A.

THE ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS:

Lesson 1: Functions and Relations

A relation is the pairing or association of some kind between quantities that can be one-
to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-one. It is any set of ordered pairs.
A function is a relation in which an element in the domain corresponds with one and only
one element in the range. It is an association between quantities that can either be one-to-one
or many-to-one.

TYPES OF RELATION
Relations are of different types. A relation can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-
one.
Each x is paired with one and only one y. this is a one-to-one relation.
Note that two of the four objects in x are matched up with one y. This relation is many-to-
one.
One x is matched with more than one value of y, this is a one-to-many relation.

Remember:
 All functions are relation, but not all relations are function.
 One-to-one and many-to-one relations can be considered as functions.

DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

A. SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
An ordered pair (x, y) is composed of two coordinates: the x-coordinate or the
abscissa, and the y-coordinate or the ordinate. In a set of ordered pairs, the domain is the
set of all the x-coordinates (first coordinates, while the range is the set of all the y-
coordinates (second coordinates).
The set of ordered pairs can be considered as a function if:
1. Every element in the set is composed of different x and y-coordinates; and
2. No common x-coordinates exist in the given set.

Examples:
Given the set of ordered pairs, determine if the given set is a function or merely a
relation. Identify the domain and the range, and state a rule for the given functions.
1. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+
The given set of ordered pairs is a function because the elements in the set of x
and y-coordinates are different from each other.
There is no common element existing on the first coordinates.
The domain of the given functions is ( ). Its range is * +.
Since the value of y is twice the corresponding value of x, then, we can say that
*( ) +.

2. *( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )+
The given set of ordered pairs is just a mere relation because there are common
first coordinates existing in the given set.
 The domain of the given relation is * + or * +, since each
element appears twice on the set. Its range is * +.
By observing and analyzing each pair of coordinates, we can state a rule that
*( ) +

B. TABLE OF VALUES
The set of ordered pairs can be written as a table of values still composed of x and
y-coordinates. The x-coordinates are written on the first row and below are the y-
coordinates.

Example:
The set of ordered pair *( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+ can be written as
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 2 3 4 5
Looking at the table, one can clearly see if there are common x-coordinates in the
set. Since there is none, we can say that the set of ordered pair is a function.

Remember
 We can transform a set of ordered pairs into table of values and vice-versa.
 In order to write a set of ordered pairs into table of values, simply write all the x-
coordinates of the given set on the above row and write all the y-coordinates of the
set on the row below. The number of columns depends on the number of ordered
pairs given, plus one, for the column of x and y.
 A table of values is a function if there are no common coordinates in the row of x-
coordinates.

C. MAPPINGS
Functions can be written as mappings in which the values on the left side, which
represent the x-coordinates, will be matched with the values on the right, which represent
the y-coordinates. Here, it can be clearly seen if the relationship is one-to-one, many-to-
one, or one-to-many.

Example:
Determine if the given mappings are functions or merely relations.
1.

9
-1
12

The mapping is a function because the relationship is many-to-one.

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 2.

1 -1

2
2
-2
3 3

-3

The mapping shows a mere relation because the values in x are paired with more than
one value in y.

D. GRAPHS
The vertical Line Test can be used in order to determine if a graph is a function or
merely a relation.
The question is, how are you going to use the Vertical Line Test?

Here are some tips for you:

1. Draw a vertical line passing through the graph in the Rectangular Coordinate
Plane.
2. Determine the number of point/s of intersection between the graph and the vertical
line.

Example:
Which of the following graphs below is a graph of function?
A. B.

From the given graphs, letter C is a function, A has more than one point of intersection.

Remember
 If there is only one point of intersection between the graph and the vertical line,
then, the graph is a graph of a function.
 If there is more than one point of intersection between the graph and the vertical
line, then, the graph is just a relation.

