CHAPTER

MASONRY
2-1 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Concrete Hollow Block Is popularly known as CHB. It is
classified as load bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing
blocks are those whose thickness ranges from 15 to 20 centi ¬

meters and are used to carry load aside from its own weight .
Non-bearing blocks on the other hand, are blocks intended
for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and the like carrying its
own weight whose thickness ranges from 7 to 10 centimeters

<
m

FIGURE 2-1 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

The standard hollow blocks has three void cells and two half
cells at both ends having a total of four. These hollow cells vary
In sizes as there are different manufacturers using different
types of mold. Hence, It is recommended that concrete hollow
blocks with bigger cells be considered in estimating for a more
realistic result.
In this study, what we want to know is the quantity of the ma ¬

terials needed for a certain masonry work made of concrete.

41
 ,,r
« rD ( 0
|F
NSTB
of m« following
SlMP
'wl n*r lly
s
hollow block
bloc** 'lc*lla * "
1

}
5
6
7
concrol* b° * d <° r
SStfgjrss
*", buare
Cement »»l'd >elbare and
Reinforcing *
Tie wire * "„
d »cuss8d !n this
'
iier for th
®

chapter . The reinforcing

ln chap(er 3
-'
follow core 0r ,<
**

Item 1 to 5 will be
steel bars and Tie
wire

Reinforcement
,
Es,lma l
. for
hirn either of
masonry wor using hollow
the
oriaK
following *
methods

a By Fundamental methods
b. By the Area methods

ILLUSTRATION 2-1
A concrete hollow block wall has a general dimension of
3.00 meters high by 4.00 meters long . Determine the number of
CHB , cement and sand required to construct the wall.

4 oo m.
,

3 00 m.

50 Floor line
Footing line

ELEVATION
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WALL
42
 MASONRY

Fundamental Method )
SOLUTION - 1 ( By

, Divide the height of the fence by the height of one block.

3.00 = 15 layers
.20

by the length of one block

2. Divide the length of the fence
4.00 = 10 pieces
.40

3. Multiply the result of step

1 by step 2

15 x 10 = 150 pieces

SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method )

Let us examine first how many pieces of CHB can cover
up
one square meter area.
1.00 m.

WZm
1.00 m.

FIGURE 2-3 NUMBER OF CHB PER SQUARE METER

From the above figure it appears, that one square meter

area requires 12.5 pieces concrete hollow blocks. Therefore, by
t 1 entire area of the wall by 12.5, we find the total
number of CHB *
?, required. Thus
1 Area of the fence; 3.00 x 4.00 m = 12 sq
. m.
2 Multiply : 12.OO sq. m. x 12.5 = 150 pieces
.

43
 SIMP

ILLUSTRATION 2-2
find the number of 4" x 8" x

20.00 m.

4.00 m
1 ,OOin. 2 60 m .
4.00 m . Gate *
4.00 m .

PLAN ELEVATION
-
FIGURE 2 4 CHB FENCE

SOLUTION - 1 ( By Fundamental Method )

1 . Find the Perimeter of the Fence

p = 4 + 4 + 12 + 20 + 20
= 60.00 meters.
2. Divide this perimeter by the length of
one block
60 00 = 150 pieces
. 40

3. Divide the height of

the wall by the height of one block
2J0 = 13 layers
.20

4 Multiply 2 and 3:
150 x 13 = 1,950 pieces.
SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area
Method )

44
1 . Find the area of
A =
the
2.00 xM
wail.

°° m .
« «,»„meters.
 MASONRY

2 If there are 12.5 blocks in one square meter then ,

multiply by the area.

156 x 12.5 = 1 ,950 pieces.

Comments
1. Comparing the results obtained by the two methods, the
answers are practically the same, but for convenience,
the solution by the area method is much favored for be¬
ing simple and direct to the answer.

2. Take note that in the above example , we computed the

number of hollow blocks without posts. Suppose that
-
Figure 2 4 was provided with the necessary posts as in ¬
-
dicated in Figure 2 5, in this case, the area covered by
the post will be subtracted from the total area of the wail ,
then solve for the CHB adopting the area method for
simplicity of the process.

20.00 m. . 20 X . 20 post

2.60
12.00 4.00

X
I
. 40
PUN
60
Section X-X

-
FIGURE 2 6 CHB FENCE

ILLUSTRATION 2-3
-
From Figure 2 5, using class B mixture find the number of:
a) 10 x 20 x 40 cm. concrete hollow blocks

45
 ESTIMATE
SIMFtimD CONSTRUCTION
b) Cement and sandposts and footings
for the
c) Concrete
)
SOLUTION - ! ( Finding the CHB
1 Find the perimeter of the wall
P « 20 20 12 8
p « 60 00 meters
by the posts
2 Find the space length occupied

Alonfl 20 m. ( .20 x 6 ) 2 2.40=

Along 12 m ( 2 0 x 4 ) 2 =
1.60
Total space occupied by posts * 4.00

3. Subtract 60 00 m . - 4 00 m.
= 56 00 m. net length for CHB.
5. Multiply by the height of fence to get the Net Area

Net Area = 56.00 x 2.60 ht.

A = 145.6 square meters
6. Multiply by 12.5 to get the total
number of concrete hol¬
low blocks required.

145.6 x 12.5 = 1,820 pieces.

7. Comparing this result to
pieces hollow blocks,
pieces because we
-
that of illustration 2 2, with 1 ,950
there is a material difference of 130
concrete posts .
subtracted the space occupied by the

SOLUTION- 2 (Concrete Posts

and its Footing )
1. Find the volume of
one concrete footing slab.
46
 M \ >ONH \

> 7 taint i Wutih % Ungth

V » 1$ x 60 \ 60
y 054 CM nv

eom
30

i
o
* to 60

ELEVATION PLAN

FIGURE 4 POST AND FOOTWIG

*
2 Rnd the volume of 16 footings
V * ( ,064 x 16 ) = 864 cu m

3. Rnd the volume of 16 concrete posts

V = ( 20 x 20 x 2 60 x 16 ) = 1.67 cu. m.

4 Total volume of concrete posts and its footing:

Add results of step 2 and 3:

V; 864 1.67 = 2.53 cu. m.

