kt 7 © ‘Mustn't and don't/doesn't have/need to have different meanings. You mustn't do that! (Don't do that!) 7 Youdon'thave/need to do that. You can do that if you want to but it’s not necessary.) © Neednit( + perfect infinitive) always refers to an action that happened. Didn't have to and didn't need to can refer to actions that did or didn’t happen. 7 Ineedn’t have gone to the doctor. (I went but it wasn't necessary.) ¥ Ididn't have/need to go to the doctor because | suddenly felt better (| didn't go.) 7 Ididn’t have/need to go to the doctor but | went just to be on the safe side. (1 did go) © Be careful with the verb need. It can also take the -ing form, o Ineed to sterlse this syringe. 7 This syringe needs steilising Modals: degrees of certainty Modal Example Expressing certainty (or must near certainty) about now care That must be the district nurse at the door. geeky t These can't / couldn't be the pills; they're the wrong colour. must canit ‘She must have been in a lot of pain. couldn't His leg can’t couldn't have been in plaster for two years! (+ perfect infinitive) Expressing probability AOU hom tne Foti oF should Yow ought to should fel beter in afew days as ong os you generally ought to get lots of rest. should Expressing certainty (or ‘near certainty) about the past Expressing probability about the past ought to The bruise ought to / should have disappeared days ag0.! (éperfectinfinitivey | Wonder why it didn’. could ‘now, the future or generally. might may /might be dangerous. Expressing possibility about You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could / could Expressing possibility about may That could / may /might have been the doctor who rang the real past might earlier while we were out (+ perfect infinitive) Expressing possibility about Fired It’s a good thing you went to the doctor or you could / might a hypothetical past (eperfectinfnitive) | Rave become quitil.‘Modals: ability, permission, advice, erticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 13 D Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap. jhts are on so I'm pretty sure Dan isat home. as his lights are on. 2 Susie's car's not here so she's almost certainly taking Dobber to the vet. be Susie ... Dobber to the vet since her car's not here. 3 There's no way that boy's Simon, He's much taller! boy That a .. Simon. He's much taller! 4 Imcertain the Winners don't think we're coming tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday. expecting The Winners tonight; we arranged it for next Tuesday. 5 I bet you were exhausted after such a long journey! have YOU wenn smonenne exhausted after such a long journey 6 The only explanation is that Evan was on the phone to someone in Australia! talking Evan ‘on the phone to someone in Australia! 7 There's no way Casey won the disco dancing competition ~ he’s got twoleft feet! have Casey.. i .. the disco dancing competition - he's got two left feet! 8 I don't believe Helen's been trying to call us all day.The phone hasn't rung once. been He€M nnn _--wsw tO Call usall day. The phone hasn't rung once. E Use the words in the box only once to complete the sentences in Table A. The meaning of the sentences in Table B will help you. able « cannot « could « had « have + might + must needn't « mustn't « ou: Table A Table B have left my bag on the bus. expressing certainty In a few MONTHS, DE nnn tO DUY a.CAr. | expressing future ability 3 drive when | was thirteen years old! _| expressing past ability 4 Noyou . have any more pocket money! | refusing a request 3 5M think yOU wvnsnonnmum Consider a career in the armed forces. giving advice 61 forget to phone Julie tonight! expressing personal obligation i expressing external obligation in 7 swoon to have a filling at the dentist's. thepast 8 You dont snsnnnsnmns 10 d0 Exercise D for ‘eprsingalckofobgton 9 You have to work a lot harder if you aie ‘ want to get a good report. Srorestiog finiwe obligation ef YO THEY nnn tO arrive at about 8. ‘expressing probability [A SAN vn have got stuck in traffic. expressing possibility 12 Is have worried so much about Jan's__| expressing a lack of past ¢ present. She loved it! obligation & ade TSE AE AY ST OE NE AINE TE TTS.Unit 13 Grammar F Circle the correct answer. Ihave a look at those shoes in the window, please? A Must 8 Would C Should D Could We pay for the tickets as Josie won them ina competition. A mustn't B didn't have to C couldn't D hadn'tto You really ...... make such a mountain out of a molebi A can't 8 won't C mightn't D shouldn't You won't... to connect to the Internet once you've got broadband as you're online twenty-four hours a day. A need 8 must C ought D able I hope we... A could B may C might D can wn find the cinema easily. 