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 E. EQUATIONS
Functions and relations can be expressed by means of an equation. Here are some
guidelines for us to easily identify if an equation is not a function. We cannot consider an
equation a function if:
1. there is no y in the equation.
2. the exponent of y is an even number
3. y is in the absolute value symbol
4. the relationship is not in the equality form.

Example:
Which of the following equation/s is/are not a function?
a.
b.
c.

From the above equations, equations b and c are not examples of a function. Equation b
does not have y. The exponent of y in equation c is an even number.

FUNCTION NOTATION
Functions are being written in different ways. For instance, the function in which every
element in the range is “3 more than” the corresponding element in the domain can be written
using any of these forms:
1. This is being read as “under function f, x maps to ” or
“under f, x is assigned to ” or “the image of x under f is
”
2. *( ) + This is being read as “function f is the set of all ordered pairs
( ), such that y equals ”
3. This is being read as “y equals ”

Example:
Write the following statements in function notation. Identify the dependent and independent
variables.
1. The salary (s) is dependent on Educational attainment (E).
In function notation, this can be written as: ( ).
s represents the dependent variable salary, while E represents the independent variable
Educational attainment.
2. Write a function notation in which every element in the range is twice its corresponding
element in the domain in 5 different ways.
a.
b.
c. *( ) +
d. ( )
e.

Remember
 In order to write a statement into functional notation, determine first the dependent and
independent variables. Write the dependent variable on the left side and independent
variable on the right side.

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ACTIVITIES:

Exercise 1.1
Direction: For each set of ordered pairs, put a check () before the number if the set is a
function and cross (X) it is a mere relation. Identify the domain and the range, and state a rule if
a rule can be derived.
___1. *( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+
___2. *( )( )( )( )+
___3. *( )( )( )( )( )( )+
___4. *( )( )( )( )+
___5. *( ) ( ) ( )( )( )+

Exercise 1.2
A. Direction: Write function or relation on the blank based on what is shown in the tables of
values and on the mappings. On the right side of the figure, write your reason for having
such answers.
1. __________
x 4 16 36 49 100
y
2. __________
x
y 10 17 16 37 65
3. __________
x -3 -1 0 1 2 5 6
y 7 9 10 11 12 17 16
4. __________

-5 3
6 4
-9 7
10 12

5. __________

1 10
0 20
-1 30
-3 40

B. Transform each table of values and mappings in letter A into a set of ordered pairs.

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Exercise 1.3
Direction: Determine which of the following equations are function and relation. Write your
answers on the blank before the number. For non-functions, state the reason why. Write the
reasons below the given equations.
___1.
___2.
___3.
___4.
___5.

Exercise 1.4
A. Directions: Consider the following pairs of values. Take the first as elements of the domain
and the second as elements of the range. Determine which are functions and merely
relations. Explain the reason.
1. birthdays – people
2. mothers – sons
3. persons - friends
4. commissions – sales agents
5. husbands – wives
B. For each set of ordered pair, write a rule, determine the domain and the range, and rewrite as
table of values and mappings.
1. *( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+
2. *( ) ( ) ( )( )( )+
3. *( )( )( ) ( ) ( )+
4. ( )( )( )( )( )( )
5. *( )( )( )( )( )( )+
C. Differentiate function from a relation. (Your answer should be based from what you’ve
learned from this lesson.)

Exercise 1.5
A. Direction: Write the following statements in function notation. Determine the independent and
dependent variables.
1. The area of a square (A) is dependent on the length of its side (I).
2. The price of gasoline (g) is dependent on the dollar exchange rate (d).
3. The economy of a country (E) is dependent on its political stability (p).
4. The child’s growth (g) is dependent on the amount of nutrients (n) he/she receives.
5. The height of a person (h) depends on his/her age (A).
B. Write a function notation in five different ways satisfying the following conditions.
1. A function in which every element in the range is 3 less than the square of its
corresponding element in the domain.
2. A function in which every element in the range is five more than five times its
corresponding element in the domain.
3. A function in which every element in the range is 4 decreased by twice its corresponding
element in the domain.

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