*
5. Refer to Table 1-2. Using class B* concrete under col
m\ 40 kg. cement multiply:
%

-
Cement : Z53 x 7.5 = 19.0 bags
Sand 2 53 x .50 = 1.26 cu. m.
Gravel 2.53 x 1.0 = 2.53 cu. m.
•Note:
Concrete was thoroughly discussed in Chapter 1
-
47
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE

ILLUSTRATION 2-4
the number of ic
From the following Figure, determinebuilding
x 40 cm. CHB required to construct the firewall. * 0 *

3.00
4.50
B 6.90
5.00
3.00 15 X 20 X 40 CHB Firewall

7.00 1.50
740
ELEVATION

-
FIGURE 2 7 15 CHB FIREWALL

SOLUTION { By Direct Counting )

1. Find the CHB at Area A : £00
.40
= 10 pieces
2. Height of wall A divided by height of one block
3.40
.20
= il pieces
3. Multiply: (1) and (2) : 10 x 17 =
4 Find the CHB at Area B :
L00
_. =
40
170 pieces
17.5
5. Average Height of Area
_
6J0
.20
=
B divided by .20 ht. of one block
34.50

6. Multiply (4) and (5) : 17

5 x 34.50 = 603.75 pieces

48
 MASONRY

7. Find the CHB at Area C : 5 ,00 = 12.50

.40

8. Height of C divided by height of one block

1 ,90 = 9.50
.20

9. Multiply (7) and (8) 12.50 x 9.50 = 118.75 pieces

Add Total CHB for Area A , B and C.

170 + 603.75 + 118.75 = 893 pieces

Comment:
Take note that in the preceding example solution, fundamen
¬

tal methods of determining the number of blocks were used .

The methods had undergone a very long process of finding the
quantity by area one at a time. The process must be simplified
with the aid of Table 2-2 , presented as follows:

SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Area Method )

1. Find the Area of A: 3.40 x 4.00 = 13.60 sq. m
2. Find the Area of B: 7.00 x 6.90 = 48.30 sq. m.
3. Find the Area of C: 5.00 x 1.90 = 9.50 sq. m.
Total Area 71.40 sq. m.

4. Refer to Table 2-2. Along 15 x 20 x 40 CHB under column

number per square meter; multiply:

71.40 x 12.50 = 893 pieces.

Reminder
Before estimating the quantity of concrete hollow blocks, be

49
 ON ESTATE
SnCPUmDCOS
sure to verify the plan in the proce > - fouSwrvgql * Mue< N
whtch is very
should be grven
important
due
operation
consideration for these might affe,
result of the estimate
as indicated in the plan speCjfu
1 Does the elevation to the second floor |jne Q
floor
height from
from floor
the
to
first
ceiling ? In either J
case , the depth 0 'Sit
in the estimate , either an
beam has to be considered
or subtracted
2. Have you considered the
CHB to be installed from
line? This parr
underground foundation to the floor ar
portion of the wall is often overlook in the ofU'
process
no detailed nig r
fimating especially when there is
cross section detail . Don't ever commit the same mis° *

take experienced by most estimators.

3 See to it that the concrete hollow blocks to be installed
are uniform in sizes and in thickness. Have it ordered
from one manufacturer or supplier only . Installing differ¬
ent sizes of CHB means additional expenses for cement
plaster and labor If several suppliers cannot be
.

avoided have their respective blocks installed in a par¬

ticular phase of work .

2-2 ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR

After knowing the number of blocks needed for a particular
masonry work, the next step is to find its work partner called
cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement , sand
and water It is used as bonding materials in installing masonry
.

blocks and other various plastering work . In estimating cement

mortar one has to consider the following items .
,

a The mortar to be used in between the layer of CHB

b The mortar filler for the hollow
core the bloc
This filler could be pure mortar or or cell of grave
economy mortar with '
c Fine screened sand for plastering .

50
 MASGtfRY

ILLUSTRATION 2-5
- -
Continuing the problem of Illustration 2 1 Figure 2 2 , deter¬
mine how many bags of cement and sand needed to install the
150 pieces 10 x 20 x 40 cm . CHB using class B" mortar.
There are three solutions offered in finding the cement mortar
for concrete hollow blocks installation .
1. By volume method .
2. By the Area Method .
3. Per Hundred Block method .

SOLUTION - 1 ( By Volume Method )

/
1. Determine the volume of rnbrtar in between the layer of
the blocks, adopting the 12 mm ( V* ) or .012 meters uni¬
form thickness of the mortar.

Volume = Thickness x Width of CHB x Length

V = .012 x .10 x 4.00 m .
V = .0048 cubic meter

2. Take note that 3.00 meters high wall divided by .20 m .

height of one block is = 15 layers. Thus, multiply:

V = 15 layers x. .0048
V = .072 cu. m
This is the total .volume of the mortar in between the 15
layers of concrete hollow blocks.

3. Aside from the cement mortar used in between block

layers, there are 4 hollow cores or cells per block to be
filled up with mortar. Find the volume per block.

Volume = ..05 x .075 x .20 x 4 cores

V = 003 cu. m.
51
4 %wvmuvmkrt

craw
MfcLOf 4 I » II CHB •
4
* *
WJ
W |

**
M*

- »
**
w 00 * for th* 1 to CHB
1 0
* .
,» x OM * «« »
," ,
• •

,
•

WfWute 0 , #p 2 n< #P 4
5, 1«g l» «W * *
' 0T8
T * VNum « « 522 cu. m

ustnfl crtss -B mixture mollipiy ,

6 RwwwTatw
*
C m»m
*Sana
522 tt.0 6 26 bags
*
$22 x VO « .522
-
TMLE M QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR MORTAR
AND PLASTER IN CUBIC METER

oltss Proportion 1 Cement In Baas Sand

Mixture 40 kg 50 kg cu m
A 1 2 16 0 145 1.0
B 1, 3
<52>0
C
D
1 A
1 5 75
* 95
70
6.0
I
1.0
10
1 _
? -
*
, in
*w
1 area ad the
$2
 1
MASONRY
Area : ( 3.00 x 4.00 ) = 12 square meters.