10 We couldn't find a hotel room so we cme Sleep in the car.It was awful A must B should C had to D could Weld love 10 sone afford to go ona round-the-world cruise. A can 8 beableto C will have to D haveto Fiona cant about the meeting. | reminded her this morning! A forget B be forgetting C have forgotten D have been forgetting She COUId wun. in the garage when we came round, which would explain why she didn’t hear the bell. A work B be working C have worked D have been working You'll tell the police that your house was broken into. A have to B must C had to D should G Write a modal or semi-modal in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets. Add any other words you need, 1 Bruce... 2 Charlotte didn't get to the Craig David concert because she .. (wasn't able to) get tickets. 3 (I. more modern university. 4 You 5 ifyouhave a cashpoint card, you bank to get money from your account. 6 We 7 That bought loads this morning! 8 vee interview? 9 Children 10 The weather. (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten minutes. (had the opportunity to go) to Oxford but | decided to go to a (were wrong to tell Angus.You know he can't keep a secret! (are not forced to) go into the (were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time. (almost definitely wasnt) the last can of soda in the fridge. (Were you obliged to) talk about two photographs during the (are not allowed to) be left unattended.H Choose the correct answer. Choosing to go toa gym regularly (1)... change your lifeforthe better.Don'tletitbeadecision ) you regret! Good gyms have a lotto offer. They (2)... provide exercise equipment that is just too expensive ‘to buy and their trained staff are (3)... to provide quality health and fitness advice. But if you're planning to join a gym, you (4) definitely ask to look round before you become a member. There are a number of things to bear in mind before choosing which gym to join. Before the law changed a few years ago, anyone (5) w..u.u.0-.j- set up a gym and even today gyms * (6) um employ trained fitness instructors. Find out what qualifications the staff have. If they're iy untrained, i's best to go elsewhere. YOU (7) unm be put off by the gym’s hard sell. Just because they want you to sign up - they want your money, after all ~ that doesn’t mean you (8)... decide there and then, See a few gyms before you make your final decision. ‘Ask yourself: What kind of equipment and facilities do they have? There's little point joining a gym and then thinking a few months later,‘ (9)... have chosen a gym with a pool. Do you (10) ........ book equipment in advance, or can you just turn up and use it? How busy does the GYM get? It (11) ....-. be very pleasant turning up to find there's no room in the changing room and there's a huge queue for each piece of equipment. It (12)... also be a good idea to talk to people who already go to that gym to find out their opinion, 1A must B would C should D will have to 2 A can B could C would D must 3 A made B forced C allowed D able 4 A should B would C might D will 5 A can B could C might D may 6 A must B dontthaveto C cant D shouldn't 7 A mustn't B couldn't C won't D mightnt 8 A can't B can Cc would D have to 9 A oughtto B must C have to D can't % 10 A able B must C have to D allowed ‘ 11 A won'thaveto 8 doesn'thaveto —C_mustn't D won't 12, A must B might hasto D oughtto 1 Write one word in each gap. a When | broke my arm a week ago, | guess it (1) to have hurt. But it didn’t! We were doing PE at school, and we were making a pyramid. We (2) tostand on each others | shoulders. was right at the top.We (3) ave been doing it properly because suddenly | the pyramid collapsed and we all fel. landed on my arm. i Mr Jenkins (4). have known immediately that Id broken my arm because he sent : someone to calll an ambulance.’Sit still, and don’t move your arm at all until the ambulance comes,’ i he said.1 (5) uu Still emember the feeling - my arm was numb, and looked very strange, but there was no pain at all. remember thinking: be broken.{f it was broken, 'd be in agony.I suppose not feeling any pain (7} have been because | was in shock. The plaster (8) ‘come off in about three weeks but it (9) have to stay on longer. It depends on whether the break has healed properly or not. The next three weeks may (10) be the best three weeks of my life - no basketball, no playing in the playground, no swimming - but 'm counting my blessings. It (11) have been a lot worse!