2. Refer to Table 2-2. Along 10 x 20 x 40 CHB under

class B" mixture; multiply:

Cement : 12 x .522 = 6.26 bags

Sand : 12 x .0435 = .522 cu. m.

TABLE 2-2 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR CHB MORTAR

PER SQUARE METER

Bags Cement
Mixture
Size of CHB Number Sand
in cm. persq. m A B c D cu. m

4 10 x 20 x 40 12.5 . 792 . 522 . 394 . 328 . 0435

} 15 x 20 x 40 12.5 1.526 1.018 . 763 .633 0844

20 x 20 x 40 12.5 2.260 1.500 1.125 . 938 . 1250

SOLUTION - 3 ( By the Hundred Block Method )

The Hundred Block Method Is the third solution offered for a
more simpler approach with the aid of Table 2-3.

1. Find the number of concrete hollow blocks.

Area : 3.00 x 4.00 * 12 sq. m.
12 sq. m. x 12.5 = 150 pieces CHB
2. Convert to unit of 100: 150 = 1.5
100
3. Refer to Table 2- 3. Under class "B" mixture for a
10 x 20 x 40 CHB, multiply:

Cement : 1.5 x 4.176 = 6.26 bags

Sand : 1.5 x .348
-
.522 cu. m.

53
 1

ESTIMATE
CON
SIMPLIFIED STRUCTION SAND PER
Of CEMENT AND
TABLE 2 -3
QUANTITY
HUNDRED BLOCKS
40kg
Ctmffrmt vm iBag *
u r a _
M I xjjll n « m
Sir# of CHB
3 152 2 824 0 34ft
4 176
6 33®
10 x 20 x 4 0 6 072 5 064 0 675
8 104
15 x 20 x 40 12 150
7 504
18 072 12 000 9 000 1 ooo
20 x 20 x 4 0

Comment:
Comparing the answers of
the three methods in finding th
, the results are practically nj
materials for cement mortar choice which method to f
same The estimator now has the know first the kind of Us#
but before using Table 2-2 and 2- m
3,
because this is where mn«
ture and the size of CHB to be used
errors are being committed .

ILLUSTRATION 2-6
Going back to the problem of Illustration 2-2, Figure 2-4 , find
the quantity of hollow blocks, cement and sand , for mortar using
the area method of estimating.

SOLUTION:
1. Find the area of the wall.
Area = Perimeter x Height
A * 60.00 m. x 2.60 m.
A = 156 square meters

2. Find the number of CHB. Refer

umn number per sq. m . multiply Table 2-2,
to under col ¬

:
156 x 12.5 = 1,950 pieces

54
 MASONRY

-
3. Find the cement and sand. Refer again to Table 2 2, us¬
ing class B mortar; Multiply:

Cement: 156 x .522 « 81.43 say 82 bags

Sand: 156 x .0435 = 6.78 say 7 cu . m.

4. Summary of the materials:

1,950 pieces CHB
82 bags cement
7 cubic meters sand .

Take note that the above materials found does not include
the cement, sand and gravel for the footing . For this item , refer
to Chapter 1 where it was thoroughly discussed .

2-3 CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING

Aside from the cement mortar for block laying , plastering is
another item to consider. Most estimators however, make their
estimate of mortar for block laying and plastering through sim¬
ple guessing and calculation , assuming the quantity of cement
and sand without the pain of computation. The reason is simple ,
they are just in a hurry and has no time to do it. And for this rea¬
sons, we offer the following methods accompanied by a simpli¬
fied tables of equivalent values.

Estimating the cement mortar for plastering can be done by.

1. The Volume Method and

2. The Area Method

ILLUSTRATION 2-7
Continuing the problem of Illustration 2-1, find the cement
sand necessary to plaster two sides of the 3.00 x 4.00 me¬
ters wall.

55
I

> srM a1 rtt >*

INST RUC TION ESTIMATE

* * Method
1 )
yol#
(
SOLUTION
' i Sid
Find tw two
s ®5 area
of the wall

x 2 sides 4 00
3.C
2« «
24 •"
. plaster is 16 mm ( 016 m.) aver
.
tf *
*
the , **
2
*24 *m
d # me v0 ume of the plaster
v/ninmp
* * ** *
sq . x .016
V*,
. m.
V = 364 cu

for the cemen t and sand. Refer to Table 2- 1 iu

3 Solve
.
B" mixture; multiply
mg 40 kg cement class "

Cement : 384 x 12.0 = 4.6 say 5 bags

Sand 384 x 1.0 = .384 say fins sand

/ TABLEU QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR PLASTER

PER SQUARE METER AREA

j Cement in Bags
Thickness of Plaster
Mixture
Class 8 mm 12 mm 16 mm 20 mm 25 mm
A . 144 .216 288
B
. . 360 450
096 144 . 192 240 . 300
072 108 144 180
n

Sana
1
|
. 060

006
090

012
120 . 150
. 225
. 188

016 020 025

SOLUTION- 2 ( By Area
Method using Table 2-0
1. Find the
area of the wall ( two sides )
Area = 3.00 x
A « 24 sq. 4.00 x 2 sides
m.
56

i
 MAHONHV

2
10 mm thick plaster claw *B" mixture , multiply
- *
Solve for the cement and aand Refer to I «Me 2 4 t )r U*i

Cement 24 x 1 d2 4 0 nay 6 buy

Sand 24 x 010 - 304 cu m *
Comparing the unaware of the two method*, the r« utt* ere *
practically the *ame A* to what method to u*e depend* on
your choice and convenience

ILLUSTRATION 2-8
From the following Figure 2-9 , li t down the cement and
*
sand necessary to plaster the two faces of the fence at an av
erage thickness of 20 mm , class "C" mixture

2.70 m. 2.70
*1

15 x 20 x 40 CHB

FIGURE 2-8 PLASTERING

SOLUTION ( By the Area Method )

1. Find the surface area of the fence
Area * Perimeter x Height x 2 faces
A * 55 m. x 270 m. 2 faces
A * 297 sq. m. *
2. Solve for the area of the front and the top surface of the
fence.

57
 Siw
.
. 1 X < 2„
.
cowl
"' "' 40.00
81

15.00 )
* "
A
A « fl. 08
sq 1-

l ** *.** * *
9.00 - 300
* 00 sq m.
, 297

-
T0 a 88
' and sand. Refer to Table 2-4 . under
4
TJXSSZ* *- * '*"'
; : ss ss «
w 1 An a 55 baas
bags
i 6.1 cu. m.

ILLUSTRATION 2-9
Th» owner of a commercial lot wants to fence the frontage of
h, Jot wTl 5 x 20 x 40 cm. concrete hollow blocks. The fence
is 3.50 rntfera high and 40 meters long provided with a 25 x 25
cm. reinforced concrete posts spaced at 4.00 meters distance
Using class B mixture list down the materials required.

350 m IP
40.00 m.

ELEVATION
.15 .25

3.50 m. Concrete Post

15 m. CHB 3.50 m.

I. 1
FIGURE 2-10
SOLUTION

58
 MASONRY

Gross Area = ( 3 50 x 40 00 ) * 140 sq m

2. Subtract the area occupied by the posts

Net Area * 140 sq m - ( .25 x 3.50 ht . x 11 posts.)
A = ( 140 - 9 625 ) * 130.4 sq m.

3. Find the number of CHB. Refer to Table 2-2. multiply

130.4 sq. m. x 12.5 * 1 ,630 pieces

4. Find the cement mortar. Refer to Table 2-2. Using class

•B" mixture for a 15 x 20 x 40 CHB; multi
ply:
Cement : 130.4 x 1.018 * 132.75 bags
Sand . 130.4 x .0844 * 11.0 cu. m.

5. Solve for the cement plaster . Refer to Table 2-4 Using

16 mm thick plaster , class "B" mixture, multiply:
130.4 sq. m. x 2 sides = 261 sq . m.
Cement : 261 x .192 = 50 bags
Sand : 261 x .016 = 4.2 cu. m.

Summary of the Materials

1,630 pcs. 15 x 20 x 40 cm. CHB

183 bags cement
16 cu. m. sand

Comment:
1. Take note that in finding the wall area, the height should
be measured from the top of the fence down to the
foundation line not just to the floor line only.
2. In the preceding example , two sides of the wall were
considered for plastering. The area occupied by the
posts was subtracted from the gross wall area. For
practical purposes it should not be subt
racted because
by computing back to determine
Its area and the plaster
required is considerably a waste of
time.

59
 » r0N ct10N Mm M ,
J1»rurff " *
1
' •firs
CONCRETE HOIXOWBLXKKPOOT| (I

. block wall, 1» supportod by n t,

=
hollow

~FiHSrBS
rJS. .
§*' «o »

Dimension Camant In Bags

Csntlmatsrs Clast Mixture Sana GrsvtT
T x W A B C cu m cu m
10 x SO ,270 .225 180 .015 030
10 x 35 .315 .263 .210 018 036
10 x 40 .360 .300 . 240 .020 040
10 x 50 .450 .375 300 025 050
15 x 40 .540 .450 360 030 060
15 x 45 .612 .610 .048 , 034
068
15 x 50 .675 .563 .550 .038 076
15 x 60 .810 .675 .540 045 090

CHB

*•1, CROS® SECTION OP CHB FOOTING

60
 MASOVRY

QXUSTRATION -
2 10

CorUn -
nQ the problem of Utustration 2 9 , Rgure 2 10 , if the
footing ts 15 centimeters th*dc and 50 centimeters wide,
-
aeterrrune the quantity of cement sand and gravel necessary
jsgyg Class A concrete .
* *

- CMB
15
mm
50
Facing * 37 25 meters lorg

RGURE 2-12 CHB FOOTMG

SOLUTION -1 ( By Volume Method )

1. Find the volume of the wall footing . Length minus the
space occupied by the posts to get the net length .

40 00 m
40.00
-- (2.75
25 x 11 posts )
= 37.25 m net length
Volume = 15 x .50 x 37.25 m = 2.79 cu . m.

-
2. Refer to Table 1 2. Using class *A concrete; multiply ;
Cement
Sand
2.79 x 9 0 =
25 bags
2.79 x .50 * 1.4 cu. m.
Gravel 2.79 x 1.0 =
2.8 cu . m.

SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Linear Meter Method )

-
1 Solve for the Net Length of the CHB wait .

Net length = 40 00 m. - ( .25 x 11 posts) = 37 25 m.

2
!5*f?**r.!A?.TaWe
»
25 ' 15 50 on . footing dimension
mixture muftipty *

61
aw""
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE

(
.£
Ces rl£d
6
' S7 28 x 038
37 25 x .076
a
M CST
2.83 cu. m .

ILLUSTRATION 2-11
figure, prepare the bill of materials
From the following u<a
class 8' mixture for concrete and mortar. Sma

25.00 M,
. 20

A.
' 0 cm CHB

3.00
.00
. Une

t
SJ00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
. 15

. 40

PLAN POST CHB

FIGURE 2-13

SOLUTION
A. Solving for CHB

1 Find the Perimeter

of the hollow block fence.

U£SL«*»>
P a
P a

2- Subtract the length occupied

by the posts.
Length
- 20 widthx O posts
(see figure)

62
 MASONRY

3. Find the net length of CHB wail

L = 95.00 - 4.00 = 91.00 m.

4. Find the net area of the CHB wall fence.

Area = 91.00 x 2.5 m. ht . = 228 sq. m.

5. Find the number of 10 cm. CHB . Refer to Table 2-2,

multiply:

228 x 12.5 = 2,850 pieces

B. Cement Mortar for Block Laying

1. Find the cement and sand for block laying. Refer to
Table 2-2. Using class aB mixture, multiply:
2. Cement : 228 x .522 = 119 bag
Sand : 228 x .0435 = 9.92 say 10 cu. m.

C. Cement Mortar for Plastering

1. If two sides of the wall will be plastered, then:

Area = 95.00 m. x 2.00 m. ht. x 2 sides

A = 380 sq. m. ( including the posts)
Take note that the height of the wall is only 2.00 meters be
¬

cause we do not plaster the wall below the ground line.

2. For plastering, refer to Table 2-4. Using 16 mm thick

plaster class B" mixture; multiply:

Cement : 380 x .192 = 73 bags

Sand : 380 x .016 = 6.1 cu. m.

D. Solving for Concrete Post and Footing

1. Materials for CHB footing.
The net length of the CHB

63
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIM
wall Is 91.00 meters. Refer to Table 2-5. ys:n
footing class " B" mixture; multiply : 9 a iQ
Mo
Cement : 91.00 x . 300 = 27.3 say ?a K
Sand : 91.00 x .020 = 1.8 say 2 n 9Qs
Gravel : 91.00 x . 040 = 3.64 say 4

2. Find the volume of the concrete posts .

Volume = 20 posts x (.20 x .20) x 3.00 m .
ht

3. Find the volume of the footing .

V = 20 footings x (.15 x .60 x .60 )
V = 1.08 cu. m .

4. Total Volume of posts and footing . Add step 2 and 3

V = 2.4 + 1.08 = 3.48 cu . m .

5. Refer to Table 1 -2. Using class B" mixture; multiply:

Cement : 3.48 x 7.5 = 26.0 bags
Sand : 3.48 x .50 = 1.74 cu . m .
Gravel : 3.48 x 1.0 = 3.48 cu. m.
6 . Summary:

2,850 pieces 10 x 20 x 40 cm . CHB

246 bags cement
20 cubic meter sand
7.5 cubic meter gravel

Problem Exercise
1. From the following figures, find the following materials re
quired for Its construction.
a) 15 x 20 x 40 cm . concrete.hollow blocks.
b) Cement, and sand for mortar and plastering .

64

i
 MASONRY

2.00

3.00
4.00 5.00

4 50
15 x 20 x 40 CHB
Plastered on two sides
3.00

20.00

FIGURE 2-14 FIREWALL

2.00
3.00

2.00 5.00
ill ..
7.00

:: 8
WM Is
3.00
! : 15 x 2 ) X 40 CHB fl. Ln.
1.00

8.00 m. 5.00 m.
ELEVATION

FIGURE 2-15

65
 ,, ,', K
SWU«» "
t UCT
* CONCRETE 1

OTHER TVFtS Of BLOt

The standardho« «
plained in Secti o n
those with three of b)ocks especta ly desiQnefl (V
SffiJjgSSSSKrt blocKJhe {£*<< half

beam block -

rS 'Sr -
determined by direct counting
.

hollow
m estimating the quantity of concrete The blocks , what is
considered is the side portion of the block
used in computing the cement mortar
. thickness is only
for block laying .

The introduction of these special types of concrete hollow

blocks facilitated the use of posts and beams for housing pro-
jects avoiding the much used of form lumber . The wall is de ¬

signed as a continuous interlocking support of the roof framing.

Comer blocks combined with stretcher blocks are used on cor ¬

ners provided with reinforcement instead of reinforced concrete

post. With this method, the costs of forms and labor were felt as
a substantial savings.

In block laying work, concrete being a mixture of cement

sand and gravel should be used to fill the hollow core ot
blocks for economical reasons. If cement mortar will be usea
fill the core, cost will be substantially
high because of the hign
cement content in proportion with
sand without gravel.
Remember that cost is the primary ®
of construction, and to use pure consideration in any W
the blocks is costlier than mortar to fill the hollow core
even if forms are used. Onetocan
use a reinforced concrete
ciples as explained in chapter prove this by applying the Pn
-1
ec
 MASONRY

li
•9
£05 y
m
*
*" I< ££
14

2 Cor* Stfrtcher Block

-
2 Cor* L Comar Block

,# OT

2 Cor* Smglt End

Block
Half Block

*
19 cm
19 cm

Beam Block
Han Block
14

+
t
19 cm

19 cm

Beam Block
Single End Block
-
FIGURE 1 1« SPECIAL TYPES OF CHB

87
 CONSTRUCTIANDON ESTINiAlt
CeNBNT MND . ORAVELp

A**
,4 OUANTITV
40 kg C .
m L!!3
Clai* Mlxtur*
C Sand G
Siz* in
Centim*£3 0067
0720 OOlR
Bl*
Stretcher 20 cm * 0920 0488 0030 0041
0623
VX * *< *
0060
0687
- Bit**
L Corntr cm
2- core 20 .
.
. 0867
. 0590
,

. 0467
.

. 0041 •
0095
0070
2- core 15 cm
Single End Block . 0885 . 0698 . 0063 0090
2- core 20 cm . 0612 0482 . 0044 0075
2- core 15 cm .
.
. 0315 . 0035 0055
. 0420
2- core 10 cm.
Hell Block 0320 0030 0050
20 x 20 cm. . 0400 . ,

. 0215 . 0020 . 0035

. 0270
15 x 15 cm.
Beam Block A B
2- core 20 cm. . 0878 . 0732 . 0050 0098
2- core 15 cm. . 0585 . 0488 . 0040 0070

The mortar for block laying is a mixture of cement and sand

laid in between the layer of the blocks at approximately Vi of an
inch or 12 mm as bonding materials. The hollow core is filled
with concrete, a mixture of mortar and gravel . And to fill the core
with pure mortar alone is a very costly
to the advantage of cement construction undertaking
manufacturer
H0W t0 USe the tab e lhe
'
at ,
the expense
fo owin9 example is P
of the
,
ILLUSTRATION 2-12
A masonry wall 15
cm. thick requires 1,500 pieces of 2'
stretcher blocks, 100 pieces
200 comer blocks single end block, 120 n piock
and 80 pieces
sand and gravel using beam block. Find tn
class B" mortar
mixture.
68
 MASONRY

SOLUTION
1 rterrwzed the blocks according to its category and indicate
the number of pieces.
2-core 15 cm. Stretcher block 1, 500 pieces
Single end block 100
Hart block 120
-
L Comer Block 200
Beam Block 80

- -
2. Refer to Table 2 6. Under column class "B mixture , multi¬
ply the number of blocks to each corresponding value in
the table to get the cement , sand and gravel required .

a.) 1,500 - Stretcher Blocks

Cement : 1,500 x .0623 = 93.45 bags
Sand : 1,500 x .0030 = 4 50 cu . m.
Gravel : 1 , 500 x . 0045 = 6.75 cu. m .

b.) 100 - Single End Block

Cement 100 x 0612 = 6.12 bags
Sand 100 x 0044 = 0 45 cu. m
Gravel 100 x .0075 = 0 75 cu. m

C.) 120 - Half Block

Cement 120 x . 0270 = 3 24 bags
Sand : 120 x .0020 = 0.24 cu. m .
Gravel 120 x .0035 = 0.42 cu. m.

d.) 200 - L Comer Block

Cement 200 x .0590 = 11 80 bags
Sand : 200 x .0041 = 0 82 cu . m.
Gravel : 200 x .0070 = 1.40 cu. m.

-Cement :
e.) 80 Beam Block
80 x .0488 = 3.90 bags
Sand : 80 x .0040 = 0.32 cu m.
Gravel 80 x .0070 = 0.56 cu m.

69
 lS
„
1 500
-"
511»»'

-
stretoh
120 W W cK
80 M«n
6 33 cu m *

BLOCKS
and
r

**°
* ,
» the Ma ef1
" .»
,n
** lock
als
100 tingle end block
200 L-corner block
119 bag* cement
9 88 cu m gravel

2-6 DECORATIVE manufactured fr m

hollow blocks are construction 0
Decorativeor clay. These types of
ment mortar
mated
and decorative purpo$e$
.* r

used for ventilation

been widely
OF CECORATIVE BLOCKS CPMEffr
* .
TABLE 2-7 QUANTITY 100 BLOCKS.
AND SAND PER
Cement in Bag at 40 kg .
Number Class Mixture Sand per
Size in
per sq. m. A B 100 block
cm.
. 120 . 010
*
5 x 10 200 . 180
5 x 15 133 .270 . 180 . 015
5 x 20 100 . 360 . 240 .020
5 x 25 80 . 450 . 300 . 025
10 x 20 50 .720 . 480 . 040
10 x 25 40 . 900 .600 . 050
10 x 30 33 1.080 .720 . 060

TABLE 24 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR VARIOUS TYPES

BRICKS PER 100 BLOCKS
Size in
Centimeter Cement in Bag 40kg Sand per
Number
L*
T H Mixture Class 100
Per sq. m. A blocks
6 x
12 x 19 38.5
10 x .346 .230 . 019
14 x 19 33.3
10 x
14 x .612 . 408 . 034
23 27.8
10 x
24 x 24 .684 . 456 038
16.0 .882
10 x
14 x 39 . 588 . 049
16.7 .972 054
10 x 19 x 39 12.5 .648
1.062 . 708 . 059

70
 MASONRY

3MEX13
J
C3
SS4
*=
I
SQS> < =3 * 0
3 Q
:®as
ITALIAN S5&
=srt 3 - CD

-Yi
55 x 215 x 125 mm

©©©
BOLIVIAN
©( ©
100 x 180 x 180 mm

0 mm
MM
LUZ 100 x 140 x 240 mm

Q> * p Sog g
UMC=
3D:
rfoa 5
°
Q<7<p I|cy7£l
w goo
CJC>£1
tfotl
go 0 ?aa
100 x 250 x 250 mm
CORINTHIAN

AROMAN
ISSt
WSM100 x 230 x 250 mm

FIGURE 2-17 DECORATIVE BLOCKS

71
 Tt.

r. $ r:>7* >

mmi «
f 4# /
H
*** ' w "m

Sii
3 irJMJM , 2® * 25«

QSO
\c7csa gttolyflp y&

OSO !
a«iS S> £ CL 5

JO
'06 » 256 / 230
*

<0
[MJ
salQgi ::

- R*J BC
<M/3 1
&Z
1
<30 I 250 i 2K -r

§
m
&3
Or MMB
BBS
700 * 250 i 25Cmr»
**** ** DECORA
BLOCKS
75
r

MASONRY

2-7 ADOBE STONE

Adobe Stone is commonly used for fencing materials as
substitute to concrete hollow blocks for economic reasons.
Lately however, the used of adobe stone was no longer limited
to the ordinary zocalo and fencing work but also extensively
used as finishing and decorative materials for exterior and inte¬
rior of buildings and other related structures.
The use of adobe stone for fences, buttresses, cross foot¬ -
ings, and stairs minimizes the use of mortar filler unlike in work¬
ing with concrete hollow blocks. Plastering is sometimes not
applied specially when the design calls for exposure of the
natural texture of the stone.

45
15

Buttress Adobe Stone .

ram m r
l
JKO** .
M l
-
FIGURE 2 19 ADOBE STONfc

Three tables were prepared to simplify the process of obtain¬

ing the quantity of adobe stone and cement mortar for stone
laying and plastering .
73
 swmrttB coKSWUCtiON
F
nau w °" A°
40 *3 CementmBegs
n*ss erf Mocture
5 :
$2# * cm ** *
«
173 3C 108
14 8
15 I 15 * « 132 099 := • 1$
i5 t 2Cx 45 110 011
110 088 066 055
15 x 30 x 30 :5 ? 067 056
83
15 x 30 x 40
15 x 30 x 45 - 4 031 068 057

• Ucitr it m tNcknass of 16 nwn

caress and Fooing Cement per Meter Ht

No Number Class of Mixture
Crass of of stone
Sane
Soecr course per M ht A C
Xx 45 2 12 .233 156 . 117
- CU rn
013
45 x 45 3 18 350 233 .175 I 019
45 x 60 4 24 468 .312 .234 026
45 x 75 5 30 583 389 292 032
45 x 96 6 36 .702 468 351 039
• Mortar se at average thickness of 16 mm.

ILLUSTRATION 2-13

andsand B motL? Uan

* 066 cemenl

SOLUTION
K 8oMn9 for Adobe
Stone Wall
1

74
 MASONRY

500 cm. 500 cm

500 cm

P
~

45 15 x 15 x 45
Ty
Adobestene x is ¥ Pli45
*1
i5 15
/ 30
1515 Buttresr
W» TUT
Buttress - 150

Ground line
*£)
15 r Pooflrw l
"

45
SECTION

FIGURE 2-20 ADOBE FENCE

Length * 15.00 * (.30 x 3 posts)

( 2 post plus the two 1/2 side posts » 3 )

L * 14.10 meters

2. Solve for the net area of the wall.

Area = 14.10 x 2.00 m.
A = 28.20 sq. m.

3. Refer to Table 2-9. Using a 15 x 15 x 45 cm. adobe

stone, multiply:

28.20 x 14.8 * 418 pieces

B. Solving for Buttresses

1. Find the total length of the post
2.00 m. x 4 posts = 8.00 meters

2. Refer to Table 2-10. Using a 30 x 45 buttress, multiply:

75
 ®> w
s
"
-
sMrur

> saassar
4 x 4 footings =

of 2 and 3.
pieces

4. Add the
results
pieces
96 + 16 112
«

Wall Footing
C. solving for
the space occupied by
the fence minus
1. Length offooting
buttress .
m.
15.00 m. ( .45 x 3 ) = 13.65
-
plus the two 1/2 at the sides
3 is the 2 center posts

2. Multiply by 6 stones per

meter length. The adot#
stones are laid crosswise the wall, see
figure 2 19 -
13.65 m. x 6 = 82 pieces .

D. Solving for the Cement Mortar

1
SZXSTZg * * ** *
Cement : 28.20 x .281
Sand : 28.20 x .024
- 8.0 bags
.68 cu. m.
2'
MS:?!?!!! 30 x 45=buttress
multiply
112
ng
pieces stone. Refer
class "B mixture

Cement : 112 x .027 B

Sand 112 x . 3.0 bags
0023 = 26 • cu. m.
76
 MA.V/« try

CemerS «2 027 * 22 £< >«

Sand «2 * C023 * 1 *
*
£ z-11 J** » M .
ta
2 'MEPffV
*lOXCrT i* * iiiTiy
* . *****

Soe a *» 4C

0 - I c a* m
Ore ?a» 2 S
* tac '5C 2C
>
~»c aces «C iec 3CC
cvres-t sf 2C -r-
D. SoMng for Cement Piaster

1 Rno re KXa surface ana rt re watt arc! the st¬

resses to ce postered fore face ,
ij&ngtf = * SQC + 2 (-15; C 1 5 / e > s '5 2 m
Area = 162 x t 5C ! . = 24 3 sc. m.
*
2 The sesgrs s onfy 15C secajse «e Sc na pas?er re
«al ceo« the grsynd ine Pfizer to ~acie 2 11 JSirg -
cass 'S' nnodjre rrufopY

Cement 24 3 x 24C = 5 S3 say 5 bags

SarC 24 3 x Q2C = 43 Gi m ,

3 This m for one sxJe p&S.er ontf c s<bes »N be

passed doubte the guantty * &
*
Summary of the Waficnate

512 peses " 5 x 15 x 45 OTK aocoe store

2C tags Forifcad zerert
Z C cdtx ne&srs sarc

77
 SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION ESTIMAT*
pryh| p|Exercise

From the following figum ,

the mber of 15 x
cm adobe stone , the cement and sand required to
(b) ~ ass C
<s
the fence using (a) Class A mixture
plan specify plastenng both sides of the wall USIOQ cias$
turn V
45

45

3 50 m

I 15 » 2014S done l
90

SECTION

6 00 8 00

4 00

400 1 «
PUN
rnr-t
;s
 MASONRY

2-8 RETAINING WALL

I

If the ground water level rises Into the backfill behind

» re-
talning wall due to either changing ground water
condition or
percolating water surface , the lateral prossur
* "
1» also chanoed . The combined effect if soilYnd JliiterpreM ri
causes overturning moments and sliding forces This is greater
than the condition where there is no water

To avoid the rise of water that is building up behind the re ¬

taining wall , a weep hole or collector drainage system or both

are provided as part of the design construction . Weep holes
should be at least 3 inches in diameter provided with a granular
soil filter fabric at the wall to prevent backfill erosion. The hori
¬

zontal spacing ranges from 120 to 300 centimeters apart .

For taller walls , two or more rows of weep noles may be pro ¬

vided with a typical vertical spacing of 150 centimeters.

A Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design must Satisfy

the Following Criteria

1 . The base and stem of the retaining wall must be capa ¬

ble of resisting the internal shear and bending moments

developing as a result of soil and other loadings.
2. The wall must be safe against overturning .
3. The wall structure must be safe against sliding
4. The bearing capacity of the foundation material support¬
ing the wall must not be exceeded .

2-9 RIP-RAP AND GROUTED RIP RAP

Rip-Rap is either with or without grout , with or without filter
backing. Stones intended for rip-raping shall consist of rocks
79
 „~>**r£ XW
which a r f «
?N
shall be tou9
h *
durable and den
in all
Muwalef and * £ » be used unless
aspects f0r th *\

pose intend
.60 m.
R»
-
2:40 m. plumb
1:4 Bat!
*
Wfcrt*

1:2 B»W
5C
H »* • CfoundSn,

\
m 1:4 Batter

aH + 0.6 m I IH Minimum )

Dry Rubble Cement Rubble

WALL
FIGURE 2-22 CROSS SECTIION OF RUBBLE RETAINING

Class of Stone for Rip Raping

Class A - Stone ranging from 15 to 25 kilograms with at least
50% of the stones weighing more than 20 kilograms

Class B - Stone ranging from 30 to 70 kg . With at least 50% of

the stones weighing more than 50 kilograms.

Class C - Stones ranging from 60 to 100 kg. With at least 50%

of the stones weighing more than 80 kilograms.

Class D - Stones weighing from 100 kg. to 200 kg . with at least

50% of the stones weighing more than 150 kgs.

80
T MASONRY 4
{Excavation and Placing
The bed for rip-rap is excavated doWn to f . ® re< u re<l depth
,
1
,*
, trimmed and <
and property compacted p rap
laid
foundation isstone below the depth 0 f the
of the same class as Specjf
r
°fi
[
hn9 the toe ?
trench with

Each stone is laid with its longest QX \S npf ,cula, to the

..

slope in close contact with adjac ent stonePThI nd

oughly rammed into

even tight surfa ce.
place
Inter
and
secti
the
ons
finished
betw een
stonesTreS
Faid
stones are
tn an
h
sma ll brok en fragm ents firmly ramm ed into piac
*
The stones are placed by hand or individually laid bv ma¬
chine. Spaces between stones are then filled with cement moh
tar sufficient enough to completely fin a || the voids exceo
pt the
face surface of the stone s left expos ed .

Cement grout is placed starting from the bottom to the top of

the surface and then swept with a stiff broom. After grouting , the
surface is cured like structural concrete for a period of at least 3
days after the installation. !
TABLE 2-12 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND ON A STONE
RIP-RAP PER CUBIC METER

Cement in Bags
Stone Grout Mixture Sand
Class A B C cu. m.
Class - A 2.574 1.716 1.287 .143
Class - B 2.448 1.620 1.214 .135
. Class - C 2.232 1.488 1.116 .124
Class - D 1.944 1.296 0.972 .108

ILLUSTRATION 2-14
A stone rip-rap retaining wail 50 meters long as shown in
Figure 2-23 specify the use of Class B stone with class C grout

81
RP

*•*•
si# 11
'
** - - ,«»#* ***4**v** »f«,
'' iS* a'* *' " **
,
/ ' 1
' £
/- » «V*
4/

r
% ***** wfl *r»0

1 *,

SOLUTION riprap
of the proposed
1 Solve for the volume
Volume
-
Width x Height x Length

Vi * 60 x 4 00 m x 50 m *
,
. 120 cu m
» 140 cu m
V2 * ( L4fix 4 00 ) x 50 m.
Total volume

-
-
2 Refer to Table 2 12 Using Class B stone and Class C
grout mixture, multiply
260 cu m
|

Cement 200 x 1 214 « 315.64 say 310 bags

Sand 260 x 135 « 35.1 cubic meters

3 Length of the riprap divided by

the weep holes at 2 00
meters spacing distance;
SOmro 25 P
* 3* <li« , pipe at 2 00 m . spacM

82
 MASONRY
*,t For 2 layers weep hole , add 25 pieces 3 at 1.00 m .
4
Total: 25 pcs. 3 diameter at 1.50 m. long .
25 pcs. 3" diameter at 1.00 m . long

5. Find the volume of the granular soil (gravel) filter.

V = 4.5
.30 x .30 x 50.00 m.
V = say 5 cubic meters

6. Summary of the materials

%
260 cubic meters Class B stone
316 bags Portland cement
35 cubic meters sand
5 cubic meters gravel
21 pieces 3" x 3.00 m. PVc pipe
7. For back filling , add 20% to volume for compaction.

2-10 CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

An existing stable earth slope can experience significant
movement called slope failure or landslide due to changes in its
-
natural condition or man induced changes. There are instances
where the materials in cut banks slip down to the roadway or
carrying portion of the shoulder of the road . This pattern of fail¬
ure is common in fills or cut slopes of homogenous non
granular materials.
-
ILLUSTRATION 2-15
A gravity wall 50 meters long has the following dimensions
-
as shown in figure 2 24, list down the materials required using
class A concrete.

SOLUTION
1 • Find the volume of stem.

83
 1

UKED CONSTRUCTION
LSTIM

V . ( 1S * »
3<
*
4 00 x 50 00 = go

m
30 x . 30 G<
*y pj

Bacwa
fj m 4.00

Stem »T
•
±L * 1.33
3
60 30 x .30 Grave/ FI
"

Heel . 50

150

Of RETAINING WALL
ncUR£ 24t CROSS SECTION
footing .
2. Find the volume of the
V .50 x 1.50 x 50.00 = 37.5 cu. m.
*
3. Total volume of 1 and 2.
V = 90 37.5 = 127.5 cubic meters

4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using class A mixture , multiply :

Cement 127.5 x 9.0 = 1,148 bags

Sand: 127.5 x .50 = 64 cu. m.
Gravel: 127.5 x 1.0 = 128 cu. m.
5. For Reinforcement , see plan and refer to Chapter- 3

6 For WeeP note pipe , divide length by 2.00 meters .

&00 » 25 pieces at .60 m. 1 layer

*
84
 MA ,< OVRV
*
25 pH »1 Wffl f f y .
***
25 pieces at 40 m * *
vo *imA M Of v«l FfHAf F >ltof
*
V * 30 x 30 x 50 mx 3 layers « 135 cubic maters

0 F «nd the volume of bftCfcfM materials

V » 00 x 4 00 x 50 00 * 120 cubic maters

0 Add 20% for compaction 120 24 * 144 cu m

tO Summary of the Materials

114« bags earner

04 cu m sand *
12« cu m gravel
7 pcs 3' x 8 00 Pvc prpe
14 cu m gravel
144 cu m back fiM materials

Ml GABIONS AND MATTRESS

Gabions and Mattresses are used to give permanent protec
ion and support to sea walls, river banks , culverts, reservoirs,
*fxA bridges and many other structures in av engineering
wwfcs Gatxons are box shaped containers made of tough
wen hexagonal netting strengthened by selvedges of heavier
*
» To further strengthen the container, diaphragms are
*
* Med to divide the gabion into 1 m compartments
*
•commended Uses
When filed with quarried stone on site , Gabions and Mat-
P ove to be excellent materials for construction of
«tammg and ant ercs on
*- structures Major applications include:
*
1 84 P« stabilization for embankment and cutting
2 Prevention
of erosion in river embankments
 (-OXHT*
' glM 1 ,, *mJ Mttd 'I'lfMM
g|

1 #f ££i»
; 55 * Wtj ori
'*
«0*
-
nd turraundlngt «,

4 W Mv
* **

ft
(
5#/%
& <
* %

FIGURE 2-26 GABION

Specifications
TFIC Gabions and Mattresses are available in many sizes
and combinations of wire diameter and mesh size . When order¬
ing TFIC Gabions and Mattresses, specify the following
1. Overall size Length (L) x Breadth (B) x Height (H)
2 m. x 1 m. x 1 m.
4 m. x 1 m. x 1 m.
3 m. x 1 m. x 1 m.
.
2 Wire diameter
Diameter in mm.
20 mm, 2.2 mm or 2.7 mm
3. Mesh size
Width x Length of mesh
10 m x 12 m.
8 m x 10 m.
or
6 m. x 6 m.
36